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With a growing human population, food insecurity is becoming a worldwide problem. As the search for sustainable sources of protein continues, black soldier fly larvae come to the forefront as a partial solution. Full of proteins and fats, the larvae will consume most organic matter and rapidly develop into a usable form. Supplementing black soldier fly larvae with oleaginous microbes Arthrobacter AK19 and Rhodococcus rhodochrous increases their body size by 25%, potentially accelerates their development by one day, and increases their conversion efficiency. Supplementing with Bifidobacterium breve decreased body size, slowed development, and decreased conversion efficiency, underscoring the importance of selecting supplemental microbes and testing first on a small-scale. Promising results on the small-scale led to an industrial study, where similar results were also seen, resulting in greater optimization of this system.

This paper investigates the view that non-governmental organizations have on childhood and child soldiers, and what its implications on the rehabilitation and reintegration of former child soldiers can be. Four documents produced by the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers are examined by using qualitative discourse analysis. Postcolonial theory and new sociology of childhood are the main theoretical frameworks applied to the study. The study finds that the documents share a certain view of childhood, and that the aim of rehabilitation is to reproduce the child in that image. As the discourse may not be shared with local community, it is necessary to become aware of the different discourses and attempt to reconcile them.

<p>This work examines the antecedents of the Vicious Tyrants of the Mystery Cycles as they appear in earlier dramatic works.</p> <p>The first chapter describes the bragging soldier of Roman comedy, defining him in his formative dramatic environment. Perception and reality are at odds in important elements of his character: he appears as a menacing and powerful rival to the young lover and as a threat to the courtesan. In reality he is never successful in carrying out his threats. The ways in which Plautus and Terence create and use the bragging soldier are explored.</p> <p>The bragging soldier, his character and behaviour having been defined, is then followed into Christian drama, specifically into the spoken or acted works of Hrotsvitha ofGandersheim. Because Hrotsvitha says she is using Terence as her pattern, she provides a clear instance of what effects Christian sources and theology, whether or not they are shaped by the traditions of five hundred years of folk practice, have on the bragging soldier and his dramatic interactions.</p> <p>The figure is then followed into the Mystery Cycles to see how consistent the changes observed in Hrotsvitha's works are with the behaviour of bragging soldiers in a body of work which hovers in the wings behind later English drama.</p> <p>Hrotsvitha' s dramatic works have not been used in this way before. While Hrotsvitha' s work has been extensively studied as an artifact, as a tenth century manuscript, it has not been seen as evidence of what happened when one tradition met another.</p> <p>The resulting exploration reveals the Vice Figures and Vicious Tyrants of Medieval Drama in embryo. The study, thus, contributes to an understanding of how Christian attitudes shaped the characters of Roman Drama and provided the basis for dramatic stereotypes which still exist.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:31:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ronilson.pdf: 313354 bytes, checksum: dc67e9e3154191683b74f2e729db221f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-01-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research focus on the curriculum prescribed to the Course of Militar Police Soldier Formation of the state of São Paulo. From its actual curriculums, from the situations and behavior observable and observed in the practice methods established by instructors and monitors. It is being searched sine the ways to a more humanized ,democratical, participatory and dynamic formation to the new policemen, forming a professional who knows how to act as a conflict negotiator. It was privileged the methodological and qualitative approach and the theoretical line was founded on the studies of Ludwig(1998), Saul (2000), Bobbio (2000), Torres (2001), among others that discuss the thematic of militar teaching, curriculum, democracy and multiculturalism. The way traced by this search points to the necessity of assuming as priority for the police forces a more refined formation and constant training. A list, at the end, indicates the points that appears as connexions between the curriculum and the new demands. The studies also revealed that the society demands that the police gives priority to prevention, to conflict mediation, to the investigation scientifically orientated towards methods, always using the force in the strict legal limits / O trabalho focaliza o currículo prescrito para o Curso de Formação de Soldados da Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo, a partir de sua atual grade curricular, das situações e comportamentos observáveis e observados nas práticas estabelecidas por instrutores e monitores. Busca-se apontar caminhos para uma formação mais humanizada, democrática, participativa e dinâmica aos novos policias militares, formando um profissional que saiba atuar como negociador de conflitos. Privilegiou-se a abordagem metodológica qualitativa e a linha teórica foi fundamentada pelos estudos de Ludwig(1998), Saul (2000), Bobbio (2000), Torres (2001), dentre outros que discutem as temáticas de ensino militar, currículo, democracia e multiculturalismo. O caminho trilhado por esta pesquisa aponta para a necessidade de se assumir como prioritário às polícias uma formação mais apurada e constantes treinamentos. Um decálogo, ao final, indica os pontos que afloraram como conexões entre o currículo e as novas demandas. Os estudos revelaram ainda, que a sociedade cobra que o aparelho policial confira prioridade à prevenção, à mediação de conflitos, à investigação cientificamente orientada, sempre usando a força nos limites estritos da legalidade

During the Great War, the horse was essential to military efficiency. Horses hauled artillery guns, transported vital supplies and ammunition, and carried men into battle. The military horse was, in fact, a weapon. Many thousands of horses were purchased and supplied to the British Expeditionary Force at great expense, because without them an Army could not function. Although the British Army was the most modern of all the belligerent forces during the Great War, the horse was nevertheless favoured because of its reliability and versatility. For example, horses coped much better than motor vehicles where the going was difficult. It was horse-power that ensured the Army’s lines-of-communication were maintained. Indeed, without an adequate supply of horses it is probable that the British Army would not have achieved victory in 1918. However, the military horse was also a weapon which quickly broke down when it was not properly maintained. The British Army had learned this to its cost during the Boer War, when more horses had been killed by bad management than by enemy action. Good horse management in the field depended upon the soldier. It was essential that he had received adequate training, and it was also essential that he take responsibility for his horse’s well-being. During the Great War, all soldiers given ‘ownership’ of a horse were taught to put their horse’s needs before their own, and to always think first of their horse. They were taught to see their horse in the same way as an infantryman would his rifle; as something he may have cause to rely upon and which it was therefore in his best interests to look after. The soldier-horse relationship developed once the soldier’s care became one of sympathetic consideration. Soldiers and their horses spent most of their lives together when on active service, and it was this close proximity which helped to bond them into a unit. Many soldiers came to see their horses as comrades; they named them, and went to great lengths to protect their horses from harm. From the Army’s perspective, the soldier-horse relationship ensured that an expensive military asset was properly maintained. At home, portrayals of the soldier-horse relationship extended this vital contribution to the war effort beyond the battlefield. For example, images and stories that told of the soldier’s kindness to his horse bolstered a positive illusion the British had of themselves as a people capable of both strength and compassion. Images of the soldier-horse relationship played an important part in helping the British people to imagine war. They also provided much-needed comfort and reassurance when friends and loved ones were in danger. Importantly, by studying these portrayals dispassionately, we find that they were never entire flights of fancy, and often bore more than a passing resemblance to the soldier’s actual experience. Indeed, it becomes possible to question whether sense and sentimentality ever did entirely part company in the British imagination. Like their flesh and blood inspiration, portrayals of the soldier-horse relationship have not received the attention they merit. By rectifying this oversight, this thesis not only contributes to study of the horse-human relationship, but also to our knowledge of the Great War. Not least, because we achieve a better appreciation of what it was like to live in the War’s shadow.

Master of Arts / Department of History / Charles W. Sanders, Jr. / This thesis examines the reasons Union soldiers voted overwhelmingly for Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election of 1864. This thesis bridges the gap between the emerging disagreements within the historiography of the soldier vote in 1864. The disagreements thus far deal with the role of emancipation in the Union soldier’s decision-making process versus the role of other issues, particularly whether or not the war effort should have been continued on to ultimate victory. By extension, the argument also deals with whether or not Union soldiers adhered to the Republican Party’s ideology in making their decision. Through analysis of primary sources including Union soldiers’ letters and diaries, the answer that emerges is that Union soldiers adhered to Republican ideology as outlined by Republican campaign materials as well as their party platform in making their decision for president. This thesis ultimately concludes that a focus on any one reason or another that soldiers chose Lincoln misses the larger picture.

The evolution of nonreproductive castes is a defining characteristic of eusociality. The function and developmental regulation of the altruistic worker and soldier caste is the central element contributing to major advantages of eusociality over solitary animals. The soldier caste is the first evolved sterile caste in termites. Their primary function is believed to be colony defense. However, the function and development of termite soldiers remains largely unknown. Because of their apparent morphological adaptation for fighting and their limited behavior repertoire, our understanding of colony defense by termite soldiers is limited to their physical defense. In addition, we know little about the molecular mechanisms mediating soldier development. In Chapters 2 and 3 I discuss the role of the soldier caste under competition risk. By exposing the Eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes to cues of a competitor termite species, I found that exposure to competitor cues reduced feeding, compromised growth and survival of R. flavipes workers. The presence of R. flavipes soldiers largely ameliorated these negative impacts. At the transcriptional level, R. flavipes soldiers can counteract the effects of competitor cues on worker head gene expression. This counteracting effect seems to be associated with genes in metabolism and immunity. These studies demonstrate that competition can affect a termite colony’s fitness by either competitors physically invading the colony and causing damage or cues from competitors inducing a stress response in termite colony members. More importantly, soldiers can contribute to colony fitness by physically engaging in combat, but also by enhancing colony members’ survival under competitor-cue exposure. In Chapter 4, I describe the molecular mechanism mediating soldier-caste differentiation. I cloned the full length cDNA sequence of the R. flavipes Methoprene-tolerance (Met) gene, a gene encoding a putative receptor for juvenile hormones. Using RNA interference, I studied the function of Met and found that this gene essentially mediates the JH-dependent soldier-caste differentiation in termites.

Recently, narrating the experience of the underage soldier in the Second World War has become a major part of the discourses about the Second World War. Particularly, an empathetic approach to the experience of the underage soldier during the war is a new means of understanding the war. This thesis examines this development in two novels comparing and contrasting the German and the African collective memories of the war: Ralf Rothmann’s "Im Frühling Sterben" (2015) and Biyi Bandele’s "Burma Boy" (2006). Whereas, the thesis can show differences in how the child soldier topic contributes to each cultural memory of the war, e.g. it allows for the entry of the West African story of the war into public discourse, the child soldier topic links both discourses by emphasizing universal human tendencies in war, which can be seen in concepts such as sympathy and empathy, guilt and responsibility, as well as multidirectional memory. / February 2017

The main purpose of this thesis was to give a general overview of the problem of child soldiers and their protection among international law conventions and among regional law agreements with the focus on the African continent. The use of child soldiers in armed conflict is qualified as one of the worst forms of child labour.The majority of child soldiers are active in Africa and, to a lesser extent, in the Middle East and Asia. Besides introduction and conclusion, the study consists of five chapters. The first chapter describes the protection of child soldiers on the international level. Therefore it is focused on individual conventions, especially on Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure, but as well on the International Labour Convention No. 182 or the Rome Statute. The soft law represents Paris principles. Discussed is particularly the question of the age limit for child participation in armed conflict. The second chapter is concerned with the international control mechanisms, resulting from the above-mentioned...