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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Phase Transformations in Solid Pharmaceutical Materials Studied by AFM, ESCA, DSC and SAXS

Mahlin, Denny January 2004 (has links)
Mixing excipients is a common way to produce pharmaceutical materials with suitable properties for drug formulation. An understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in the formation and transformation of the structures of solid state mixtures is crucial if one is to be able to produce materials with the desired properties in a reliable way. In the first part of the thesis, the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique was used to visualise the re-crystallisation of spray-dried amorphous particles comprised of lactose and PVP. The transformation was quantified on a single particle level and analysed with a common kinetic model, the JMAK-equation. The way in which the PVP was incorporated into the particles and the impact this had on their physical stability on exposure to increasing levels of humidity was investigated. The amount and, to a certain extent, the molecular weight of the PVP affected the moisture induced crystallisation of the particles. The inhibition was further discussed in terms of nucleation and growth. In the second part of the thesis, the formation of phases in solid dispersions of monoolein (MO) in PEGs was studied by the use of SAXS and DSC. Upon solidification of a melt, the components phase separated, resulting in a PEG-rich phase and an MO phase. MO was intercalated into the amorphous domains of the lamellar structure of PEG. A second MO phase appeared in the mixtures where the average molecular weight of PEG was 1500 and 4000 g/mol. It was hypothesised that this second phase was formed in conjunction with the expulsion of MO as the PEG unfolded. This thesis describes the application of two relatively unexplored solid state techniques on two different solid mixtures of pharmaceutical interest and, in so doing, contributes to the knowledge of phase formation and transformations in the solid state.
52

Revestimento de partículas por solidificação de material fundido em leitos de jorro e fluidizado: estudo do processo, caracterização das partículas e preparo de comprimidos / Hot-melt coating in spouted and fluidized beds: study of the process, particle characterization and tablet pressing.

Giovanna Bonfante Borini 25 May 2007 (has links)
No revestimento por solidificação de material fundido o agente de revestimento é aplicado em seu estado liquefeito e se solidifica na superfície do substrato, formando a cobertura desejada, eliminando o uso de solventes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar dois tipos de processo: revestimento de partículas grandes em leito de jorro e revestimento de partículas finas em leito fluidizado, e avaliar a influência de parâmetros do processo sobre propriedades físicas e farmacotécnicas das partículas revestidas, assim como usá-las no preparo de comprimidos. As partículas grandes foram revestidas com PEG 4000, sendo o estudo do processo feito através de um planejamento fatorial completo 23 com triplicatas no ponto central. As variáveis estudadas foram pressão do ar de atomização, vazão de atomização e altura do bico de atomização. Para as partículas revestidas foram determinados a distribuição granulométrica, o fator de Hausner e o índice de Carr. Os comprimidos destas partículas foram submetidos a ensaios de dissolução in vitro, para avaliação dos perfis de liberação de paracetamol. As partículas finas foram revestidas com uma dispersão sólida de PEG 4000 e curcumina, sendo o estudo do processo feito através de um planejamento fatorial completo 23, seguido de um planejamento Box-Behnken. As variáveis estudadas foram pressão do ar de atomização, vazão de atomização e quantidade de dispersão sólida. Para as partículas revestidas foram determinados a distribuição granulométrica, densidades aparente e compactada, fator de Hausner, capacidade de compactação, porosidade total, além de serem submetidas a microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a análise por DSC. A dispersão sólida também foi caracterizada através de análise por DSC, espectroscopia no infravermelho, difração de raios X, sendo também feita a determinação da solubilidade da curcumina em água. Os comprimidos destas partículas foram caracterizados através da obtenção do diagrama de Heckel, curvas de dureza em função da pressão de compressão aplicada e ensaio de dissolução in vitro. Para as partículas grandes, o estudo do processo sugeriu que a vazão de atomização foi o fator de maior influência sobre o tamanho das partículas, influenciando o grau de aglomeração durante o processo. Uma menor vazão de atomização resultou em um menor grau de aglomeração das partículas. A caracterização da dispersão sólida mostrou que houve um aumento da solubilidade da curcumina e que ela interage com PEG 4000. Para as partículas finas, o estudo do processo sugeriu que a pressão do ar de atomização foi fator de maior influência sobre o tamanho das partículas, sendo o seu revestimento favorecido quando se operou com o altos valores de pressão. Ambos os tipos de partículas revestidas resultaram em comprimidos com características adequadas. / The hot-melting coating is a solvent-free technique used to coat pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. The coating agent is applied in its melted state, and after its solidification, the coating is formed. The objective of this present work was to study two types of processes: coarse particle coating in spouted bed and fine particle coating in fluidized bed, evaluate the influence of process parameters on particle size and flow properties, as well as their tableting. Coarse particles were coated with PEG 4000, and the process study followed a full factorial design 23 with triplicates in the central point. The factors studied were atomization air pressure, atomization rate, and vertical position of the spray nozzle. Particle size distribution, Hausner factor and Carr index were determined for coated particles. Tablets of these particles were submitted to dissolution tests to obtain their release profile of paracetamol. Fine particles were coated with a solid dispersion of PEG 4000 and curcumin, in a study of the process that followed a full factorial design 23, and a Box-Behnken design. The factors studied were air atomization pressure, atomization rate, and the PEG 4000 content. Coated particles were characterized by their bulk and tapped densities, particle size distribution, Hausner factor, ability to settle, total porosity, scanning electron microscopy and DSC analysis. Solid dispersion was also characterized by DSC analysis, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, being also made the determination of the curcumin solubility in water. Heckel´s plot, hardness as function of the applied pressure and in vitro dissolution tests were used to characterize the tablets. The study of the coating process of coarse particles suggested that the atomization rate was the most significant factor, influencing the particle agglomeration degree during the process. The lower the atomization rate, the lower the degree of particles agglomeration. Curcumin in the solid dispersion showed an increase in water solubility and also showed an interaction with PEG 4000 by hydrogen bounding. The study of the fine particles coating process showed that the atomization air pressure was the most significant factor on particle size. All tablets prepared from both types of coated particles showed adequate characteristics.
53

Estudo da granulação por solidificação de materiais fundidos em leito fluidizado utilizando dispersão sólida de indometacina / Study of Fluidized Bed Hot Melt Granulation using solid Dispersion of Indomethacin

Toni Carvalho de Andrade 03 April 2009 (has links)
A preparação de partículas pela técnica de granulação por solidificação de material fundido em leito fluidizado tem se destacado no âmbito da indústria farmacêutica. As vantagens do uso deste método têm atraído muitos pesquisadores para aprimorar e colocar em prática tal técnica de preparo. A principal vantagem deste processo é dispensar o uso de solventes e diminuir o tempo de preparo dos granulados para compressão. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e estudo desta técnica de granulação, usando a lactose tipo spray-dried como substrato e como agente aglutinante uma dispersão do polímero polietilenoglicol 4000 contendo indometacina como fármaco modelo. Outra motivação para este trabalho foi realizar a caracterização físico-química dos granulados obtidos e avaliar um possível aumento da solubilidade deste fármaco de classe II. Resultados obtidos durante estudos preliminares mostram que a solubilidade da indometacina foi consideravelmente aumentada com o uso do PEG e análises físico-química indicaram que não há interação entre a indometacina e o PEG. O método utilizado na granulação consistiu na atomização da dispersão liquefeita de PEG 4000 contendo 25% de indometacina sobre o substrato a fim de obter grânulos contendo estes três componentes. Um estudo prévio da fluidodinâmica da lactose provou ser predominante o regime de leito fluidizado. Para viabilizar a obtenção destas dispersões sólidas, foram estudadas as variáveis do processo como vazão da dispersão carreador/fármaco, vazão do ar de atomização e quantidade total de dispersão adicionada, aplicando para tal um planejamento fatorial tipo Box-Behnken. O leito fluidizado se mostrou eficiente para a granulação e os granulados obtidos foram considerados de boa qualidade baseando-se na sua caracterização por densidades aparente e compactada, fluidez, distribuição granulométrica, doseamento do fármaco e perfil de dissolução in-vitro. Granulados de dois tamanhos médios diferentes e com ótima fluidez foram escolhidos para as análises seguintes. A integridade e ausência de interação do fármaco com os demais componentes destes granulados foram comprovadas por calorimetria exploratória diferencial, difração de raios-X, infravermelho, microscopia de plataforma quente e microscopia de varredura eletrônica. As micrografias mostraram visivelmente que as formas dos cristais de indometacina presentes no granulado apresentaram as características da forma y (II), que é a mesma da indometacina padrão. A dissolução de cápsulas gelatinosas duras contendo os lotes de grânulos escolhidos mostraram que no meio tampão fosfato (pH 7,2) foi liberado até 99% da indometacina. Porém, em meio HCl 0,1N; obteve-se liberação de até 28% da indometacina, o que corresponde a um aumento de 14,5 vezes a liberação obtida com a indometacina padrão. / Recently, there is a renewed interest in the fluidized bed hot melt granulation for the preparation of solid dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry and academy. The several advantages of this technique have attracted may researchers, but the main advantage are undoubtedly the solvent free operation and the short processing times. The aim of this work was to develop and study this granulation technique using spray-dried lactose as substrate and a dispersion of indomethacin in hot melted polyethylene glycol 4000 and as the binder. Another goal in this work was to characterize the granules obtained and to evaluate any increase in indomethacin solubility in the solid dispersions. The results of preliminary evaluation of indomethacin/polyethylene glycol physical mixtures and solid dispersions showed a considerable increase in the drug solubility, while no chemical or physical interaction with the carrier could be observed. Before the granulation experiments the fluid dynamic behavior of the lactose was characterized as fluidization regime. The method of granulation consisted in the atomization of hot melted polyethylene glycol containing 25% of indomethacin onto the fluidized bed of lactose. In order to study the granulation process, a Box-Behnken design was applied to verify the effects of spray air flow rate, drug/carrier feed rate and total amount of drug/carrier added to granules. The fluidized bed showed to be an effective method for hot melt granulation and the granules quality can be considered adequate, based on their characteristics of apparent and compacted densities, flowability, particle size distribution, indomethacin content and in-vitro dissolution profile. From the whole set of experiments, two granule batches were chosen based on their mean particle sizes and excellent flow indexes, to verify any drug/PEG/lactose interaction during the granulation process. The non existence of interaction was proved by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform Infra-red, hot stage microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy showed that indomethacin crystals with the characteristic shape of the form y (II) could be observed in the granules, indicating that its crystalline form did not change during processing. The dissolution profiles of indomethacin from hard gelatin capsules containing the granules showed the release of 99% of the drug in phosphate buffer media (pH 7.2). However, in acidic media (HCl 0,1N) 28% of the total indomethacin was released, which corresponded to a 14.5 fold increase when compared to the pure indomethacin release under the same conditions.
54

Development of Non-Amorphous Solid Dispersions for Poorly-Soluble Drugs Using a Novel Excipient and Hot Melt Extrusion

Hwee Jing Ong (5930108) 16 January 2020 (has links)
<div>Drug solubility is a persistent challenge in pharmaceutical product development. The objective of this research is to develop a formulation/processing strategy by means of a biodendrimeric solid dispersion (BDSD) platform, for increasing the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. The BSDS platform combines a novel type of excipient, referred to as DLB, with a new application of the hot melt extrusion (HME) process.</div><div><br></div><div>Four model compounds – phenytoin (PHT), griseofulvin (GSF), ibuprofen (IBU), and loratadine (LOR) – were used to evaluate the solubilization effect of an octenylsuccinate-modified dendrimer-like biopolymer (OS-DLB). Shake-flask solubility measurements show that OS-DLB exerts significant solubilizing effect when present at less than 0.2% in water. The presence of hydrophobic C<sub>8</sub> chains on OS-DLB creates the type of favorable nonpolar microenvironment necessary for producing a parallel liquid phase equilibrium responsible for the increase in the total amount of drug dissolved in aqueous media. The higher the hydrophobicity of the drug, the higher the observed solubilization effect. Isothermal titration calorimetry studies show that drug solubilization by OS-DLB occurs by means of entropy-driven interactions. These studies also show that the intermolecular interaction between IBU and OS-DLB in solution exhibits very small energy change upon mixing but a stronger effect on entropy. In comparison, the intermolecular interaction between the less hydrophobic GSF and OS-DLB have significant effects on both enthalpy and entropy. Consequently, in terms of solubilization enhancement, it was found that the interaction between IBU and OS-DLB is entropy-driven (more favorable), while in the case of GSF, the interacting molecules are arranged to maximize enthalpic interaction.</div><div><br></div><div>Based on the solubility studies, a formulation/processing approach for enhancing the dissolution rate of the model drugs was developed. The biopolymer serving as both carrier and solubilizing agent, was coprocessed with poloxamer, functioning as a processing aid, using hot melt extrusion (HME) as an enabling technology. The result is a non-amorphous solid dispersion, exhibiting high and long-lasting supersaturation upon dissolution. A 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design was implemented to define the optimal design space for the formulation/extrusion process. The results obtained from multivariate data analysis (partial least squares and principal components analysis) and response surface modeling suggest that drug release performance of IBU BDSDs is strongly influenced by the processing variables, while maximum release of GSF from the BDSDs can be attained through selective combination of functional excipients.<br></div>
55

Injection moulded controlled release amorphous solid dispersions: Synchronized drug and polymer release for robust performance

Deshmukh, Shivprasad S., Paradkar, Anant R, Abrahmsén-Alami, S., Govender, R., Viridén, A., Winge, F., Matic, H., Booth, J., Kelly, Adrian L. 26 October 2020 (has links)
Yes / A study has been carried out to investigate controlled release performance of caplet shaped injection moulded (IM) amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) tablets based on the model drug AZD0837 and polyethylene oxide (PEO). The physical/chemical storage stability and release robustness of the IM tablets were characterized and compared to that of conventional extended release (ER) hydrophilic matrix tablets of the same raw materials and compositions manufactured via direct compression (DC). To gain an improved understanding of the release mechanisms, the dissolution of both the polymer and the drug were studied. Under conditions where the amount of dissolution media was limited, the controlled release ASD IM tablets demonstrated complete and synchronized release of both PEO and AZD0837 whereas the release of AZD0837 was found to be slower and incomplete from conventional direct compressed ER hydrophilic matrix tablets. Results clearly indicated that AZD0837 remained amorphous throughout the dissolution process and was maintained in a supersaturated state and hence kept stable with the aid of the polymeric carrier when released in a synchronized manner. In addition, it was found that the IM tablets were robust to variation in hydrodynamics of the environment and PEO molecular weight. / The research was funded by AstraZeneca, Sweden.
56

Characterisation of Aqueous Solutions, Liquid Crystals and Solid State of Non-ionic Polymers in Association with Amphiphiles and Drugs

Ridell, Annika January 2003 (has links)
<p>Cellulose ethers and polyethylene glycols are used in drug formulations as water swelling or water soluble matrices. Polar lipids, for example monoglycerides, and surfactants can be used to solubilise hydrophobic or amphiphilic drugs and to formulate potential drug delivery vehicles such as emulsions, liposomes and cubic phases. In this thesis mixtures of these excipients are characterised in various environments, from dilute aqueous solutions to solid dispersions. Special focus has been on the understanding of the associating processes involved.</p><p>Detailed understanding of the association of cellulose ethers, of varying hydrophobicity, and amphiphilic substances is presented. The hydrophobicity of the polymer was found to have an impact on the interaction scheme. The amphiphiles were found to bind at lower amphiphile concentrations to a more hydrophobic polymer thus influencing both micro- and macroscopic structure of the aggregates. </p><p>The choice of counterion to the amphiphile has a small but significant effect on the interaction and the structure of the aggregates. Also amphiphilic drug molecules can interact with nonionic polymers in a similar way as surfactants in aqueous solution. Due to the higher cmc of the drug ibuprofen the interaction is largely influenced by the ionic strength of the solution. The type of amphiphile also influences the cooperativity of the amphiphile-polymer binding.</p><p>In more concentrated systems liquid crystals are formed into which the polymer interact with the amphiphiles. Both cubic and sponge phases were found with relatively large polymers interacting with polar lipids. These phases were found to swell and shrink mainly controlled by the amount of polymer inside them. Also membrane interacting substances added to the sponge phase could influence the size of the water channels in the phase. </p><p>In water free systems polymers and polar lipids were found to interact as well as forming solid dispersions. The behaviour of the phase separation between polymer and lipid depended on the concentration of the dispersed phase. The polar lipid was found to be distributed in the lamellar part of the semicrystalline polymer influencing the polymer folding.</p>
57

Characterisation of Aqueous Solutions, Liquid Crystals and Solid State of Non-ionic Polymers in Association with Amphiphiles and Drugs

Ridell, Annika January 2003 (has links)
Cellulose ethers and polyethylene glycols are used in drug formulations as water swelling or water soluble matrices. Polar lipids, for example monoglycerides, and surfactants can be used to solubilise hydrophobic or amphiphilic drugs and to formulate potential drug delivery vehicles such as emulsions, liposomes and cubic phases. In this thesis mixtures of these excipients are characterised in various environments, from dilute aqueous solutions to solid dispersions. Special focus has been on the understanding of the associating processes involved. Detailed understanding of the association of cellulose ethers, of varying hydrophobicity, and amphiphilic substances is presented. The hydrophobicity of the polymer was found to have an impact on the interaction scheme. The amphiphiles were found to bind at lower amphiphile concentrations to a more hydrophobic polymer thus influencing both micro- and macroscopic structure of the aggregates. The choice of counterion to the amphiphile has a small but significant effect on the interaction and the structure of the aggregates. Also amphiphilic drug molecules can interact with nonionic polymers in a similar way as surfactants in aqueous solution. Due to the higher cmc of the drug ibuprofen the interaction is largely influenced by the ionic strength of the solution. The type of amphiphile also influences the cooperativity of the amphiphile-polymer binding. In more concentrated systems liquid crystals are formed into which the polymer interact with the amphiphiles. Both cubic and sponge phases were found with relatively large polymers interacting with polar lipids. These phases were found to swell and shrink mainly controlled by the amount of polymer inside them. Also membrane interacting substances added to the sponge phase could influence the size of the water channels in the phase. In water free systems polymers and polar lipids were found to interact as well as forming solid dispersions. The behaviour of the phase separation between polymer and lipid depended on the concentration of the dispersed phase. The polar lipid was found to be distributed in the lamellar part of the semicrystalline polymer influencing the polymer folding.
58

Amélioration de la solubilité de principes actifs BCS classe 2 par obtention de dispersions solides / Solubility enhancement of poorly soluble API by solid dispersion

Nadaud, Camille 05 April 2016 (has links)
En raison de leur complexité croissante, la solubilité des nouvelles entités chimiques en milieu aqueux est de plus en plus faible. Ainsi, le développement de beaucoup de principes actifs échoue à cause d’une hydrosolubilité insuffisante. De nombreuses technologies existent pour améliorer la solubilité et/ou solubilisation de tels composés. Cette thèse est ciblée sur la formulation de dispersions solides amorphes par extrusion à chaud. En particulier, un principe actif d’intérêt industriel sera formulé en utilisant une extrudeuse bi-vis disponible sur la plateforme Gala®. Cette technologie autorise l’utilisation d’un grand nombre de matrices, ce qui peut nécessiter un grand nombre d’essais expérimentaux. Une attention particulière est donc portée à l’utilisation de méthodes prédictives de la miscibilité entre les composants qui peuvent ainsi permettre une première sélection des matrices. Sur la base de ces résultats, une étude sur le procédé de hot melt extrusion a ensuite été réalisée. / The aqueous solubility of new chemical entities is increasingly weak, due to their complex structure, and many API fail in development due to insufficient solubility. Many technologies exist to enhance the solubility and / or dissolution of such compounds in aqueous media. Among all of these methods, this thesis is focused on the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions by hot melt extrusion. A lot of matrix can be used to formulate with this technology, so few methods to estimate miscibility between API and matrices will also be presented in this thesis. Finally, a study about the hot melt extrusion process will also be presented.
59

Développement et évaluation de poudres sèches pour inhalation à base d'itraconazole dans le cadre du traitement et de la prévention de l'aspergillose pulmonaire

Duret, Christophe 19 April 2013 (has links)
Compte tenu de ses aspects multiples, de sa dangerosité potentielle et du taux de<p>survie considérablement bas qui lui est associé dans ses formes les plus graves, l’aspergillose<p>pulmonaire est encore à l’heure actuelle dévastatrice sur le plan clinique. L’approche<p>médicamenteuse conventionnelle consiste en l’administration par voie orale ou<p>intraveineuse (IV) d’agents antifongiques. Ces voies classiques requièrent l’administration de<p>doses très élevées qui sont nécessaires à l’obtention de concentrations systémiques<p>suffisantes pour obtenir un effet thérapeutique au niveau pulmonaire. Cependant, ces<p>concentrations systémiques sont également la cause d’effets secondaires indésirables et<p>d’interactions médicamenteuses importantes. Une alternative thérapeutique à ces voies<p>classiques serait de localiser ces antifongiques dans le poumon, en utilisant la voie inhalée.<p>Cela permettrait d’augmenter le taux de succès thérapeutique en déposant et en<p>concentrant directement la dose au niveau du site d’infection tout en minimisant les<p>concentrations systémiques.<p>Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi de développer des poudres sèches pour inhalation à<p>base d’itraconazole (ITZ), un antifongique actif à l’égard des souches d’aspergillus. Celles-ci<p>sont administrable via un inhalateur à poudre sèche pour les avantages que présente ce<p>mode d’administration comparativement aux nébuliseurs et aux inhalateurs pressurisés. Le<p>développement des formulations implique entre autres l’obtention de caractéristiques<p>aérodynamiques appropriées, c’est-à-dire, ayant, après décharge à partir d’un dispositif<p>d’inhalation, un profil de déposition pulmonaire permettant d’atteindre des doses<p>pulmonaires pharmacologiquement efficaces. Toutefois, l’ITZ présente une solubilité<p>aqueuse extrêmement faible (solubilité aqueuse à pH 7 ~ 4 ng/ml à 25°C). Or, une fois<p>déposée dans le poumon, la dose inhalée doit se solubiliser pour exercer son action<p>pharmacologique. Nous avons donc inclus dans les concepts de formulation, une stratégie<p>permettant l’amélioration du profil de dissolution et l’augmentation de la solubilité de l’ITZ.<p>Cela permettrait en effet d’en potentialiser au maximum l’action pharmacologique au sein<p>des lésions fongiques avant qu'il ne soit éliminé sous sa forme non dissoute par les<p>mécanismes de clairance non absorptifs du poumon. De plus, le poumon étant un organe ne<p>tolérant qu’un nombre limité de substances administrables par inhalation, nous nous<p>sommes focalisés sur l’utilisation d’excipients présentant un faible potentiel toxique ou bien<p>tolérés après inhalation. Enfin, nous avons gardé à l’esprit lors du développement des procédés de fabrication qu’ils pouvaient être sujets à la mise à l’échelle industrielle. Nous<p>avons donc privilégié des procédés de fabrication simples incluant des technologies<p>transposables telles que l’atomisation par la chaleur et l’homogénéisation à haute pression.<p>Une attention particulière lors de la caractérisation des poudres a été portée sur les<p>propriétés d’écoulement des formulations, toujours dans l’optique de faciliter une<p>potentielle future manutention à plus grande échelle.<p>Pour répondre à ces critères, durant la première partie de ce travail, nous avons<p>imaginé deux concepts de formulation qui ont pour but de former des microparticules de<p>mannitol dans lesquelles est dispersé l’ITZ sous forme « modifiée ».<p>Le premier concept de formulation qui a été développé consistait à former une<p>dispersion solide (DS) entre l’ITZ, si possible amorphe pour en augmenter la solubilité, et un<p>agent matriciel en utilisant le procédé d’atomisation par la chaleur d’une solution contenant<p>tous les ingrédients sous forme dissoute. Lors de tests préliminaires, nous avons évalué trois<p>types d’agents matriciels, deux agents hydrophiles (le mannitol et le lactose) et un agent<p>hydrophobe (le cholestérol). Sur base de la faisabilité, des résultats préliminaires de<p>solubilité, de dissolution et de déposition pulmonaire in vitro, le mannitol a été retenu.<p>Après une optimisation des conditions d’atomisation, les formulations ont été produites en<p>vue d’être caractérisées. Il a été observé, par diffraction de rayons X sur poudre (PXRD) et<p>par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC), qu’après atomisation, l’ITZ était obtenu sous<p>forme amorphe et le mannitol sous forme cristalline. Les tests d’évaluation des propriétés<p>aérodynamiques ont été réalisés à l’aide d’un impacteur liquide multi-étages (MsLI) en<p>suivant les recommandations pratiques de la Pharmacopée européenne. Ce type de<p>compositions, atomisées dans les conditions optimales, permettait d’obtenir des poudres<p>sèches présentant les caractéristiques de taille (diamètre médian < 5 μm, mesuré par<p>diffraction laser) et les propriétés aérodynamiques appropriées à l’administration<p>pulmonaire (fraction de particules fines (FPF) déterminées lors des tests d’impaction<p>comprises entre 40 % et 70 %). La formation d’une DS avec le mannitol était nécessaire afin<p>d’augmenter la solubilité et d’accélérer la cinétique de dissolution de l’ITZ comparativement<p>à son homologue micronisé sous forme cristalline ou encore à sa forme amorphe atomisée<p>sans mannitol. Par exemple, dans sa configuration amorphe atomisée sans excipient ou sous<p>sa forme cristalline initiale, l’ITZ présentait une solubilité à saturation (mesurée dans un tampon phosphate contenant 0,02% de dipalmytoyl phosphatidyl choline) inférieure à 10<p>ng/ml. Après formation d’une DS avec le mannitol suivant notre procédé de formulation,<p>nous sommes parvenus à des valeurs de solubilité atteignant 450 ng/ml. Il s’est avéré que<p>l’ajout à la composition d’un surfactant, le tocopherol polyethylène glycol 1000 succinate<p>(TPGS), permettait d’accélérer la cinétique de dissolution du principe actif. Toutefois,<p>l’utilisation du TPGS induisait une diminution des performances aérodynamiques des<p>formulations. Etant donné que cette augmentation de la cinétique de dissolution pouvait<p>être un avantage après administration pulmonaire, nous avons considéré un autre type de<p>surfactant, les phospholipides (PL). L’utilisation de la lécithine de soja hydrogéné s’est<p>révélée être très efficace. Les performances aérodynamiques des formulations ont été<p>préservées et même améliorées. Leur incorporation à la DS permettait également d’obtenir<p>une accélération du profil de dissolution de l’ITZ. De plus, l’augmentation de la quantité de<p>PL dans nos formulations, dans la gamme des concentrations utilisées, était corrélée avec<p>une amélioration d’autant plus marquée du profil de dissolution de l’ITZ. En outre, les<p>solubilités de l’ITZ en présence de PL furent considérablement améliorées avec, par<p>exemple, des concentrations mesurées de 870 ng/ml et 1342 ng/ml pour les formulations<p>contenant respectivement 10 % (m/mpoudre) et 35 % (m/mpoudre) d’ITZ, ainsi que 10 % de PL<p>exprimés par rapport à la quantité d’ITZ.<p>Le deuxième concept de formulation développé consistait à produire des<p>microparticules de mannitol dans lesquelles étaient dispersées des nanoparticules (NP)<p>cristallines d’ITZ. Le procédé de fabrication était le suivant. Une suspension de nanocristaux<p>d’ITZ produite par homogénéisation à haute pression (HPH) était re-suspendue dans une<p>solution de mannitol qui était par la suite atomisée pour obtenir les microparticules de<p>poudres sèches. Après optimisation des conditions d’homogénéisation, nous sommes<p>parvenus à produire des nanosuspensions d’ITZ dont les particules présentaient un diamètre<p>médian inférieur à 250 nm. Nous avons alors évalué l’influence qu’avait l’ajout du mannitol<p>et du taurocholate sodique sur l’état d’agrégation des NP avant l’étape d’atomisation et sur<p>les performances des formulations sous forme sèche. Il a été observé que l’ajout de<p>mannitol était nécessaire à la production de solutions sursaturées en ITZ avec une solubilité<p>maximale d’ITZ mesurées à 96 ng/ml dans le tampon phosphate précédemment cité. L’ajout<p>de mannitol s’est avéré nécessaire afin de minimiser le phénomène d’agrégation des NP durant l’étape d’atomisation. De plus, l’ajout de taurocholate de sodium permettait<p>également d’inhiber leur agrégation. La cristallinité des NP d’ITZ a été confirmée par PXRD et<p>DSC. Ce type de formulation présentait des tailles et des performances aérodynamiques<p>compatibles à l’administration pulmonaire (tailles des particules < 5 μm et FPF entre 35 % et<p>46 %). Néanmoins, comparativement aux DS précédemment décrites, ces formulations à<p>base de NP s’avèrent sensiblement moins performantes. En effet, au niveau des<p>caractéristiques aérodynamiques, les formulations à base de NP présentent des FPF<p>nettement inférieures à celles obtenues pour les DS (FPF de ~40 % pour les formulations<p>nanoparticulaires contre ~70 % pour les DS d’ITZ amorphe). De plus, à partir des<p>formulations à bases de NP, les taux de sursaturation en ITZ atteints étaient nettement<p>inférieurs à ceux obtenus avec les DS (~100 ng/ml Vs > 1000 ng/ml pour les meilleurs DS). En<p>outre, la production des nanosuspensions nécessitait l’étape supplémentaire d’un minimum<p>de 300 cycles d’homogénéisation, ce qui représente un désavantage considérable en termes<p>de rendement économique en cas de transposition à échelle industrielle comparativement à<p>l’étape unique nécessaire pour la fabrication des DS. Pour ces raisons, seules les DS ont été<p>évaluées in vivo.<p>Après la mise au point des formulations, la seconde partie de ce projet consistait à<p>évaluer les DS développés dans un système biologique complet, la souris. Nous avons en<p>premier lieu réalisé une pharmacocinétique (PK) après administration pulmonaire pour<p>déterminer l’effet de l’augmentation de la solubilité observée in vitro et de l’ajout de PL dans<p>la formulation. Ensuite, nous avons entrepris une étude d’activité sur un modèle murin<p>d’aspergillose pulmonaire invasive (API) permettant de comparer l’efficacité thérapeutique<p>ou prophylactique de nos formulations comparativement à une thérapie standard par voie<p>orale. Pour effectuer ces deux études, nous avons préalablement validé une méthode<p>d’administration des poudres sèches chez la souris à l’aide d’un insufflateur (DP-4M®, Penn<p>Century, Wyndmoor, USA) en utilisant la voie endotrachéale. Le premier point de cette<p>investigation avait pour objet de déterminer si l’intervalle de taille particulaire généré lors de<p>la décharge de nos formulations au sortir de l’insufflateur permettait une répartition<p>homogène dans les poumons ainsi qu’une pénétration profonde des particules jusqu’aux<p>alvéoles pulmonaires. Le deuxième point sur lequel nous nous sommes également attardés était la reproductibilité des doses pulmonaires générées après insufflation, facteur<p>déterminant lors de la réalisation d’une étude PK.<p>Sur base des observations constatées durant la validation du dispositif<p>d’administration, nous avons entrepris une étude PK après administration pulmonaire d’une<p>dose de 0,5 mg/kg d’ITZ, représentant une quantité inhalable par l’homme et pouvant<p>garantir des taux pulmonaires en antifongiques théoriquement adéquats. Cette étude a<p>permis de comparer les concentrations pulmonaires et plasmatiques en ITZ après<p>l’administration de poudres sèches à base d’une DS de mannitol et d’ITZ qui était soit<p>cristallin soit amorphe, avec ou sans PL. Après administration de la DS à base d’ITZ sous sa<p>forme amorphe, une augmentation de la quantité d’ITZ absorbée vers le compartiment<p>systémique a été observée. En effet, il a été observé une augmentation d’un facteur 2,7 de<p>l’aire sous la courbe des concentrations plasmatiques en ITZ de 0 à 24 heures (AUC0-24h)<p>comparativement à celle obtenue après administration de la DS à base d’ITZ sous sa forme<p>cristalline. Le temps pour atteindre la concentration plasmatique maximale (tmax) était<p>également plus court pour la formulation à base ITZ sous sa forme amorphe (tmax de 10 min<p>vs 30 min pour la formulation cristalline). De plus, dans cette configuration amorphe, les<p>temps de rétention pulmonaire en ITZ étaient considérablement plus élevés (t1/2<p>d’élimination de 6,5 h pour l'ITZ cristallin vs 14 ,7 h pour l’ITZ amorphe) permettant de<p>maintenir une concentration pulmonaire en ITZ supérieure à la CMI de la souche<p>d’aspergillus la plus fréquente (A. fumigatus ;2 μg/gpoumon) pendant plus de 24h. L’ajout de<p>PL dans un rapport ITZ:PL:mannitol (1:3:97) dans la DS influençait le profil PK de l’ITZ<p>amorphe en accentuant et accélérant d’avantage la phase d’absorption initiale de l’ITZ<p>observée (Cmax et tmax plasmatique supérieur et inférieur à ceux obtenus pour l’ITZ amorphe,<p>respectivement). Toutefois, cette formulation a été éliminée plus rapidement des poumons<p>(t1/2 d’élimination pulmonaire de l’ITZ de 4,1h pour les formulations avec PL vs 14,7h sans<p>PL). Pour cette raison, nous avons décidé d’évaluer l’efficacité des formulations à base d’ITZ<p>sous forme amorphe sans phospholipides dans un modèle murin d’aspergillose pulmonaire<p>invasive (API) que nous avons développé.<p>Nous ne sommes pas parvenus à mettre en évidence un effet thérapeutique de<p>l’administration des poudres sèches administrées dans ce modèle murin neutropénique<p>d’API. Nous justifions ce manque d’activité par une agressivité du modèle trop prononcée et par l’impossibilité de pouvoir administrer de manière plus fréquente le traitement par<p>inhalation en raison de l’anesthésie nécessaire pour la procédure d’administration<p>endotrachéale. Toutefois, des essais complémentaires vont être envisagés (modification de<p>la charge fongique, administration des poudres par une tour d’inhalation, optimisation du<p>dosage et de la fréquence d’administration). En revanche, il a été mis en évidence que<p>l’administration prophylactique (début des administrations 2 jours avant l’infection) d’une<p>dose de 5 mg/kg/48h d’une DS d’ITZ amorphe augmentait significativement le taux de survie<p>de 12 jours après l’infection par A. fumigatus comparativement aux animaux non traités<p>(taux de survivants :50 % vs 0 %). A titre de comparaison, le pourcentage de survie obtenu<p>après prophylaxie quotidienne d’une dose de 12,5 mg/kg/12h de solution orale de VCZ (la<p>thérapie recommandée pour l’API) n’était que de 25 %.<p>En conclusion, les DS d’ITZ destinées à être administrées par inhalation constituent<p>une approche thérapeutique prometteuse dans le cadre de la prévention et du traitement<p>de l’aspergillose pulmonaire. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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A comparative study of the effect of spray drying and hot-melt extrusion on the properties of amorphous solid dispersions containing felodipine

Mahmah, O., Tabbakh, R., Kelly, Adrian L., Paradkar, Anant R January 2014 (has links)
No / OBJECTIVES: To compare the properties of solid dispersions of felodipine for oral bioavailability enhancement using two different polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), by hot-melt extrusion (HME) and spray drying. METHODS: Felodipine solid dispersions were prepared by HME and spray drying techniques. PVP and HPMCAS were used as polymer matrices at different drug : polymer ratios (1 : 1, 1 : 2 and 1 : 3). Detailed characterization was performed using differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and in-vitro dissolution testing. Dissolution profiles were evaluated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Stability of different solid dispersions was studied under accelerated conditions (40 degrees C/75% RH) over 8 weeks. KEY FINDINGS: Spray-dried formulations were found to release felodipine faster than melt extruded formulations for both polymer matrices. Solid dispersions containing HMPCAS exhibited higher drug release rates and better wettability than those produced with a PVP matrix. No significant differences in stability were observed except with HPMCAS at a 1 : 1 ratio, where crystallization was detected in spray-dried formulations. CONCLUSIONS: Solid dispersions of felodipine produced by spray drying exhibited more rapid drug release than corresponding melt extruded formulations, although in some cases improved stability was observed for melt extruded formulations.

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