Um dos principais problemas enfrentados atualmente pelo Poder Público e pela sociedade é a destinação adequada de resíduos sólidos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é avaliar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) implantada no Rio Grande do Sul e verificar a existência de melhorias após a promulgação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Este trabalho ainda apresenta o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos no Brasil e na Europa, as formas de tratamento e disposição final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, os tipos de tratamento de lixiviados existentes, identifica alternativa de reuso do lixiviado após tratamento, analisa os tratamentos de lixiviado utilizados em Aterros Sanitários localizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e em Portugal, o cumprimento das metas estipuladas para RSU nos Planos de Resíduos Sólidos e identifica e compara a legislação existente em Portugal e no Brasil que regulamenta a instalação e operação dos Aterros Sanitários. Para a elaboração foram analisados dados de destinação de RSU no Brasil, com especial ênfase ao estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e em Portugal. Através dos dados obtidos verifica-se que houve melhorias na destinação final dos RSU no Brasil após a homologação da PNRS, por exemplo houve um aumento de 138% de municípios que implantaram a coleta seletiva após a PNRS. Verificou-se que a forma mais utilizada de destinação final dos RSU no país é por meio de aterro sanitário, porém havendo ainda disposição inadequada por meio de aterros controlados e lixões. No RS em 2015, observou-se que houve uma redução na disposição final adequada em comparação ao ano de 2014, devido à má operação dos aterros sanitários, porém foi atingida a Meta 1 do Plano Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PLANARES), uma vez que em 2015 não havia lixões em operação no RS. Foi possível observar que no RS a maioria das áreas classificadas como inadequadas são administradas pelos próprios municípios, isto se dá devido à falta de recurso financeiro para gerenciar e operar um aterro sanitário. Com relação ao tratamento de lixiviado gerado nos aterros sanitários do RS, verificou-se que estes não possuem implantado um sistema eficaz e acredita-se que somente um tratamento combinado, apresentando tratamento avançado, seja a forma mais adequada para tratar este efluente, devido à grande variabilidade de características e complexidade do lixiviado. Fazendo uma comparação da legislação referente à gestão de resíduos no Brasil e em Portugal, observa-se que em 1996 foi aprovado o Plano Estratégico Setorial dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (PERSU) em Portugal, que promoveu uma grande alteração na gestão de RSU, havendo grandes investimentos em infraestrutura visando atender as metas do PERSU. Já no Brasil somente em 2010 foi proposta esta alteração por meio da PNRS, e é possível observar que não houve o atendimento das metas estipuladas nos Planos Nacionais e Estadual, no caso do RS, devido à falta de conscientização do Poder Público e investimentos nesta área, de forma a promover uma destinação final adequada para os RSU gerados no país. / One of the main problems currently faced by the Government and the society is the appropriate destination of solid waste. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) introduced in Rio Grande do Sul and to verify possible improvements achieved after the promulgation of the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP). This paper also describes the management of solid waste in Brazil and Europe, the way of treatment and final disposal of municipal solid waste, the existing leachate treatment process, identifies leachate reuse alternatives, analyzes the leachate treatment operations used in landfills located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and in Portugal, the achievement of goal set for MSW in Solid Waste Plans and identifies and compares the legislation existing in Portugal and Brazil which regulates the installation and operation of Landfills. For the work accomplishment, data of the MSW disposal in Brazil, with special emphasis on the State of Rio Grande do Sul, and Portugal were analyzed. Through the data obtained it appears that there were improvements in the final disposal of MSW in Brazil after the approval of NSWP, for example an increase of 138% of municipalities that have implemented selective collection after NSWP. It was found that the most used form of final disposal of MSW in the country is through landfill, but there is still inadequate disposal in controlled landfills and dumps. In RS in 2015, it was observed that there was a reduction in the number of adequate final disposal sites, compared to 2014, due to wrong operation of landfills. Nevertheless, Goal 1 of the National Plan of the Solid Waste (NPSW) was achieved, since in 2015 there was no dumps operating in RS. It was observed that in RS most of the areas classified as inadequate are administered by the municipalities themselves. This, is due to lack of financial resources to manage and operate a landfill. Regarding the treatment of leachate generated in landfills of RS, it was found that these have not implemented an effective system and it is believed that only a combined treatment, with advanced treatment, will be the best way to treat this effluent due to the large variability of characteristics and complexity of the leachate. Making a comparison of the legislation on waste management in Brazil and in Portugal, it is observed that in 1996 the Sector Strategic Plan for Municipal Solid Waste (SSPMSW) was approved in Portugal, promoting a major change in the MSW management, with large investments in infrastructure to deal the goals of the SSPMSW. On the other hand, in Brazil only in 2010 this change was proposed by NSWP. It is possible to observe that goals set in the National and State Plans were not met, in the case of RS, due to lack of awareness of the government and investments in this area in order to promote an appropriate final destination for the MSW generated in the country.

O estudo foi realizado na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Serra dos Pireneus, região de ecoturismo emergente, no Estado de Goiás, adotando como marcos referenciais os conceitos de sistemas ambientais complexos e de desenvolvimento sustentável da Agenda 21. Duas abordagens foram utilizadas: a) análise de dados sobre o agravamento da situação de resíduos sólidos no contexto da região onde se insere a área, compreendendo aspectos históricos, econômicos, sociais, culturais e de saúde, relacionados à expansão do turismo e b) enquete com os gestores responsáveis por empreendimentos turísticos do município de Pirenópolis, envolvendo sua lide com os resíduos sólidos, sua apreensão sobre o tema e sua concordância em participar de um programa de coleta seletiva. Constatou-se inicialmente que há extrema fragilidade dos ecossistemas da região em decorrência dos fatores inter-relacionados de adensamento populacional, atividades de extração mineral, pecuária, agricultura extensiva e turismo. Constatou-se igualmente que esta última atividade apresentou aspectos contraditórios ao envolver riscos e ao trazer, concomitantemente, novas perspectivas para o desenvolvimento das comunidades e para a preservação do meio ambiente. constatou-se finalmente que é significativa a geração sazonal de resíduos sólidos derivados da atividade turística no município; que há iniciativas de reaproveitamento desses resíduos pelos empreendimentos de turismo, com base na herança cultural rural de baixo consumo e baixo desperdício; que há, entre os gestores dos empreendimentos turísticos, a preocupação com o impacto dos resíduos sólidos no meio ambiente e que há interesse da maioria dos gestores em aderir a um programa de coleta seletiva. Concluiu-se que um amplo e abrangente processo educativo é necessário para mobilizar as pessoas e para integrar ações por meio de uma dinâmica participativa, concebida como núcleo central de implementação do gerenciamento integrado dos resíduos sólidos na região / The study was undertaken in the environmental protected area of Serra dos Pireneus, region of emergent ecotourism in the State of Goiás, adopting the concept of Environmental Complex Systems and the concept of Sustainable Development defined by the Agenda 21 as theoretical references. Two approaches were defined: a) analysis of secondary data on the worsening of the solid wastes situation in the whole region of the selected area, including historical, economic, social, cultural, and health aspects, related to the expansion of tourism and b) survey comprising touristic enterprise owners and managers in the municipality of Pirenópolis, on their struggle with solid waste disposal, their comprehension of the subject and their agreement in collaborating with a solid waste selective collecting program. Initially we realised an extreme fragility of the region\'s ecosystems due to facts related to increased population, mineral extraction activities, cattle breeding, extensive agriculture and tourism. Tourism in the region is seen as a paradox, since it shows an aggravation of the pre-existing situation and, at the same time, brings new perspectives for community development and conservation of environment resources. Finally, the survey results demonstrated that: there is a significant and irregular generation of solid waste due to touristic activity in the area; there are local initiatives of reutilization of solid waste by the touristic enterprises, based on rural cultural background that stimulates low consumption and loss; there is a concern among the managers regarding the environmental impact of solid waste and, finally, the majority of the managers want to join a solid waste selective collecting program. In conclusion, a wide educational process is needed to motivate people and to integrate actions by means of a participatory planning, as a central part of an integrated solid waste management program for the region

A relevância do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos justifica-se pelos impactos à saúde e ao meio ambiente. Resíduos gerados em serviços de saúde podem apresentar periculosidade por suas características físico-químicas e biológicas. No Brasil, todo grande gerador é obrigado a elaborar o Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos, e todo estabelecimento de saúde deve criar o Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde. Objetivo: Desenvolver modelo de gestão de resíduos sólidos para apoiar a elaboração e implantação desses planos em instituições públicas de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e fabricação de produtos de saúde. Métodos: Estudo de caso conduzido no Instituto Butantan, localizado no município de São Paulo/SP. Foi realizado considerando as seguintes etapas: diagnóstico do gerenciamento dos resíduos e elaboração, implantação e avaliação de Plano Integrado de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos. Todo o processo teve como abordagem a gestão participativa, compartilhada e integrada, envolvendo todos os atores da instituição. Na avaliação foram considerados o atendimento legal quanto à gestão e gerenciamento, às práticas e procedimentos implantados e à atuação dos envolvidos. Resultados: Destacam-se a caracterização e quantificação para cada fluxo de resíduos, a elaboração do Guia Prático de Descarte de Resíduos, o Modelo de Gestão para instituições de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e fabricação de produtos de uso em saúde humana baseado nas premissas do ciclo PDCA e o sistema informatizado de gerenciamento para estruturação e controle da gestão dos resíduos. Conclusões: Verifica-se que o processo desenvolvido ao longo do estudo propiciou mudança de cultura, envolvimento dos funcionários por meio da capacitação contínua para atuação e segurança do trabalhador e melhoria no gerenciamento dos resíduos, promovendo a redução de custos de destinação e a valorização dos resíduos. / The importance of solid waste management is justified by the impacts on health and the environment. Waste generated in health services can be dangerous due to their physicochemical and biological characteristics. In Brazil, every residue generator is required to produce the Solid Waste Management Plan and every health facility is required to establish the Health Care Waste Management Plan. Objective: To develop a model of solid waste management to support the development and implementation of these plans in public research institutions dedicated to the development and manufacture of health products. Methods: A case study conducted at Butantan Institute, located in São Paulo / SP. The following steps were taken in its carrying out: diagnostic management of waste, and implementation and evaluation of the Integrated Plan for Solid Waste Management. The whole process was approached through participatory, shared and integrated management, involving all actors of the institution. In the evaluation, the legal service regarding management, the practices and procedures implemented, and the actions of those involved were considered. Results: Highlights include the characterization and quantification for each waste stream; the preparation of the Guia Prático de Descarte de Resíduos (Practical Guide for Waste Disposal); the management model for research institutions concerned with the development and manufacturing of human health products based on the premises of the PDCA cycle; and the computerized management system for structuring and control of waste management. Conclusions: It was noticed that the process developed throughout the study led to culture change, staff engagement through continuous training and workplace security, and improvement in the management waste, promoting cost reduction in its destination and recovery.

Essa dissertação analisa a questão dos resíduos sólidos na região metropolitana de São Paulo. O estudo parte de uma recomposição histórica dos serviços de limpeza pública e das características das diversas soluções para o destino final do lixo. Em seguida, realizamos uma extensa pesquisa empírica junto às administrações municipais, de forma a levantar a situação dos serviços de coleta e especialmente das soluções de destino final. A pesquisa mostra uma crescente dificuldade na definição de novas áreas para destino final pelas restrições espaciais para esse uso, considerando-se o processo de urbanização. A investigação aponta como possível caminho para a solução de tal impasse, a gestão integrada para a operação de áreas de destino final comum para vários municípios. / This work analyzes the issue of solid waste in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The study is based on a historical reward from public cleaning services and the characteristics of the various solutions to the final destination of waste. After that, we carried out an extensive empirical research with the municipal administrations, in order to know the situation of the collection services and especially the solutions of final disposal. The survey shows a growing difficulty to defining areas for final disposal by spatial constraints for such use, according to urbanization process. The research points out as a solution of this deadlock, an integrated management for operation of final disposal common area for several municipalities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:04:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Mauricio Faria Dame Manzano.pdf: 7050347 bytes, checksum: 41fb738752fd2bf7847ccf467e115e84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28 / O estudo apresenta as etapas de implantação e operação de uma coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos não perigosos em um centro de ensino superior localizado em um campus universitário da área de saúde, para medir a quantidade de resíduos sólidos perigosos presentes entre os resíduos sólidos recicláveis coletados, e, posteriormente verificar a influência de uma campanha ambiental padrão na alteração da quantidade e qualidade desses resíduos sólidos. A amostra foi coletada na parte interna da área acadêmica do campus e em parte da área externa dos principais estabelecimentos de atendimento a saúde do campus, sendo avaliado todo material reciclável coletado no período de quatro meses. O estudo também incluiu uma pesquisa com 388 frequentadores do campus e oito campanhas de pesagem dos resíduos sólidos não perigosos e os resíduos de serviço de saúde. A média diária de geração de resíduos sólidos do campus foi de 1.697,67kg (em período letivo) e 8,02Kg coletados seletivamente no centro acadêmico (em período letivo após o início da campanha ambiental). Devido ao desvio dos resíduos sólidos dos recipientes recicláveis, foi procedida uma intervenção que indicou que o treinamento das equipes de limpeza deve ser aprimorado. Embora tenha sido verificado aumento na contribuição de resíduos sólidos recicláveis após o início da campanha ambiental, em 99%, o que era esperado, também se verificou aumento em 890% dos resíduos potencialmente perigosos, apontando a necessidade de realização de campanhas ambientais direcionadas principalmente a reduzir o acondicionamento inadequado de resíduos sólidos perigosos em recipientes destinados às associações de catadores / The study present the steps of implementation and operation of a recycling collection of non-hazardous solid waste in a higher education center located on a university campus in the health area, to measure the amount of hazardous waste present into recyclable solid waste collected, and then to verify the influence of an environmental campaign to change the amount and quality default of the solid waste. The sample was collected in the inner part of the campus academic area and in the external area of the main health care establishments of campus, which evaluated all the collected recyclable material in the period of four months. The study also included a survey with 388 campus groups and eight weight campaigns of the non-hazardous solid waste and the healthcare solid waste. The daily average generation of solid waste on campus was 1,697.67 kilograms (in school time) and 8.02 kg selectively collected in the academic center (in school time after the beginning of the environmental campaign). Due to the deviation of the solid waste from the recyclable containers, one intervention was performed which indicated that the training of the cleaning teams should be improved. Although it has been verified an increase in the contribution of the recycled solid waste after the beginning of the environmental campaign in 99%, which was expected, there was verified an 890% increase in the potentially hazardous waste, indicating the need for a environmental campaigns implementation mainly directed to reduce inappropriate packaging of waste

O estudo foi realizado na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Serra dos Pireneus, região de ecoturismo emergente, no Estado de Goiás, adotando como marcos referenciais os conceitos de sistemas ambientais complexos e de desenvolvimento sustentável da Agenda 21. Duas abordagens foram utilizadas: a) análise de dados sobre o agravamento da situação de resíduos sólidos no contexto da região onde se insere a área, compreendendo aspectos históricos, econômicos, sociais, culturais e de saúde, relacionados à expansão do turismo e b) enquete com os gestores responsáveis por empreendimentos turísticos do município de Pirenópolis, envolvendo sua lide com os resíduos sólidos, sua apreensão sobre o tema e sua concordância em participar de um programa de coleta seletiva. Constatou-se inicialmente que há extrema fragilidade dos ecossistemas da região em decorrência dos fatores inter-relacionados de adensamento populacional, atividades de extração mineral, pecuária, agricultura extensiva e turismo. Constatou-se igualmente que esta última atividade apresentou aspectos contraditórios ao envolver riscos e ao trazer, concomitantemente, novas perspectivas para o desenvolvimento das comunidades e para a preservação do meio ambiente. constatou-se finalmente que é significativa a geração sazonal de resíduos sólidos derivados da atividade turística no município; que há iniciativas de reaproveitamento desses resíduos pelos empreendimentos de turismo, com base na herança cultural rural de baixo consumo e baixo desperdício; que há, entre os gestores dos empreendimentos turísticos, a preocupação com o impacto dos resíduos sólidos no meio ambiente e que há interesse da maioria dos gestores em aderir a um programa de coleta seletiva. Concluiu-se que um amplo e abrangente processo educativo é necessário para mobilizar as pessoas e para integrar ações por meio de uma dinâmica participativa, concebida como núcleo central de implementação do gerenciamento integrado dos resíduos sólidos na região / The study was undertaken in the environmental protected area of Serra dos Pireneus, region of emergent ecotourism in the State of Goiás, adopting the concept of Environmental Complex Systems and the concept of Sustainable Development defined by the Agenda 21 as theoretical references. Two approaches were defined: a) analysis of secondary data on the worsening of the solid wastes situation in the whole region of the selected area, including historical, economic, social, cultural, and health aspects, related to the expansion of tourism and b) survey comprising touristic enterprise owners and managers in the municipality of Pirenópolis, on their struggle with solid waste disposal, their comprehension of the subject and their agreement in collaborating with a solid waste selective collecting program. Initially we realised an extreme fragility of the region\'s ecosystems due to facts related to increased population, mineral extraction activities, cattle breeding, extensive agriculture and tourism. Tourism in the region is seen as a paradox, since it shows an aggravation of the pre-existing situation and, at the same time, brings new perspectives for community development and conservation of environment resources. Finally, the survey results demonstrated that: there is a significant and irregular generation of solid waste due to touristic activity in the area; there are local initiatives of reutilization of solid waste by the touristic enterprises, based on rural cultural background that stimulates low consumption and loss; there is a concern among the managers regarding the environmental impact of solid waste and, finally, the majority of the managers want to join a solid waste selective collecting program. In conclusion, a wide educational process is needed to motivate people and to integrate actions by means of a participatory planning, as a central part of an integrated solid waste management program for the region

The present thesis proposes model for the analyses of stress-strain response of fiber reinforced soil and municipal solid waste (MSW). The concept of reinforcing soils by introducing tension resisting elements such as fibers is becoming widely accepted. Fiber inclusions are found to improve the post-peak behavior of the soil. Evaluation of the stress-strain response of the fiber-reinforced soil indicates that mobilization of the fiber tension generally requires a strain level higher than that corresponding to the peak strength of unreinforced soil. Further, geotechnical engineering properties of MSW such as compressibility, shear strength and stiffness are of prime importance in design and maintenance of landfills. It is also referred in literature that MSW tends to behave as fiber-reinforced soil due to the presence of various types of wastes in its matrix. However, it is not well understood how the stress-strain and strength characteristics vary with time as the biodegradation of waste continues in the landfill. Based on the experimental observations, in this thesis, an attempt is made for developing generalized constitutive models based on the critical state soil mechanics frame work for fiber reinforced soils and municipal solid waste. The proposed models consider the fiber effect in fiber reinforced soil and, time dependent mechanical and biodegradation effects in case of municipal solid waste, respectively. The proposed models are able to capture the stress-strain and pore water pressure response in both the cases. For better understanding, the present thesis is divided into following seven chapters. Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter, in which the need for use of the constitutive models is presented. Further, the organization of thesis is also presented. Chapter 2 presents a brief description of the available studies in the literature on fiber-reinforced soils and municipal solid waste. Various studies on fiber-reinforced soil included experimental results (both laboratory and field) and modeling methods. Experiments on fiber-reinforced soils were mainly carried out with triaxial compression tests, unconfined compression tests, direct shear tests, one dimensional consolidation tests, etc. Force equilibrium model, limit equilibrium model, statistical theory, regression based models are some of the models available in the literature for quantifying the strength of the fiber-reinforced soil. Further, various studies with regard to the engineering properties of municipal solid waste and their characteristic properties available in the literature are presented. They include different models proposed by various researchers for the prediction of stress-strain response, time dependent behavior and load settlement analysis of the municipal solid waste. Finally, based on the literature review, the scope and objectives of the thesis are presented at the end. Chapter 3 describes various types of soils, properties of soils and fibers used in the present study. A detailed description of the sample preparation and methods adopted in the experimental program are presented in this chapter. Chapter 4 presents the experimental results of triaxial compression tests and one dimensional consolidation test carried out on fiber-reinforced soils. Based on the experimental observations, a constitutive model for fiber-reinforced soil in the frame work of modified cam clay model is proposed. Further, the detailed derivation of proposed model and the discussion on evaluation of the input model parameters from triaxial and consolidation tests are presented. The predictions from the proposed models are validated with the experimental data. From the comparison of the results from the proposed model and experiments, it is evident that the proposed model is able to capture stress-strain behavior of fiber-reinforced soils. Chapter 5 presents the experimental studies on the behavior of municipal solid waste based on the triaxial compression and consolidation tests. Based on the experimental observations, a constitutive model for municipal solid waste in the frame work of modified cam clay model is proposed which considers the mechanisms such as mechanical creep and biodegradation. It also provides detailed description of the selection of the input parameters required for the proposed model. The experimental results in the form of stress-strain and pore water pressure response are compared with the prediction from the proposed model. In addition, the applicability of the proposed model is illustrated using detailed parametric studies of parameters of the model for various ranges. Chapter 6 presents a brief study of load settlement response on municipal solid waste using a case example. The constitutive model for municipal solid waste proposed in chapter 5 is used to study the time-settlement response of municipal solid waste and to compare the results with available published models considering different mechanisms. The major conclusions from the study are presented at the end. Chapter 7 presents a brief summary and conclusions from the various studies reported in the present thesis. vi

Στην παρούσα εργασία διερευνάται η καύση των Αστικών Στερεών Αποβλήτων (ΑΣΑ) και η δυνατότητα δημιουργίας Εγκατάστασης Καύσης των ΑΣΑ (ΕΚΑΣΑ) στην Περιφέρεια Δυτικής Ελλάδας (ΠΔΕ). Στο 1ο κεφάλαιο δίνεται η περιγραφή της διαχείρισης των ΑΣΑ σε χώρες του εξωτερικού. Εδώ δίνονται στοιχεία για πρωτοπόρες χώρες στην καύση των ΑΣΑ και η γενικότερη διαχείριση των ΑΣΑ τους. Διερευνάται αρχικά η κατάσταση στην Ευρώπη, στον υπόλοιπο κόσμο και στις αναπτυσσόμενες χώρες. Η καύση των ΑΣΑ είναι μια μέθοδος που χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως σε μεγάλες, βόρειες και πλούσιες χώρες της Ευρώπης. Αυτή η τεχνολογία επεξεργασίας των ΑΣΑ σε πολλές χώρες φτάνει έως και το 50% (π.χ. Ελβετία και Δανία) της συνολικής διαχείρισης των ΑΣΑ. Τέλος παρουσιάζεται η πρόσφατη οδηγία του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου 2008/98/EΚ, η οποία ταξινομεί τους τρόπους διαχείρισης των ΑΣΑ και κατατάσσει την καύση των ΑΣΑ με ενεργειακή ανάκτηση πάνω από την εφαρμοζόμενη στην Ελλάδα ταφή των ΑΣΑ και κάτω από την ανακύκλωση. Επίσης καθορίζεται πότε η καύση των ΑΣΑ θεωρείται ανάκτηση και όχι διάθεση, σύμφωνα με τον συντελεστή R1 που εξετάζεται στο 5ο κεφάλαιο. Τέλος παρουσιάζεται και η οδηγία του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου 99/31/ΕΚ η οποία προβλέπει την σταδιακή μείωση των βιοαποδομήσιμων αστικών αποβλήτων που οδηγούνται στους ΧΥΤΑ, κάτι που μπορεί να γίνει με την καύση. Στο 2ο κεφάλαιο δίνεται μια σύντομη παρουσίαση της ΠΔΕ. Γίνεται μια ανασκόπηση του πληθυσμού, του τουρισμού, των οικονομικών και των μεταφορών της ΠΔΕ. Επίσης δίνονται στοιχεία για τα φυσικά χαρακτηριστικά της ΠΔΕ (κυρίως ύδατα), του κλίματος και των προστατευόμενων περιοχών της ΠΔΕ. Στο 3ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται πρόβλεψη της ποσότητας και της ποιοτικής σύστασης των ΑΣΑ που παράγονται στην ΠΔΕ για το έτος έναρξης λειτουργίας της ΕΚΑΣΑ, το 2020. Σύμφωνα με στοιχεία των απογραφών του 1991 και του 2001 και τον εποχικό πληθυσμό του 2009 που πάρθηκε από την Ελληνική Στατιστική Αρχή, (ΕΛ.ΣΤΑΤ) υπολογίζεται ο ισοδύναμος πληθυσμός της ΠΔΕ σε περίπου 850.000 κατοίκους. Έπειτα λαμβάνεται ο ρυθμός παραγωγής ΑΣΑ ανά κάτοικο και ημέρα από τον Παναγιωτακόπουλο, [Παναγιωτακόπουλος, 2008] και υπολογίζεται η ετήσια συνολική παραγωγή των ΑΣΑ για την ΠΔΕ το 2020 σε περίπου 372.000 τόνους. Ακολούθως λαμβάνεται η ποιοτική σύσταση των ΑΣΑ από τον Οικονομόπουλο, [Οικονομόπουλος, 2009] καθώς και ότι το 10% της συνολικά παραγόμενης ποσότητας ΑΣΑ ανακυκλώνεται το 2020. Τέλος αφού αφαιρεθεί η ποσότητα των ΑΣΑ που ανακυκλώνεται εκτιμάται η συνολική ποσότητα των ΑΣΑ που δύναται να καεί σε περίπου 335.000 τόνους. Στο 4ο κεφάλαιο επιλέγεται η θέση της ΕΚΑΣΑ στην Βιομηχανική Περιοχή της Πάτρας (ΒΙΠΕ). Η ΕΚΑΣΑ είναι βιομηχανική μονάδα, παράγει ατμό για άλλες βιομηχανίες και είναι σε κοντινή απόσταση από τον κύριο παραγωγό ΑΣΑ της ΠΔΕ, τον Δήμο Πατρέων. Παρουσιάζονται οι Σταθμοί Μεταφόρτωσης Απορριμμάτων (ΣΜΑ) και οι διαφορετικές μέθοδοι σχεδιασμού τους. Με τους ΣΜΑ θεωρείται ότι μπορεί να επιτευχθεί οικονομικότερη μεταφορά και μεταφόρτωση των ΑΣΑ στην ΕΚΑΣΑ σε σχέση με την μεταφορά με απορριμματοφόρα (Α/Φ). Εδώ ελέγχεται η οικονομία που επιτυγχάνουν ανά Καλλικρατικό Δήμο. Ο ΣΜΑ τοποθετείται στο κέντρο του Καλλικρατικού Δήμου και οι Πηγές Παραγωγής ΑΣΑ (ΠΠΑΣΑ) θεωρούνται οι Καποδιστριακοί Δήμοι με ποσότητες που εκτιμώνται στο 3ο κεφάλαιο. Στοιχεία κόστους λαμβάνονται μερικώς από εμπειρικά στοιχεία των Περιφερειών της Δυτικής Μακεδονίας και της Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας και Θράκης καθώς και από βιβλιογραφικές αναφορές. Συμπεραίνεται ότι η χρήση των ΣΜΑ ρίχνει το μεταφορικό κόστος των ΑΣΑ, στους περισσότερους Δήμους της ΠΔΕ, με ελάχιστες εξαιρέσεις. Ελέγχονται επίσης μέθοδοι επιχειρησιακής έρευνας και εκτιμάται αδυναμία εφαρμογής τους αφού προϋποθέτουν σαφείς θέσεις χωροθέτησης των ΣΜΑ, κάτι που είναι δύσκολο και πολύπλοκο να εκτιμηθεί. Στο 5ο κεφάλαιο αρχικά παρουσιάζονται οι τεχνικές καύσης των ΑΣΑ και επιλέγεται ως τεχνική καύσης των ΑΣΑ της ΠΔΕ η μαζική καύση των ΑΣΑ σε εστία με εσχάρες. Η τεχνική αυτή είναι η πιο διαδεδομένη και με πιο αξιόπιστα στοιχεία. Έπειτα εκτιμάται η Κατώτατη Θερμογόνος Δύναμη (ΚΘΔ) των ΑΣΑ βάσει των μετρήσεων του Καραγιαννίδη, [Karagiannidis et al., 2010] για την θερμική αξία των ΑΣΑ της Θεσσαλονίκης και της εκτιμώμενης σύστασης των ΑΣΑ από τον Οικονομόπουλο. Η ΚΘΔ εκτιμάται σε 10,885 Mj/kg ΑΣΑ, τιμή ίση και μεγαλύτερη από αυτή που έχουν τα ΑΣΑ σε μεγάλες ευρωπαϊκές χώρες. Ακόμα λαμβάνεται ένα απλό θερμικό δίκτυο για την ΕΚΑΣΑ από το βιβλίο του Κ.Χ. Λέφα, [Λέφας, 1982] για παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής και θερμικής ενέργειας και εκτιμώνται οι βαθμοί απόδοσης της ΕΚΑΣΑ. Τέλος εξετάζεται αν η ΕΚΑΣΑ μπορεί να θεωρηθεί διαχείριση ανάκτησης (ισοδύναμη με την μηχανική και βιολογική επεξεργασία) ή διάθεσης (ισοδύναμη των ΧΥΤΑ) των ΑΣΑ, βάσει του συντελεστή R1 που εισάγει η οδηγία 2008/98/EΚ και στατιστικών στοιχείων της Ευρωπαϊκής Συνομοσπονδίας των ΕΚΑΣΑ (CEWEP). Η ΕΚΑΣΑ πετυχαίνει R1 μεγαλύτερο του 0,65 για παραγωγή μόνο ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και για συμπαραγωγή ηλεκτρικής και θερμικής ενέργειας. Στο 6ο κεφάλαιο αρχικά παρουσιάζονται οι αέριες εκπομπές, τα υγρά απόβλητα και τα στερεά υπολείμματα των ΕΚΑΣΑ. Οι αέριες εκπομπές των ΕΚΑΣΑ, με χρήση σύγχρονων συσκευών ελέγχου των αέριων εκπομπών, παραμένουν αρκετά κάτω από την όρια που θέτει η οδηγία 2000/76/ΕΚ. Οι ΕΚΑΣΑ παράγουν τέφρα που είναι αδρανές υλικό και διατίθεται με ασφάλεια σε ΧΥΤΥ. Η ιπτάμενη τέφρα που παράγεται μετά από επεξεργασία σταθεροποιείται και έπειτα μπορεί να διατεθεί σε ΧΥΤΥ. Δίνονται στοιχεία για την μέση σύσταση των παραπάνω καθώς και τα όρια που θέτει η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (ΕΕ) και η Αμερικανική Υπηρεσία Περιβάλλοντος (EPA). Τέλος παρουσιάζονται τα συστήματα ελέγχου των αέριων εκπομπών. Στο 7ο κεφάλαιο εκτιμάται το κόστος κατασκευής της ΕΚΑΣΑ και τα αναμενόμενα έσοδα που μπορούν να προκύψουν από την πώληση της παραγόμενης ηλεκτρικής και θερμικής ενέργειας. Το κόστος εκτιμάται από την βιβλιογραφία. Ένα ποσοστό εσόδων μπορούν να υπολογιστούν βάση της επιδότησης που δίνει ο ν.3851/2010 για το βιοαποδομήσιμο κλάσμα των ΑΣΑ που θεωρείται βιομάζα και η ηλεκτρική ενέργεια που παράγεται από αυτό θεωρείται ανανεώσιμη (ΑΠΕ). Τα υπόλοιπα έσοδα που προκύπτουν από την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας από το μη βιοαποδομήσιμο κλάσμα δεν δύναται να τιμολογηθούν. Επίσης τα έσοδα από την πώληση θερμότητας, θεωρείται ότι καλύπτουν την κατασκευή συστήματος τηλεθέρμανσης ως ανταποδοτικό όφελος για την τοπική κοινωνία που φιλοξενεί την ΕΚΑΣΑ. Το κόστος της ΕΚΑΣΑ συγκρίνεται με το παρόν κόστος της απόθεσης των ΑΣΑ σε ΧΥΤΑ και προκύπτει μικρότερο. Το κόστος του ΧΥΤΑ εκτιμάται σε 8-35 €/τόνο ΑΣΑ, ενώ της ΕΚΑΣΑ σε 10,5 – 26,125 €/τόνο ΑΣΑ. Καταλήγοντας, σε αυτή την εργασία, προτείνεται για πρώτη φορά η καύση των ΑΣΑ στην ΠΔΕ. Σύμφωνα με την σύγχρονη τεχνολογία, η καύση είναι μια οικονομική λύση με ελάχιστες περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις, οι οποίες περιορίζονται σε τοπικό επίπεδο, σε αντίθεση με την διάθεση σε ΧΥΤΑ, όπου οι επιπτώσεις είναι αφενός τοπικές και αφ’ετέρου παγκόσμιες και ο έλεγχος των εκπομπών περιορισμένος. Η μεγάλη μείωση στον όγκο των ΑΣΑ (90%) που επιτυγχάνεται, ελαχιστοποιεί τις απαιτήσεις μεγάλων χώρων διάθεσης και αμβλύνει τις κοινωνικές και περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις. Η δυνατότητα ανάκτησης ηλεκτρικής και θερμικής ενέργειας, καθώς και μετάλλων, καθιστούν βιώσιμη την καύση των ΑΣΑ. Τέλος, σημαντικό είναι και το γεγονός ότι η ενέργεια αυτή σε μεγάλο ποσοστό της (55,4%) θεωρείται ΑΠΕ. Επομένως, η ένταξη της καύσης των ΑΣΑ στην ολοκληρωμένη διαχείριση τους θα προσφέρει στην επίτευξη του στόχου της Ελλάδας για 40% ηλεκτρική ενέργεια από ΑΠΕ μέχρι το 2020 (ν.3851/2010). / This paper studies the combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the possible creation of MSW incineration plant (each) in Western Greece (RWG). In the first chapter is to describe the management of MSW in foreign countries. Here are figures for leading countries in the combustion of MSW and the overall management of the MSW. Investigated initially the situation in Europe, the world and developing countries. The combustion of MSW is a method widely used in large and wealthy northern countries of Europe. This technology for processing MSW in many countries at up to 50% (eg Switzerland and Denmark) the overall management of MSW. Finally presents the recent directive of the European Parliament 2008/98/EK, which classifies the management of MSW and ranks MSW incineration with energy recovery over the applied in Greece burial of MSW and bottom of recycling. It also determines when the combustion of MSW is recovery and not disposal, in accordance with the R1 factor considered in chapter 5. Finally presented and Directive 99/31/EC of the European Parliament which provides for the gradual reduction of biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills, which can be done by burning. In the second chapter gives a brief introduction of the EDP. Is an overview of population, tourism, finance and transport of the EDP. Also given of the physical characteristics of the PDE (mainly water), climate and protected areas of the EDP. In the third chapter is predicting the quantity and qualitative composition of MSW produced in the EDP for the initial year of operation of each, in 2020. According to data from the censuses of 1991 and 2001 and the seasonal population of 2009 was taken from the Greek Statistical Authority (EL.STAT) estimated the equivalent population of EDP of 850,000 inhabitants. Then take the production rate of MSW per inhabitant and day by Panagiotakopoulos [Panagiotakopoulos, 2008] and calculate the total annual production of MSW in the EDP in 2020 to around 372,000 tonnes. Then take the qualitative composition of MSW by Economopoulos, [Economopoulos, 2009] and that 10% of the total produced quantity of MSW recycled in 2020. Finally, subtracting the amount of MSW recycled estimated the total amount of MSW that can be burned to about 335,000 tonnes. In the fourth chapter the chosen position EKAS the Industrial Area of ​​Patras (Industrial Zone). Each being the plant produces steam for other industries and is walking distance from the main MSW producer of the EDP, the Municipality of Patras. Presented the Waste Transfer Station (WTS) and different methods of design. With STDs considered to be achievable economical transport and transfer of MSW to EKAS in relation to transport garbage (M / F). This controlled the economy achieved by Kallikrates City. The STD is placed in the center Kallikaratous Municipality and the sources of MSW (PPASA) are the Kapodistrian Municipalities with quantities estimated in the third chapter. Cost data obtained in part by empirical evidence of the Regions of Western Macedonia and Eastern Macedonia and Thrace as well as bibliographic references. It is concluded that the use of STD throws the transport costs of MSW in most municipalities of EDP, with few exceptions. Also controlled methods of operational research and assess their inapplicability as clear positions require siting of STDs, which are complex and difficult to assess. In the fifth chapter presents the first technical combustion of MSW and selected as a technique of combustion of MSW PIP mass burning of MSW fireplace with grills. This technique is the most widespread and most reliable data. After assessing the Low Calorific Value (KTHD) of MSW based on measurements of Karagiannidis, [Karagiannidis et al., 2010] for the heat value of MSW in Thessaloniki and the estimated composition of MSW by Economopoulos. The KTHD estimated at 10,885 Mj / kg MSW, a price equal to and greater than that which the SMR in major European countries. Even taking a simple thermal network for EKAS from the book of CE Lefas [Lefas, 1982] to produce electricity and thermal energy and the estimated yield of each. Finally considering whether EKAS can be considered administration recovery (equivalent to the mechanical and biological treatment) or disposal (equivalent of landfills) of MSW, the rate R1 introduced by the Directive 2008/98/EK and statistics of the European Confederation of EKAS (CEWEP). The R1 gets EKAS than 0.65 for only electrical energy and combined heat and power. In the sixth chapter first presents the air emissions, effluents and solid residues each. Gaseous emissions from each, using modern equipment to control air emissions remain well below the limits set in Directive 2000/76/EC. The EKAS produce ash is an inert material and safely disposed of in landfills. The fly ash produced after treatment stabilizes and then can be placed in landfills. Given of the average composition of the above and the limits set by the European Union (EU) and the U.S. Environmental Agency (EPA). Finally put the control of gaseous emissions. In chapter 7 the estimated construction cost of each and the expected revenue can be derived from the sale of electricity and thermal energy. The cost is estimated from the literature. A percentage of revenue can be calculated based on the subsidy given by the n.3851/2010 the biodegradable fraction of MSW is biomass and electricity produced from it is renewable (RES). The remaining proceeds from the production of electricity from non-biodegradable fraction can not be billed. Also, revenue from the sale of heat, are deemed to cover the construction of district heating system as a contributory benefit for the local community hosts each. The cost of EKAS compared with the present cost of disposal of MSW in landfills and less apparent. The cost of landfill is estimated at 8-35 € / tonne of MSW, while the EKAS at 10,5 - 26,125 € / tonne of MSW. In conclusion, this work proposed for the first time the combustion of MSW in the EDP. According to modern technology, combustion is a cost effective solution with minimal environmental impacts, which are limited locally, as opposed to disposal in landfills, where the impact is both local and global, and on the other hand the control of emissions limited. The large decrease in the volume of MSW (90%) achieved, minimizing the requirements of large disposal sites and mitigate the social and environmental impacts. The recoverability of electricity and thermal energy and metals, making sustainable combustion of MSW. Finally, important is the fact that energy is a large percentage of (55.4%) is considered renewable. Therefore, the inclusion of the combustion of MSW in the integrated management will provide the objective of Greece's 40% electricity from renewables by 2020 (n.3851/2010).

abstract: During the months from June to November 2012, the city of Bangalore was faced with a serious solid waste management (SWM) crisis. In the wake of the upheaval, the state court declared source segregation to be mandatory. Yet, while the legislation was clear, the pathway towards a course of action for the transition was not clear and hence, Bangalore was stuck in a state of limbo. The objectives for this thesis spiraled organically from this crisis. The first objective was to examine the gaps in Bangalore's transition to a more sustainable SWM system. Six particular gaps were identified, which in essence, were opportunities to re-shape the system. The gaps identified included: conflicting political agendas, the exclusion of some key actors, and lack of adequate attention to cultural aspects, provision of appropriate incentives, protection of livelihoods and promotion of innovation. Opportunities were found in better incentivization of sustainable SWM goals, protecting livelihoods that depend on waste, enhancing innovation and endorsing local, context based SWM solutions. Building on this understanding of gaps, the second objective was to explore an innovative, local, bottom-up waste-management model called the Vellore Zero Waste Model, and assess its applicability to Bangalore. The adaptability of the model depended on several factors such as, willingness of actors to redefine their roles and change functions, ability of the municipality to assure quality and oversight, willingness of citizen to source segregate, and most importantly, the political will and collective action needed to ensure and sustain the transition. The role of communication as a vital component to facilitate productive stakeholder engagement and to promote role change was evident. Therefore, the third objective of the study was to explore how interpersonal competencies and communication strategies could be used as a tool to facilitate stakeholder engagement and encourage collective action. In addressing these objectives, India was compared with Austria because Austria is often cited as having some of the best SWM practices in the world and has high recycling rates to show for its reputation. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Sustainability 2013

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T17:52:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Belarmino Ferreira dos Santos Neto - 2017.pdf: 7144176 bytes, checksum: e99c60769fc1b9e9414708d05eac1125 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T15:52:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Belarmino Ferreira dos Santos Neto - 2017.pdf: 7144176 bytes, checksum: e99c60769fc1b9e9414708d05eac1125 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T15:52:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Belarmino Ferreira dos Santos Neto - 2017.pdf: 7144176 bytes, checksum: e99c60769fc1b9e9414708d05eac1125 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper aims at discussing the aspects connected to the public policies, management and actions that relate to the solid urban waste management in the cities of Barra do Garças (MT), Pontal do Araguaia (MT) and Aragarças (GO), in order to compare the reality of these cities towards NSWP, making a diagnosis of this reality and based on this, formulating proposals for the solution of the problems found in field. The problems related to the Urban Solid Waste (USW) are reality in an enormous amount of cities scattered around the planet, nonetheless, when it comes to developing countries, like Brazil, this issue tends to be even more accentuated due to the fact that the required budgets for good waste management are high, while several of these countries are unable to meet these demands. In Brazil, USW management is regulated by the NSWP, it came into force as the Law 12,305 on August 2, 2010 after processing for approximately 20 years in the National Congress. It is a current and modern law that broadly covers various aspects related to USW, presenting the change in the production and consumption patterns as one of its priorities. Aiming to study the case and understand the real situation of the solid urban waste management in these cities, a qualitative research was carried out, using perspectives of the process that triggers on the issue of solid waste, for a critical analysis. The results were achieved by means of bibliographic research, documentary research, site visits to the Barra do Garças (MT) landfill and to the Aragarças (GO) dumping ground, semi-structured interviews with those responsible for solid waste management in each of the three cities and with the representation of the largest recycling company in the city of Aragarças (GO), Reciclar. The reality found in the three cities is complex when it comes to the USW management, each one of them presents particular problems that will require a serious rethinking in order to find the right solutions, although, generically, it can be said that the three cities are still very distant of the ideal presented by the NSWP and by the technical standards that rule the various stages of the solid waste management. Amongst the data surveyed, a serious slowness it is still noticed in addressing the problems related to solid waste, with gaps in the Solid Waste Plans, selective waste collection, shared responsibility for the product life cycle, the final destination and disposal and the recycling of waste. / Este trabalho busca discutir aspectos relacionados às políticas públicas, gestão e ações relativas à gestão e ao gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos nos municípios de Barra do Garças (MT), Pontal do Araguaia (MT) e Aragarças (GO) com o intuito de comparar a realidade desses municípios frente às PNRS, realizando um diagnóstico dessa realidade e com base nisso elaborando propostas para a solução das problemáticas encontradas em campo. Os problemas relacionados aos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) são realidade em uma enorme quantidade de cidades espalhadas pelo planeta, no entanto, quando se trata de países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, essa problemática tende a ser ainda mais acentuada devido ao fato de que os orçamentos necessários para uma boa gestão de resíduos são elevados, ao passo que vários desses países não conseguem atender a essas demandas. No Brasil, a gestão de RSU está normatizada na Política Nacional de Resíduos sólidos (PNRS), ela entrou em vigor como Lei 12.305 em 02 de agosto de 2010 após tramitar aproximadamente 20 anos no Congresso Nacional. Trata-se de uma Lei atual e moderna que contempla amplamente os vários aspectos relacionados aos RSU, apresentando a mudança dos padrões de produção e consumo como uma das suas prioridades. Com o objetivo de estudar o caso e entender a real situação da gestão e do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos nesses municípios, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando-se de perspectivas do processo que desencadeia na questão dos resíduos sólidos, para uma análise crítica. Os resultados foram alcançados por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, visitas in loco ao aterro sanitário, entrevistas semiestruturadas com os responsáveis pela gestão dos resíduos sólidos em cada um dos três municípios e também com a representação da maior empresa de reciclagem da cidade de Aragarças (GO), a Reciclar. A realidade encontrada nos três municípios é complexa no que diz respeito à gestão dos RSU, cada um apresenta problemas particulares que demandarão ser repensados com bastante seriedade para se encontrar as devidas soluções, mas pode-se dizer genericamente que os três municípios estão ainda muito distantes do ideal apresentado pela PNRS e pelas normas técnicas que regulam as várias etapas do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos. Dentre os dados pesquisados, constata-se ainda séria lentidão no enfrentamento das problemáticas relacionadas aos resíduos sólidos, com lacunas quanto aos Planos de Resíduos Sólidos, coleta seletiva, responsabilidade compartilhada pelo ciclo de vida dos produtos, destinação e disposição final e reciclagem dos resíduos.