MPH / Department of Public Health / See the attached abstract below

MENVSC / Department of Ecology and Resource Management / Solid waste management (SWM) has become an issue of increasing worldwide concern as urban populations continue to rise and consumption patterns change. The health and environmental effects associated with SWM are escalating, predominantly in the perspective of developing countries. The rise in rural-urban migration rates in developing countries has left local authorities overwhelmed and failing to cope with the increase in solid waste. This has led to a shift from conventional systems of solid waste management to contemporary systems such as community based solid waste management (CBSWM). Despite the shift, it seems local authorities in developing countries still fail to manage suburban waste effectively. This study investigated the performance of a CBSWM scheme in Nkulumane, a high-density suburb in Bulawayo. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, hence a mixed methods approach employed. The study incorporated systematic sampling and purposive sampling in the selection of research participants. Data was collected through qualitative questionnaires, semi structured interviews and field observations. Thematic content analysis and descriptive statistics from SPSS version 25 were used in data analysis. The study revealed that community members from Nkulumane had sound knowledge on what CBSWM entails, however the community members had negative attitude towards CBSWM and traditional notions on SWM had an influence of their perception of CBSWM concepts. The study also revealed that Bulawayo City Council had managed to create employment for the community through a CBSWM scheme. Furthermore, operating expenses of the city council had decreased over the years. The level of environmental awareness had improved in the study area as well. However, Bulawayo City Council has battled with community participation problems, financial constraints and inter-institutional infighting. This study provides a comprehensive report on the performance of the CBSWM scheme in Nkulumane high density suburb, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. / NRF

Die stetig wachsende Abfallerzeugung und -bewirtschaftung stellt insbesondere Städte in aufstrebenden und schnell wachsenden Volkswirtschaften wie Indien, die sich dynamischen Transformationen gegenübersehen, vor große Herausforderungen. Dies gilt auch für die städtische Behörde in Delhi, da der Mangel an finanziellen Mitteln und technischem Wissen zu einer stark eingeschränkten Infrastruktur und begrenzten Kapazitäten in den betroffenen Gemeinden führt. Das Siedlungsabfallmanagement bietet traditionell Einkommensmöglichkeiten für Stadtbewohner, die informell arbeiten und wesentliche Dienstleistungen für die Stadt Delhi erbringen. Über viele Jahre hinweg haben die Entwicklungen im institutionalisierten Rahmen den Wettbewerb zwischen den informellen und formellen Abfallwirtschaftsakteuren um den Zugang zu Siedlungsabfällen verschärft. Dies hat die Grundlage für das Konfliktverhältnis zwischen den formellen Akteuren des Privatsektors und dem öffentlichen Sektor einerseits sowie den informellen Akteuren andererseits geschaffen. Das zentrale Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, zum einen die in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten veröffentlichten Strategien, Programme und Richtlinien für die Abfallbewirtschaftung in Indien und zum anderen die Akteure der Siedlungsabfallwirtschaft in Delhi zu analysieren. Auf diese Weise soll herausgearbeitet werden, welche Akteure oder Elemente Veränderungen im Kontext der Siedlungsabfallwirtschaft antreiben oder verhindern. Zentrale Annahme der Dissertation ist, dass die Entwicklungen in der Siedlungsabfallbewirtschaftung Indiens, die maßgeblich von einem investitionsintensiven und technologiebasierten Ansatz angetrieben werden, erhebliche Lücken zwischen Politik und Umsetzung aufzeigen. Die Analyse findet vor dem Hintergrund statt, dass der im Übermaß vorhandene Abfall sowohl eine Managementherausforderung für die Kommunen in Delhi, als auch eine wirtschaftliche Chance für die städtischen Armen sowie für Akteure des Privatsektors darstellt. / The continually increasing generation of waste and its management pose one of the biggest challenges for cities across the world, which is especially true for emerging and fast growing economies like India that are facing dynamic transformations. The growing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the management thereof are an increased challenge particularly for urban authorities, as is the case in Delhi, since the lack of financial means, skills and knowledge leads to a severely constrained infrastructure and limited capacities of the municipalities involved. Traditionally, MSW management provides income opportunities for the urban poor working in informality. Waste workers provide essential services to the city of Delhi. However, over many years, developments in the institutionalised framework have increased the competition for access to waste between the informal and formal economies in the city. This has laid the ground for a conflicted relationship between formal private sector actors and the public sector on the one hand and informal private actors on the other. The two central objectives of this PhD research are, first, to analyse Indian MSW management policies, programmes and guidelines that were published over the past three decades, and, second, to analyse Delhi’s MSWM stakeholders to identify underlying actors’ dynamics, and who and what drives, shapes or prevents change in the context of MSWM. At the centre of the overarching argument lies the assumption that the developments of India’s MSWM over the last thirty years, which are driven by an investment-heavy and technology-based approach, reveal major gaps between policy and implementation. The research attempts to move between two poles: At one end, waste as something excessive and expandable is a management challenge for Delhi’s municipalities; at the other end, waste as something productive and profitable is an economic opportunity for informal as well as formal private sector actors.

Based on literature review, statistics of waste management at ports in South Africa is hard to come by. The research critically assessed the current waste management practices at Transnet National Ports Authority. Transnet National Ports Authority, Port of Richards Bay (TNPA RCB) was used as a case study to examine the different types and quantities of waste produced, analysing the current waste management model as well as determining TNPA RCB compliance to pertinent waste legislation. A 10 day waste audit was conducted to obtain quantitative data and to identify the different types of waste generated. The baseline data resulting from the waste audit conducted for the first time since the establishment of the TNPA RCB, found 402 kg of general waste generated, 74 kg of this total is segregated for recycling and the remaining 328 kg is landfilled. The overall conclusion gained during compliance audit was that the TNPA RCB was partly compliant with pertinent waste legislation and obligations. Furthermore, questionnaires about waste were sent to staff members working in offices to get an overview of how they deal with current waste management. A number of barriers to sustainable waste management were identified, including: lack of knowledge and awareness; constraints on facilities and human resources; culture that resists change and contamination. To overcome these, there needs to be education, as well as co-operation between top management, staff and waste service providers to help implement new strategies. The primary conclusions from this dissertation are that there are opportunities to divert waste streams from landfill and to attain a sustainable waste management system at TNPA RCB. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

El present treball constitueix el producte de la recerca d'una solució integral al greu problema social, econòmic i ambiental en què viuen dia a dia centenars de famílies assentades al Parc Porcí de Ventanilla, a Lima-Perú.S'analitza, s'adapta i fa viable l'aplicació de les tecnologies existents a la utilització de les excretes i orins dels porcs i de les aigües residuals dels habitatges com a matèria primera per a la producció de biogàs i altres subproductes, que serveixin com a: font d'energia, de matèries primeres per a la producció orgànica, per a l'ús racional de l'aigua, la planificació del territori i sobretot per la millora dels ingressos de les famílies, tot prioritzant l'ús dels recursos locals i que sigui assumible per les famílies per la seva operació, manteniment i rèplica, la qual cosa va significar treballar en una metodologia participativa involucrant a les famílies en tot el procés. / El presente trabajo constituye el producto de la búsqueda de una solución integral al grave problema social, económico y ambiental en que viven día a día cientos de familias asentadas en el Parque Porcino de Ventanilla, en Lima-Perú.Se analiza, se adapta y hace viable la aplicación de las tecnologías existentes a la utilización de las excretas y orines de los cerdos y de las aguas residuales de las viviendas como materia prima para la producción de biogás y otros subproductos, que sirvan como: fuente de energía, de insumos para la producción orgánica, para el uso racional del agua, la planificación del territorio y sobre todo para la mejora de los ingresos de las familias, todo ello priorizando el uso de los recursos locales y que sea asumible por las familias para su operación, mantenimiento y réplica, lo cual ha significado trabajar en una metodología participativa involucrando a las familias en todo el proceso. / This work results from the search of an integral solution to the very serious social, economical and environmental problems faced by hundreds of families settled in the Porcine Park of Ventanilla in Lima, Peru.The existing technologies have been analyzed, adapted and applied to use with pigs' excreta and urine, as well as with households´ wastewater as a feedstock for the production of biogas and other sub products. These will be used as: source of energy; organic production inputs; better management of water, spatial planning; and above all, for the improvement of households' incomes. This process prioritizes the use of local resources and is designed to be self managed by the families in terms of operation, maintenance and replication. These two objectives required working in a participatory approach that involved all the families throughout the complete process.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 5815819 bytes, checksum: aea745656cd265a18f17bfaa9bb8d379 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study sought to evaluate in accordance to the Brazilian Solid Waste Policy, the solid waste management of 26 municipalities members of an Intermunicipal Consortium of Sanitation in Zona da Mata in State of Minas Gerais. The methodology for collecting and analyzing data was qualitative, comprising visits to the disposal areas and waste recovery facilities. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with the public waste services managers, addressing all the issues proposed by Brazilian legislation 12.302/2010: political, environmental, technological/infrastructure, economic/financial, environmental education, mobilization and social inclusion. The results were by calculating the index of sustainable management of municipal solid waste, obtained through a matrix of indicators which measured and listed the municipalities in terms of degree of compliance with the requirements proposed by public policy. In the assessment of solid waste management, the results were given in dimensionless measures being the municipalities scored in a range 0-10. Most municipalities obtained a score less than 5 points, what showed that unable to fulfill most part of the requirements proposed by the Brazilian Law 12.305/2010 for the period fixed by it, for the period fixed by it, in August 2014, as proposed in this law. / Este estudo procurou avaliar, em conformidade com a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos de 26 municípios integrantes do Consórcio Intermunicipal de Saneamento Básico da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. A metodologia adotada de coleta e análise de dados foi qualitativa, compreendendo visitas a áreas de disposição final e instalações de recuperação de resíduos existentes. Foram realizadas também entrevistas semiestruturadas com os gestores responsáveis pelos serviços de limpeza pública, abordando todas as dimensões propostas pela Lei Federal 12.305/2010: política, ambiental, tecnológica/infraestrutural, econômico/financeira, educação ambiental, mobilização e inclusão social. Os resultados foram avaliados através do cálculo do índice de sustentabilidade da gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, obtidos através de uma matriz de indicadores, que mensurou e elencou os municípios em relação ao grau de atendimento aos requisitos propostos pela política pública. Na avaliação da gestão de resíduos sólidos, os resultados foram apresentados em termos de medidas adimensionais sendo os municípios pontuados em intervalo de 0 a 10. A maioria dos municípios obteve uma pontuação inferior a 5 pontos, e não foi classificada como apta a cumprir grande parte dos requisitos propostos pela Lei Federal 12.305/2010, para o período determinado por esta, ou seja, agosto de 2014.

Based on literature review, statistics of waste management at ports in South Africa is hard to come by. The research critically assessed the current waste management practices at Transnet National Ports Authority. Transnet National Ports Authority, Port of Richards Bay (TNPA RCB) was used as a case study to examine the different types and quantities of waste produced, analysing the current waste management model as well as determining TNPA RCB compliance to pertinent waste legislation. A 10 day waste audit was conducted to obtain quantitative data and to identify the different types of waste generated. The baseline data resulting from the waste audit conducted for the first time since the establishment of the TNPA RCB, found 402 kg of general waste generated, 74 kg of this total is segregated for recycling and the remaining 328 kg is landfilled. The overall conclusion gained during compliance audit was that the TNPA RCB was partly compliant with pertinent waste legislation and obligations. Furthermore, questionnaires about waste were sent to staff members working in offices to get an overview of how they deal with current waste management. A number of barriers to sustainable waste management were identified, including: lack of knowledge and awareness; constraints on facilities and human resources; culture that resists change and contamination. To overcome these, there needs to be education, as well as co-operation between top management, staff and waste service providers to help implement new strategies. The primary conclusions from this dissertation are that there are opportunities to divert waste streams from landfill and to attain a sustainable waste management system at TNPA RCB. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandro alves.pdf: 740580 bytes, checksum: 4b9856a0b7bb53c06ed48d8176e2a070 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-19 / The quantity of waste generated grows and can cause many problems to human health and the environment. Recently, increased the discussions around the management of chemical waste in laboratories for teaching and research in Brazil, with that, details emerged of how this waste could provide occupational risks, besides offering damage to the environment. Hence, the plan for managing waste to the Institute of Chemistry of the Federal University of Goiás (IQ/UFG) was idealized. At work diagnoses and predictions for each stage of waste management were executed simultaneously, in a horizon of five years of the project. We raised the chemicals and materials used and the waste-generating activities, and then identified, quantified and ranked all waste generated. The diagnosis and prognosis of segregation, minimization, packaging, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal of waste generated were prepared. The results indicated that some materials were purchased in excess and many reagents are inadequately stored in the laboratories. The management at IQ/UFG is worrying, because there is no treatment and appropriate place for the storage of waste. 900 kg of common waste and 600 kg of chemical waste are generated per year. The chromatographic analyses are the activities that generate more chemical waste and administrative work is the activity that generates more common waste. Most of the chemical waste is of class I and flammable waste represents the greater percentage. Most of the common waste is paper and cardboard. It was proposed to build a shelter for the chemical waste and the acquisition of other containers for common waste. The chemical waste will be incinerated but waste containing mercury and cyanide, which will be forwarded to a hazardous waste landfill. The common recyclable waste will be transported to recycling cooperatives and non-recyclable waste will be sent to the landfill. / Recentemente, houve um aumento nas discussões em torno do gerenciamento de resíduos químicos em laboratórios de ensino e pesquisa no Brasil, tendo em vista que esses resíduos podem oferecer riscos ocupacionais, além de danos ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública. Diante disso, foi elaborado um plano de gerenciamento de resíduos para o Instituto de Química da Universidade Federal de Goiás (IQ/UFG), com horizonte de projeto de cinco anos. Foi realizado um levantamento de reagentes químicos, de materiais de escritório e de produtos de limpeza, entre outros, e verificadas quais eram as atividades geradoras de resíduos, identificando, quantificando e classificando todos esses produtos. Foram elaborados o diagnóstico e o prognóstico da segregação, da minimização, do acondicionamento, do armazenamento, da coleta, do transporte, do tratamento e da disposição final dos resíduos gerados. Os resultados indicaram que existe desperdício de materiais e que muitos reagentes encontram-se estocados de forma inadequada dentro dos laboratórios. A maioria dos resíduos não é tratada e não possui local apropriado para armazenamento. São gerados anualmente cerca de 900 kg de resíduos comuns e 600 kg de resíduos químicos, sendo as análises cromatográficas as atividades que mais geram esses resíduos químicos. A maioria deles é da classe I, com destaque para os inflamáveis. Os resíduos comuns são, na maior parte, papel e papelão. Foi proposta a construção de um abrigo para os resíduos químicos e a aquisição de outro contêiner para os resíduos comuns. Propôs-se a incineração dos materiais, com exceção daqueles contendo mercúrio e cianeto, os quais devem ser encaminhados para um aterro de resíduos perigosos. Conclui-se que os resíduos comuns recicláveis devem ser encaminhados para cooperativas de reciclagem e os não-recicláveis para o aterro sanitário de Goiânia.

Dans la cadre des « Pay as You Throw » ou système de redevance incitative, le montant payé par chaque ménage est lié à la quantité de déchets émis. Les fonds générés par un système PAYT varient d’un cas à l’autre et ne couvrent pas forcément les coûts réellement engendrés. C’est ce que nous avons dénommé les PAYT de 1ère génération.<p>L’autorité peut décider d’aller plus loin en appliquant une redevance représentant le coût exact de la gestion des déchets. Pour ce, elle doit établir une comptabilité analytique des postes liés à la gestion des déchets. C’est le cas de la Région wallonne qui à travers l’application de son coût vérité des déchets impose une couverture des coûts s’approchant des 100%. Nous appelons ce concept « PAYT de 2ème génération ». <p>La condition préalable est de disposer, dès la mise en place de système PAYT, d’un cadre standard d’expression des coûts. Or, en Région wallonne, le cadre commun a été réduit à une simple énumération de libellés de recettes et dépenses, traduisant des concepts généraux.<p><p>Notre travail propose, d’une part, une normalisation du calcul et le développement d’une méthodologie de comptabilité analytique basée sur les règles de comptabilité budgétaire communale. <p>Parallèlement, l’application du coût-vérité ne donne qu’une image financière de la gestion des déchets des villes et communes. En aucune façon, il ne donne d’information concernant le niveau de service offert, ni le niveau des performances environnementales. Notre travail propose donc, d’autre part, l’ajout d’un calcul des performances environnementales et des services comme piste d’amélioration du système coût-vérité wallon. <p>Nous représentons virtuellement la gestion des déchets par une pyramide reposant sur 3 piliers :le coût, l’environnement et les services, et dont la hauteur représente la quantité produite. Sous le prisme du développement durable de nos villes et communes, la gestion des déchets devrait atteindre un parfait équilibre entre efficacité environnementale, accessibilité économique et acceptabilité sociale en assurant une qualité de vie aujourd’hui et demain pour les générations futures. <p><p>Le coût vérité wallon, déjà PAYT de 2ème génération puisqu’il impose une maîtrise transparente des coûts, deviendrait, en intégrant ces notions de développement durable, PAYT de 3ème génération.<p> / Doctorat en environnement, Orientation gestion de l'environnement / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

MENVSC / Department of Ecology and Resource Management / The main objective of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of municipal solid waste management system, its potential implication in Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa and to recommend strategies for effective management of municipal solid waste in the district. To achieve this, structured questionnaires, interviews, field observations and focus group discussions were used to collect primary data within the district. The study focused on the four local municipalities: Makhado, Thulamela, Musina and Collins Chabane. Desktop study was also undertaken to gather secondary data by reviewing journals, technical reports, books and articles. The study adopted a mixed method approach comprising of triangulation of qualitative and quantitative design. The target groups of the study were selected through purposive sampling. The respondents in the study were 21 officials from local municipalities including directors, waste managers, superintendents, landfill supervisor and interns. Data was collected using focus group interviews and questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics which involve the presentation of numerical facts, or data, in either tables or graphs form. Municipalities in the district are producing a considerable amount of solid waste. Municipalities do not adhere to the existing guidelines on waste minimization at source, for example; they do not have zero waste strategy (3R) reduce, reuse and recycle, which is the highest priority of the National Waste Management Policy. Lack of the application of existing waste management policy leads to large amount of solid waste eventually ending up in landfill sites. The study recommends to municipalities to develop operational and monitoring waste management plans which will create continuous improvement on waste management. In the district, it was observed that the bulk of waste generated per month within municipalities is general waste comprising 64%, as compared to garden waste and building rubbles. There are no equipment and programs in place by municipalities to encourage waste separation at source, for example, municipalities do not have household‟s recyclable receptacles to encourage separation at source. Municipalities do not have weighbridge to quantify waste entering the site. It was observed that Thulamela and Collins Chabane Local municipalities create compost from garden waste received at the landfill sites, whereas Musina and Makhado Local Municipalities do not create compost from garden waste. Garden waste is dumped and compacted with other waste materials in the landfills. All municipalities should create compost from garden waste received at the landfill sites as it helps to extend the life span of the landfills because it v reduces the amount of waste to the landfill. There is lack of prioritization within municipalities, for example, in Makhado Local Municipality, when the new financial start, budget is allocated to other proposed projects by councilors as they consider waste management projects not a priority. It was observed that within the district, there is high level of illegal dumping in catchment areas and open spaces especially at Musina Local Municipality. Musina Local Municipality is using a quarry as disposal site which was not lined and it has led to contamination of underground water by leachate, whereas Thulamela, Collins Chabane and Makhado Local Municipalities are using lined landfill sites to avoid contamination of underground water. The available vehicles within the municipalities are not enough to meet the demand and some of them are too old, for example, tractors and trucks used by Makhado Local Municipality are 20 years old and they often breakdown, whereas Thulamela, Collins Chabane and Musina Local Municipalities are not using old vehicles as they auctioned old vehicles and bought new ones. Vhembe District Municipality should manage waste in accordance to the new approach of source separation, waste reduction, reuse and recycling by developing environmental awareness programmes supported by the placement of the recyclable receptacles at strategic points to collect recyclable materials which will reduce large amount of waste which eventually ends up in landfills. The study recommends that municipalities should have law enforcement structure which will create and enforce the laws/policies as it helps municipalities to implement effective waste management system and monitoring structure to monitor prioritization and budget allocation to avoid any wastage. Municipalities should have landfill monitoring committees to facilitate the compliance on the development and operation of the landfills to avoid the use of quarry as landfill sites. / NRF