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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Modification and characterisation of carbon fibre ion exchange media

Harry, I. D. January 2008 (has links)
This thesis examines the use of electrochemically treated viscose rayon based activated carbon cloth (ACC) for the removal of metal ions from aqueous effluent streams. Two types of treatment were performed: (i) electrochemical oxidation and (ii) electrochemical reduction to enhance cation and anion sorption capacities of the ACC, respectively. Electrochemical oxidation resulted in a loss of 61% BET surface area due to blockage of pores through formation of carboxylic acidic groups but its cation exchange capacity and oxygen content increased by 365% and 121%, respectively. The optimum constant current at which a combination of applied current and oxidation time at any extent of oxidation to produce ACC of maximum cation exchange capacity was found to be 1.1 A, with voltage of 4.2 V and current density of 0.8 mA/m2. Batch sorption experiments showed that the maximum copper and lead sorption capacities for electrochemically oxidised ACC increased 17 and 4 times, respectively, for noncompetitive sorption and 8.8 and 8.6 times, respectively for competitive sorption. Therefore, electrochemically oxidised ACC is an effective adsorbent for treating aqueous solution contaminated with copper/lead in both single component and multi-component systems. Industrial wastewaters are multicomponent systems, therefore, electrochemical oxidation of ACC is an efficient way of enhancing lead and copper ions sorptive capacity for industrial wastewater treatment. Electrochemical reduction resulted in a loss of 28% BET surface area due to formation of ether groups but its anion exchange capacity increased by 292%. The optimum constant current at which a combination of applied current and reduction time at any extent of reduction to produce ACC of maximum anion exchange capacity was found to be 5.5 A, with voltage of 9.8 V and current density of 6.4 mA/m2. Batch sorption experiments showed that the maximum chromium(VI) sorption capacity for electrochemically reduced ACC increased 2.12 times, with highest maximum chromium(VI) sorption capacity of 3.8 mmol/g at solution pH 4. Most industrial wastewaters contaminated with chromium(VI) are highly acidic, therefore, electrochemical reduction of ACC is an efficient way of enhancing chromium(VI) sorptive capacity for industrial wastewater treatment.
22

Recycling Filter Substrates used for Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater as Soil Amendments

Cucarella Cabañas, Victor January 2009 (has links)
This thesis studied the viability of recycling filter substrates as soil amendments after being used in on-site systems for phosphorus (P) removal from wastewater. Focus was put on the materials Filtra P and Polonite, which are commercial products used in compact filters in Sweden. A prerequisite for this choice was to review filter materials and P sorption capacity. The filter substrates (Filtra P, Polonite and wollastonite tailings) were recycled from laboratory infiltration columns as soil amendments to a neutral agricultural soil and to an acid meadow soil to study their impacts on soil properties and yield of barley and ryegrass. The amendments tended to improve the yield and showed a liming effect, significantly increasing soil pH and the availability of P. In another experiment, samples of Filtra P and Polonite were equilibrated in batch experiments with the two soils in order to study the P dynamics in the soil-substrate system.  Batch equilibrations confirmed the liming potential of Filtra P and Polonite and showed that improved P availability in soils was strongly dependent on substrate P concentration, phase of sorbed P, and soil type. Finally, samples of Polonite used for household wastewater treatment were recycled as soil amendments to a mountain meadow and to an agricultural field for wheat cropping. The liming effect of Polonite was confirmed under field conditions and the results were similar to those of lime for the mountain meadow soil. However, the results were quite different for the agricultural field, where Polonite did not affect soil pH or any other chemical and physical soil properties investigated and had no impact on wheat yield and quality. The results from field experiments suggested that Polonite can be safely recycled to meadows and cropping fields at rates of 5-10 ton ha-1 but long-term studies are needed to forecast the effects of accumulation. / QC 20100708
23

Estudo da adsorção de chumbo (Pb) por ensaios de equilíbrio em lote em materiais inconsolidados: município de Eldorado Paulista (Vale do Ribeira - SP) / Lead (Pb) adsorption study by batch equilibrium tests with unconsolidated material: Eldorado Paulista city (Ribeira Valley - SP)

Bianca de Carvalho Munhoz Silva 25 October 2013 (has links)
O conhecido histórico de contaminação por passivos da mineração de galena (PbS) da região do Vale do Ribeira (SP) faz com que seja de grande importância o estudo da adsorção de Pb com a finalidade de determinar a capacidade de sorção de materiais inconsolidados do município de Eldorado Paulista (SP) para serem empregados como barreira selante na contenção da lixiviação de metais por resíduos de mineração (com destaque para o Pb). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a adsorção de Pb por meio de ensaios de equilíbrio em lote. Para realizar tal objetivo, foram coletadas 4 amostras de materiais inconsolidados (3 transportados e 1 residual) no município de Eldorado Paulista, anteriormente caracterizadas. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização dos materiais (MO, \'delta\'pH, compactação e permeabilidade) visando determinar as principais características que influenciam na retenção de metais, assim como ensaios de equilíbrio em lote para avaliar a capacidade de adsorção de Pb. O ensaio BET foi realizado com amostras triplicatas dos 4 solos, empregando concentrações iniciais de Pb aproximadas de 30, 60, 90 e 120 mg L-1, massa de solo de 20 g, tempo de contato de 24 horas e razão massa/solução de 1/5. Com os resultados obtidos foram confeccionadas isotermas de sorção segundo os modelos Linear, de Freundlich e Langmuir I e II. Os resultados indicaram que os materiais inconsolidados transportados T2 e T3 são os mais adequados para o emprego em barreira selante para contenção de Pb, sendo suas capacidades de adsorção influenciadas, principalmente, pelo teor de óxidos de ferro e fração argila. As melhores sorções foram obtidas para os solos T2 e T3 para concentrações iniciais aproximadas entre 30 e 120 mg L-1. Desta forma, conclui-se que o ensaio BET foi adequado para determinação da adsorção por metais. / The known history of contamination by galena (PbS) mining liabilities from Ribeira Valley region (SP) provides importance to the Pb adsorption study in order to determine the sorption by unconsolidated materials from Eldorado Paulista city (SP) to be employed as liners to contain metals leaching derived from mining (with emphasis on Pb). The objective of the current work was assess the Pb adsorption by Batch Equilibrium Tests. To accomplish this objective, 4 unconsolidated materials samples were collected in Eldorado Paulista, previously characterized. Characterization tests were performed (MO, \'delta\'pH, compaction and permeability) to determine the main characteristics that influence the retention of metals, and Batch Equilibrium Tests to assess soils capacities of Pb adsorption. BET was performed with triplicate samples of the 4 materials, applying initial Pb concentrations around 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg L-1, mass of soil about 20 g, mass/solution rate of 1/5 and 24 hours of contact time. the results provide sorption isotherms modeled by Linear, Freundlich and Langmuir I and II equations. The results indicated that unconsolidated materials T2 and T3 are the best suited for use in liners to retain Pb, and their sorption capacities are mainly influenced by iron oxides content and clay content. Best sorption were obtained to soils T2 and T3 with initial concentrations about 30 to 120 mg L-1. Thus, it is concluded that BET is appropriated to determine metals adsorption.
24

Secagem de anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) nas formas de filé e pasta modificada enzimaticamente: propriedades termodinâmicas e características do produto

Moraes, Kelly de January 2011 (has links)
Submitted by Raquel Vergara Gondran (raquelvergara38@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-25T20:04:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 kelly de moraes - secagem de anchoita engraulis anchoita nas formas de fil e pasta modificada enzimaticamente propriedades termodinmicas e caractersticas do produto.pdf: 2747332 bytes, checksum: ab754f5cd42a22ad7b534668c49b496e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by dayse paz (daysepaz@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-26T14:58:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kelly de moraes - secagem de anchoita engraulis anchoita nas formas de fil e pasta modificada enzimaticamente propriedades termodinmicas e caractersticas do produto.pdf: 2747332 bytes, checksum: ab754f5cd42a22ad7b534668c49b496e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kelly de moraes - secagem de anchoita engraulis anchoita nas formas de fil e pasta modificada enzimaticamente propriedades termodinmicas e caractersticas do produto.pdf: 2747332 bytes, checksum: ab754f5cd42a22ad7b534668c49b496e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a secagem de filés de anchoita in natura e modificados enzimaticamente, em secadores de leito fixo (camada delgada) e leito móvel (leito de jorro), sendo avaliadas as propriedades termodinâmicas e as características do produto final. Em relação às propriedades termodinâmicas, a modificação enzimática dos filés de anchoita promoveu aumento da umidade de monocamada e das constantes relacionadas às multicamadas. Isto levou a um aumento de até 170% na intensidade da ligação da água, mostrada através das entalpias diferencial e integral, e uma diminuição 193% no número de sítios ativos livres e 520% da mobilidade molecular, mostrada através das entropias diferencial e integral, respectivamente. Com a hidrólise também ocorreu aumento, em média, de 29% na área superficial de sorção e diminuição do tamanho dos poros. O processo de dessorção mostrou ser controlado pela entalpia, sendo espontâneo para o filé in natura e não espontâneo para o modificado. Com respeito à cinética de secagem, o aumento da intensidade da ligação da água e diminuição do tamanho dos poros, com a modificação enzimática, acarretou maior dificuldade remoção de água, o que foi comprovado pela diminuição da difusividade efetiva de umidade (Def) do material modificado (0,74×10-10 a 1,84×10-10 m2 /s) em relação aos filés in natura com pele voltada para baixo (3,3×10-10 a 8,6×10-10 m2 /s), nas temperaturas estudadas (50, 60 e 70ºC). Na secagem dos filés, a menor alteração ocorreu na condição de 60ºC para as amostras secas pelos dois lados. Nesta condição, a solubilidade, digestibilidade in vitro e atividade antioxidante específica (AAE) diminuiram 25%, 6% e 10%, respectivamente; os conteúdos de lisina e metionina disponíveis foram de 7,21 e 2,64 g/100gproteína, respectivamente; o índice de TBA de 1,16 mgMDA/kg; a atividade antioxidante específica de 1,91 µMDPPHseq/gptna solmin. Em relação à secagem da pasta modificada enzimaticamente, a melhor condição de operação foi a uma temperatura de 60 ºC e espessura de 2,5 mm. Nestas condições os produtos apresentaram baixa oxidação lipídica (0,93mgMDA/kg), redução na lisina disponível de 16%, estando dentro do limite recomendado para pescado, e perda de 20% na AAE. Na secagem em leito de jorro da suspensão protéica modificada enzimaticamente (SPME), a menor redução no conteúdo de lisina disponível (9%) e a menor perda na AAE (8%) ocorreram a temperatura do ar de entrada de 90ºC, concentração da suspensão de 6,5% e vazão de alimentação da suspensão de 200 mL/h. O produto desidratado em leito de jorro caracterizou-se como uma fonte protéica de elevado valor biológico, considerando o perfil de seus aminoácidos essenciais, pois foi capaz de atender às recomendações nutricionais recomendadas pela FAO/WHO. / The aims of this work was to study the drying of in natura anchovy fillets and enzymatic modified in fixed bed (thin layer) and moving bed (spouted bed) dryers, it was being evaluated the thermodynamic properties and the final product characteristics. In relation to the thermodynamic properties, the enzymatic modification of anchovy fillets showed an increase in monolayer moisture and in constant related to multilayer. Which led to an increase of 170% the intensity of water bound, shown through the differential and integral enthalpies, and a decrease of 193% in the number of free active sites and 520% of the molecular mobility, shown through the differential and integral entropies, respectively. With the enzymatic hydrolysis was also increased of 29% on sorption surface area and consequent reduction in pore size. The desorption process showed to be controlled by enthalpy, being spontaneous for the fillet and non-spontaneous for the modified. With respect to drying kinetics, the increased intensity of water bound and decreased pore size, with the enzymatic modification, resulted in a more difficult removal of water, which can be shown by decreased effective moisture diffusivity (Def) of the modified material (from 0.74×10-10 to 1.84×10-10 m2 /s) in relation to in natura fillet with skin side down (from 3.3×10-10 to 8.6×10-10 m2 /s) at studied temperatures (50, 60 and 70 ºC). In the drying anchovy fillets the lower change was in condition at 60 °C with air flow for two sides of the samples. In this condition, the solubility, in vitro digestibility and specific antioxidant activity decrease 25%, 6% and 10%, respectively; the contents of available lysine and methionine were 7.21 and 2.64 g/100protein, respectively; the TBA value was 1.16 mgMDA/kg. With respect the drying of enzymatic modified fillet (paste), the best drying condition was obtained at 60 ºC and thickness sample 2.5 mm, in which the TBA value was 0.93 mgMDA/kgsample, reduction in available lysine about 16% and specific antioxidant activity loss of 20.2%. Drying in spouted bed of paste, the lower reduction in available lysine (9%) and loss of specific antioxidant activity (8%) occurred at 90 °C, 6.5% and 200 mL/h. In these operation conditions, the dehydrated product was characterized as a high biological protein source value, taking into account the essential amino acids profile, it was able meet to recommended by FAO/WHO.
25

Retenção do óleo de pequi em micropartículas de concentrado protéico de soro de leite e maltodextrina / Retention of pequi oil in microparticules of whey protein

Matta, Lucidarce Martins da 25 February 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-12-12T19:37:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação-Lucidarce Martins da Matta-2013.pdf: 1987813 bytes, checksum: e8a399f287dfd24a6150990ec96a859d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-12-16T09:24:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação-Lucidarce Martins da Matta-2013.pdf: 1987813 bytes, checksum: e8a399f287dfd24a6150990ec96a859d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-16T09:24:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação-Lucidarce Martins da Matta-2013.pdf: 1987813 bytes, checksum: e8a399f287dfd24a6150990ec96a859d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The main objective this bstudy was microencapsulate pequi oil in whey protein concentrate (WPC) and maltodextrin by spray drying, studying the variables of microencapsulation process and subsequently to evaluate the stability of the microcapsules pequi oil by sorption isotherms, glass transition temperature and thermal stability. The study of the production process of microcapsules in pequi oil maltodextrin DE4-7 and WPC by atomization were conducted using a design central composite rotational complete. The independent variables were atomization pressure (2.6 - 5.5 bar) and inlet temperature (136-165 ° C) and the responses were mean diameter, yield and encapsulation efficiency. Microcapsules intended for the stability study were produced following process conditions: inlet temperature 170 °C, 4 bar atomizing pressure, compressed air flow, air drying and feeding, 2.4 m3.h-1 270 m3. h-1 and 120.0 mL.h-1, respectively. The sorption isotherms were determined by generating isotherms at temperatures of 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C, the glass transition temperature was measured by DSC and thermal stability by TG. Pequi oil used had monounsaturated fatty acid profile, with over 50% oleic acid, and thermal stability at temperatures of maximum 225 °C. Increasing the inlet temperature led to increased encapsulation efficiency and reduction in process yield. The microcapsules have spherical shape and their surfaces showed no pores and tooth, has similar capacity to absorb water at temperatures evaluated, being different between 0.4 <Aw <0.6. The GAB model was the best set for the isotherms obtained at temperatures of 20 ° C and 30 ° C, while at 40 ° C adjusted to better model Oswin. The transition temperatures of the microcapsules Ton = -22.5 ° C and Toff = -2.5 ° C. The microcapsule pequi oil has thermal stability up to 180 ° C / O objetivo deste trabalho foi microencapsular o óleo de pequi em concentrado protéico de soro de leite e maltodextrina utilizando a técnica de atomização ou “spray drying”, estudando as variáveis de processo de microencapsulação envolvidas na técnica e, posteriormente, avaliar a estabilidade das microcápsulas de óleo de pequi produzidas na condição otimizada determinada no estudo de processo de microencapsulação pelas isotermas de sorção, transição vítrea e estabilidade térmica. O estudo do processo de produção de microcápsulas de óleo de pequi em maltodextrina dextrose equivalente 4-7 e concentrado protéico de soro de leite por atomização foi realizado utilizando o delineamento composto central rotacional completo. As variáveis independentes foram a pressão de atomização (2,6 – 5,5 bar) e a temperatura de entrada (136 – 165 °C) e as respostas o diâmetro médio, o rendimento e a eficiência de encapsulação. As isotermas de sorção foram determinadas por gerador de isotermas nas temperaturas de 20°C, 30 °C e 40 °C; a temperatura transição vítrea foi medida por Calorimetria Diferencial Exploratória e a estabilidade térmica por Termogravimetria. O óleo de pequi utilizado apresentou perfil de ácidos graxo monoinsaturados, sendo que apresentava mais de 50% de ácido oléico e estabilidade térmica a temperaturas máximas de 220 °C. O estresse fotoxidativo aplicada na avaliação da estabilidade do óleo de pequi produziu processos oxidativos de modo que houve degradação de β-caroteno e produção de peróxidos e aldeídos, produtos do processo oxidativo lipídica. O óleo de pequi exposto diretamente ao estresse apresentou redução da entalpia de cristalização em comparação ao branco, sugerindo que a calorimetria diferencial exploratória pode ser uma análise útil para verificação do estagio oxidativos de produtos lipídicos. O aumento da temperatura de entrada conduziu ao aumento da eficiência de encapsulação e redução no rendimento de processo. As microcápsulas apresentaram formatos e superfícies, respectivamente, esféricos e com enrugamentos e ausência de poros; exibiram semelhantes capacidades de adsorverem água nas temperaturas avaliadas, sendo diferentes entre o intervalo 0,4 < Aw <0,6 onde essa capacidade foi maior com o aumento da temperatura. O modelo GAB foi o que melhor ajustou-se para as isotermas obtidas nas temperaturas de 20 °C e 30 °C, enquanto, em 40 °C melhor ajustou-se o modelo de Oswin. As temperaturas de transição vítrea das microcápsulas Ton =-22,5 °C e Toff=-2,5 °C. A microcápsula de óleo de pequi possui estabilidade térmica até 180°C.
26

Modelagem computacional aplicada ao transporte de contaminantes em águas subterrâneas

Maus, Victor Wegner 24 February 2011 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-07T14:00:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 victorwegnermaus.pdf: 6204787 bytes, checksum: 1c441ace80fd21b15887daa548beac3e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-07T15:06:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 victorwegnermaus.pdf: 6204787 bytes, checksum: 1c441ace80fd21b15887daa548beac3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-07T15:06:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 victorwegnermaus.pdf: 6204787 bytes, checksum: 1c441ace80fd21b15887daa548beac3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Águas subterrâneas são econômica e socialmente importantes e sua contaminação gera grandes preocupações. Nesse sentido a modelagem computacional pode contribuir na gestão de águas subterrâneas e no planejamento da remediação de áreas contaminadas, realizando previsões considerando implicações de diversas alternativas sem o custo de esperar ou colocá-las em prática. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar modelos matemáticos para os fenômenos envolvidos bem como desenvolver ferramentas numéricas para a simulação computacional que podem auxiliar na prevenção, no controle e na remediação da poluição das águas subterrâneas. Nos experimentos computacionais é simulado o transporte de múltiplas espécies. O problema corresponde a um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais não lineares de advecção-difusão-reação, acopladas pelas reações de biodegradação e sorção em modo de não equilíbrio. A biodegradação é representada pelo modelo cinético de Monod multiplicativo. A sorção, descrita pela isoterma de Freundlich, atua em modo de equilíbrio e não equilíbrio simultaneamente, e ocorre apenas sobre o contaminante. A solução do sistema de EDP’s é obtida em dois passos. No primeiro resolve-se o transporte do contaminante e do oxigênio, onde a discretização espacial é realizada pelo método dos elementos finitos e um método da família trapezoidal generalizada para a discretização temporal. O método de Newton é utilizado para tratar a não linearidade gerada pela sorção de equilíbrio no transporte do contaminante. No passo seguinte, as reações são aproximadas pontualmente pelo método de Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem. Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos computacionais são comparados aos resultados de simulações encontradas na literatura. Nas simulações observou-se a influência da inclusão das reações não lineares de biodegradação e sorção de equilíbrio e não equilíbrio ocorrendo simultaneamente. Assim o estudo das interações entre as reações, pode trazer contribuições para a modelagem do transporte de contaminantes em águas subterrâneas. / Groundwater contamination generates large concern related with public health and environmental conservation. The computational modeling can contribute to groundwater management and remediation planning of contaminated areas, making predictions for several scenarios of contamination without the cost of waiting or of putting them into practice. The aim this work is study mathematical models for the phenomena involved and develop numerical tools for the simulation that can assist in the prevention, control and remediation of groundwater pollution. In the computational experiments is simulated the multiple species transport. This problem is modeled for a system of nonlinear partial differential equations, coupled by the biodegradation and sorption reactions. Biodegradation is represented by the multiplicative Monod kinetic model. The sorption is described by the Freundlich isotherm and occur only with the contaminant. The solution of the PDE’s sistem is obtained in two steps. In the first resolves the contaminant and oxygen transport, the finite elements method and Crank-Nicolson scheme are respectively used in the spatial and time discretizations. The Newton method is used to treat the nonlinearity generated by the sorption equilibrium in the transport of the contaminant. The ordinary differential equations of the reactions is approximated by the fourth-order Runge- Kutta method. Numerical results presented in this work have shown good agreement with solutions introduced by others authors. In the simulations we observed the influence of the inclusion of non-linear reactions of biodegradation and sorption equilibrium and nonequilibrium happening simultaneously. So the study of interactions between the reactions should contribute to the modeling of contaminant transport in groundwater.
27

Design d'un iprodione-MIP (molecularly imprinted polymer) : application à la pré-concentration des fongicides dans le vin / Design of an iprodione-MIP (molecularly imprinted polymer) : application to the preconcentration of fungicides in wine

Bitar, Manal 02 April 2014 (has links)
Les travaux de thèse ont porté sur la synthèse d’un MIP (polymère à empreintes moléculaires) spécifique d’un fongicide se trouvant dans la majorité des vins français : l’iprodione. Pour extraire l’iprodione à partir du vin, un challenge important se présentait : le milieu hydroalcoolique est un solvant dipolaire alors que l’interaction du MIP avec l’iprodione se base sur des interactions dipôle-dipôle. Les premières études d’extraction de l’iprodione ont été faites sur un MIP obtenu par polymérisation en masse à partir du méthacrylamide et de l'éthylène glycol diméthacrylate (EGDMA). Le MIP était plus efficace que le NIP (polymère non imprimé) dans des solutions hydroalcooliques ce qui vérifie que l’impression moléculaire était réussie. Un plan d’expériences 23 a été appliqué pour étudier l’influence de 3 facteurs de synthèse de MIP (la méthode de polymérisation, la nature de l'agent réticulant et le type de monomère fonctionnel) sur les propriétés de reconnaissance des polymères vis-à-vis de l’iprodione. 8 MIP et 8 NIP ont été ainsi synthétisés. Les isothermes d'adsorption de l'eau et de l’iprodione par les MIPs et les NIPs ont été déterminées. Des différences significatives entre les polymères ont été mises en évidences impliquant une relation entre l’adsorption de l’eau et l’adsorption de l’iprodione. La formation des empreintes moléculaires au sein des MIP a été démontrée par plusieurs techniques comme la calorimétrie différentielle à balayage et la résonance magnétique nucléaire. Les meilleures propriétés de reconnaissance de l’iprodione sont obtenues avec le MIP synthétisé par précipitation à partir du méthacrylamide comme monomère fonctionnel et de l’EGDMA comme réticulant. Ce MIP a été utilisé en extraction en phase solide (SPE) pour la pré-concentration de l’iprodione dans un vin blanc avec un facteur de pré-concentration égal à 6 et sa sélectivité par rapport à deux fongicides : le pyriméthanil et le procymidone a été démontrée. / The aim of this study was the synthesis of a MIP (molecularly imprinted polymer) specific for a fungicide that is found in the majority of the french wine: iprodione. The challenge for extracting iprodione from wine medium was that the hydoralcoholic solution is a dipolar solvent, whereas the interaction between the MIP and iprodione is based on dipolar interactions. The first extraction study of iprodione was made on a MIP synthesized by bulk polymerization using methacrylamide and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The MIP was found to be more efficient than the NIP (non-imprinted polymer) in hydroalcoholic solutions which demonstrates that the molecular imprinting was successful. Then we synthesized 8 MIPs and 8 NIPs following an 23 experimental design in order to study the influence of three synthesis factors (the polymerization method, the nature of the crosslinker and the type of the functional monomer) on the iprodione recognition properties of the polymers. The water and the iprodione adsorption isotherms for MIPs and NIPs were determined. The result showed significant differences between the polymers involving a relationship between the water adsorption and the adsorption of iprodione. The molecular imprinting has been demonstrated by several techniques such as the differential scanning calorimetry and the nuclear magnetic resonance. The best recognition properties of iprodione are obtained with the MIP which was synthesized by precipitation polymerization using methacrylamide as functional momonomer and EGDMA as crosslinker. This MIP was used in solid phase extraction (SPE) for pre-concentration of iprodione in a white wine with a pre-concentration factor of 6. Its selectivity versus two fungicides: procymidone and pyrimethanil has been demonstrated.
28

Modelling of sorption hysteresis and its effect on moisture transport within cementitious materials / Modélisation de l’hystérésis hydrique dans les matériaux cimentaires et de son effet sur les transferts d'humidité

Zhang, Zhidong 13 May 2014 (has links)
La durabilité des structures en béton armé ainsi que leur durée de vie sont étroitement liées à la mise en œuvre simultanée de nombreux phénomènes physiques et chimiques. Ceux-ci sont de diverses natures mais restent, en général, fonction des propriétés hydriques des matériaux étudiés. Ainsi, la prédiction des dégradations potentielles d'un matériau cimentaire requiert l'étude du transport de l'eau liquide et des phases gazeuses à travers ce dernier, considéré comme un milieu poreux. En milieu naturel, les structures subissent des variations périodiques de l'humidité relative extérieure (HR). Cependant, la plupart des modèles de transfert hydrique préexistants dans la littérature, s'intéresse uniquement au processus de séchage. Il existe peu de modèles décrivant à la fois l'humidification et le séchage du matériau (ces deux phénomènes se produisent dans le matériau en condition naturelle d'humidité relative (HR)). Tenir compte des phénomènes d'hystérésis dans les transferts hydriques réduit à nouveau le nombre de modèles à disposition. Ainsi, cette thèse s'attache à proposer une meilleure compréhension de l'état hydrique du béton en fonction des variations d'humidité relative extérieure, sur la base d'une nouvelle campagne expérimentale et de modélisations numériques. Un soin sera apporté afin de tenir compte dans les modèles numériques des effets d'hystérésis. Dans ce travail, nous détaillerons, tout d'abord, un modèle multi-phasiques complet. Un modèle simplifié est obtenu, sur la base de considérations théoriques et de vérifications expérimentales dans le cas où la perméabilité intrinsèque à l'eau liquide reste très inférieure à la perméabilité intrinsèque au gaz. Une étude comparative des modèles d'hystérésis couramment utilisés permet d'obtenir un jeu de modèles proposant les meilleures prédictions d'isothermes de sorption d'eau et de leurs hystérésis. Par la suite, le modèle de transport simplifié est couplé avec les modèles d'hystérésis sélectionnés afin de simuler les transferts hydriques dans des bétons soumis à des cycles d'humidification-séchage. La comparaison avec des données expérimentales révèle que la prise en compte de l'hystérésis de l'isotherme de sorption d'eau ne peut pas être négligé. De plus, il est montré que les prédictions obtenues avec des modèles d'hystérésis théoriques, sont les plus cohérentes avec les résultats expérimentaux, en particulier, pour des chemins secondaires d'hystérésis. Plusieurs scénarios (conditions environnementales, bétons différents) sont également simulés. Les résultats obtenus pointent à nouveau la nécessité de tenir compte de l'hystérésis lors de la modélisation des transferts hydriques à travers des matériaux cimentaires soumis à des variations d'humidité relative. La définition d'une profondeur pour laquelle le profil hydrique du béton est modifié par les variations périodiques d'humidité relative permet de mieux comprendre comment la modélisation de la pénétration des espèces ioniques est influencée par les cycles d'humidification-séchage. Par ailleurs, notre analyse révèle qu'il est pertinent de considérer l'effet de Knudsen pour la diffusion de la vapeur afin d'améliorer la prédiction de la diffusivité apparente / The durability of reinforced concrete structures and their service life are closely related to the simultaneous occurrence of many physical and chemical phenomena. These phenomena are diverse in nature, but in common they are dependent on the moisture properties of the material. Therefore, the prediction of the potential degradation of cementitious materials requires the study of the movement of liquid-water and gas-phase transport in the material which is considered as a porous medium. In natural environment, structures are always affected by periodic variations of external relative humidity (RH). However, most moisture transport models in the literature only focus on the drying process. There are few researches considering both drying and wetting, although these conditions represent natural RH variations. Even few studies take into account hysteresis in moisture transport. Thus, this work is devoted to better understand how the moisture behaviour within cementitious materials responds to the ambient RH changes through both experimental investigations and numerical modelling. In particular, hysteretic effects will be included in numerical modelling. In this thesis, we first recalled a complicate multi-phase continuum model. By theoretical analysis and experimental verification, a simplified model can be obtained for the case of that the intrinsic permeability to liquid-water is smaller than the intrinsic permeability to gas-phase. The review of commonly-used hysteresis models enabled to conclude a set of best models for the prediction of water vapour sorption isotherms and their hysteresis. After that, the simplified model was coupled with selected hysteresis models to simulate moisture transport under drying and wetting cycles. Compared with experimental data, numerical simulations revealed that modelling with hysteretic effects can provide much better results than non-hysteresis modelling. Among different hysteresis models, results showed that the use of the conceptual hysteresis model, which presents closed form scanning loops, can provide more accuracy predictions. Further simulations for different scenarios were also performed. All comparisons and investigations enhanced the necessity of considering hysteresis to model moisture transport for varying relative humidity at the boundary. The investigation of moisture penetration depth could provide a better understanding of how deep moisture as well as ions can move into the material. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that the consideration of Knudsen effects for diffusion of vapour can improve the prediction of the apparent diffusivity
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Aplicações de secagem para o aproveitamento de resíduos da banana, visando sua aplicação na indústria /

Villa Vélez, Harvey Alexander. January 2011 (has links)
Resumo: A banana é a fruta com maior produção mundial, sendo plantada em quase todos os continentes. Devido à grande oferta de banana no mercado, é notável a existência de problemas com a geração de resíduos causados por desperdícios (fruta sobremadura) e material celulósico gerado no cultivar. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a aplicação do processo de secagem para resíduos do cultivar da banana nanica (Mussa spp. Haploide AAB ), visando seu possível aproveitamento na indústria. Resíduos de banana tipo nanica (casca, pedicelo, pedúnculo) e polpa foram caracterizados quimicamente, encontrando valores de cinza, umidade, matéria seca, proteína, lipídeos e carboidratos totais muito próximos à literatura. A relação entre o conteúdo de umidade e a atividade de água proporciona informações uteis para a armazenagem e processamento destes resíduos. Na pesquisa foram determinadas isotermas de desorção para casca, pedicelo e polpa de banana a seis temperaturas (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 e 70°C), na faixa de conteúdo de umidade entre 0,001-6,360 kg·kg -1 e atividades de água entre 0,02-0,907. O modelo teórico de GAB foi empregado para a modelagem das isotermas de desorção. Foi proposta a segunda derivada da solução analítica da equação de Clausius-Clapeyron para calcular o calor isostérico de sorção, a entropia diferencial e, a energia livre de Gibbs, através do modelo de GAB quando o efeito da temperatura em equilíbrio higroscópico é considerado. Experimentos de secagem para casca de banana foram realizados em um secador de leito fixo, a três diferentes velocidades de ar (2.5, 1.5 e 1.0 m·s -1 ), e quatro temperaturas (40, 50, 60 e 70°C). Os modelos de Peleg, Lewis, Henderson-Pabis e difusivo, foram empregados na modelagem das curvas de secagem. Na análise gráfica, encontrou-se que a velocidade de ar não influência no tempo final secagem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Banana is the most produced fruit in the world, being planted in every continent. Due to the large supply bananas in the market, the existence of problems with waste generation caused for overripe fruit and cellulosic material is noteworthy. The objective of this paper is the drying process implementation for banana waste, variety nanica (Mussa spp. Haploid AAB), for a possible application in the industry. Waste (peel, pedicel and peduncle) and pulp of banana nanica were characterized chemically, where values of ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and water were quantified, showing similar results with literature. The relationship between moisture content and water activity provides useful information for processing and storage of banana waste. The desorption isotherms of peel, pedicel and pulp of overripe bananas were determined at six different temperatures (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70ºC) over wide ranges of moisture content (0,001-6,360 kg kg-1 d.b.) and water activity (0,02- 0,907). The theoretical model of GAB was used for modeling the desorption isotherms. An analytical solution of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation was proposed to compute the isosteric heat of sorption, the differential entropy, and the Gibbs' free energy, by means of the GAB model when the effect of temperature on hygroscopic equilibrium is considered. Drying kinetics for peel banana in convective hot air forced equipment were determined, at three air velocities (2.5, 1.5 and 1.0 m·s -1 ), and four temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70 ° C). The models of Peleg, Lewis, Henderson-Pabis, and diffusive were used to the modeling of drying curves. In the graphical analysis, for all experiments, air velocity does not influence in the final time of drying, showed a decreasing rate period of drying. Finally, acid hydrolysis of dry peel banana was performed by using a central composite design experimental with three... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Javier Telis Romero / Coorientador: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi / Co-oreintador: Henry Alexander Váquiro Herrera / Banca: Miriam Dupas Hubinger / Banca: José Francisco Lopes Filho / Mestre
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Estudo da sorção do antibiótico oxitetraciclina a solos e ácidos húmicos e avaliação dos mecanismos de interação envolvidos / Study of sorption of antibiotic oxytetracycline to the soils and humic acids and evaluation of interaction mechanisms involved

Vaz Júnior, Silvio 16 April 2010 (has links)
Na atualidade estudos direcionados para a avaliação do risco químico e do impacto ambiental produzidos por compostos químicos de uso intensivo, como agrotóxicos, petroquímicos e fármacos, vêm ganhando importância por elucidarem as implicações ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública decorrentes deste uso pela sociedade moderna de forma a estabelecer parâmetros restritivos para suas aplicações, evitando-se danos posteriores. Este Estudo compreendeu as observações de sorção e de interação do antibiótico de uso animal e agrícola oxitetraciclina (OTC) com solos brasileiros e ácidos húmicos (AH) extraídos de solos, tendo-se como objetivos gerais comprovar a sorção aos solos e aos AH e verificar a influência da matéria orgânica (MO) e do pH sobre a sorção, definindo quais os mecanismos moleculares de interação envolvidos, cabendo destacar que as tetraciclinas são uma das principais classes de antibióticos utilizadas na pecuária brasileira, tanto para tratamento de enfermidades quanto como Antibióticos Promotores de Crescimento (APC), além de serem freqüentemente aplicados na agricultura para controle de fungos e bactérias. Utilizou-se a Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) para a coleta de dados quantitativos que permitiram a construção de isotermas de sorção solo-OTC em pH 4,8 e AH-OTC em três valores de pH (3,1, 4,8 e 8,3) para a comprovação da sorção e da influência do conteúdo de MO no primeiro caso, e na sorção aos AH, para o segundo caso. Os solos foram caracterizados conforme procedimento padrão da EMBRAPA, enquanto que os AH foram caracterizados segundo procedimentos recomendados pela literatura por meio das técnicas instrumentais de Análise Elementar, Absorção na Região do Infravermelho Médio, Ressonância Magnética Nuclear e Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica. Foram utilizadas as técnicas espectroscópicas de Absorção na Região do Infravermelho (Próximo e Médio) e Absorção e Fluorescência na Região do UV-Visível, para a avaliação dos possíveis mecanismos de interação envolvidos, como ligação de hidrogênio, interação hidrofóbica e transferência de elétrons. A isoterma de Freundlich apresentou-se como um modelo matemático adequado para a verificação da sorção solos-OTC e AH-OTC, a partir da aplicação de um método cromatográfico adequado, comprovando a sorção para os dois casos, bem como o efeito do conteúdo de MO dos solos e do pH do meio sobre a capacidade e a intensidade da sorção, a qual foi quantificada como de capacidade de sorção inferior em comparação a dados obtidos em clima temperado e de alta capacidade de sorção quando comparada à legislação ambiental brasileira. Foi observado que a OTC interagiu com os AH em uma larga faixa de valores de pH, indo de 3,1 a 8,3. Contudo, o meio no qual foi possível observar de uma forma mais acentuada a interação entre AH e OTC foi o meio básico (pH 8,2), sendo notado a existência de mecanismos de interação associados e dependentes do pH do meio, como: ligação de hidrogênio, interação hidrofóbica e transferência de prótons. / At present further studies on the risk assessment of chemical and environmental impact produced by chemical-intensive, such as pesticides, petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, have gained importance for elucidating the implications for the environment and public health arising from this use by modern society to establish restrictive parameters for their applications, avoiding further damage. This Study comprised observations of sorption and interaction of antibiotic for animal and agriculture use oxytetracycline (OTC) with brazilian soils and humic acids (HA) extracted from soil, having as objectives to prove the general sorption to soils and the AH and the influence of organic matter (OM) and pH on the sorption, which define the molecular mechanisms of interaction involved, highlighting that tetracyclines are a major classes of antibiotics used in the brazilian cattle industry, both for treatment of diseases such as antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), and frequently also applied in agriculture to control fungi and bacteria. The High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to collect quantitative data that allowed the construction of sorption isotherms soils-OTC in pH 4.8 and AH-OTC in three pH values (3.1, 4, 8 and 8.3) for proof of sorption and the influence of OM content in the first case, and sorption to AH, for the second case. The soils were characterized as standard procedure of EMBRAPA, while AH were characterized according to procedures recommended by the literature by means of instrumental techniques for Elemental Analysis, Absorption in the Region of the Middle Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. The Spectroscopic Absorption in the Infrared Region (Middle) and Fluorescence and Absorption in the Region and the UV-Visible were used for the evaluation of interaction mechanisms involved, such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions and electron transfer. The Freundlich isotherm was presented as a mathematical model suitable for the verification of soils-OTC sorption and AH-OTC sorption from the application of a chromatographic method that is suitable, proving the sorption for the two cases as well as the effect of OM content of soils and the pH on the capacity and sorption intensity, which was quantified as the lower sorption capacity in comparison with data from temperate and high sorption capacity when compared to Brazilian environmental legislation. It was observed that the OTC interacted with the HA in a wide range of pH values, ranging from 3.1 to 8.3. However, the way in which it was possible to observe a more pronounced interaction between HA and OTC was the basic medium (pH 8.2), and noted the existence of mechanisms of interaction associated and dependent on pH, such as: link hydrogen, hydrophobic interaction and proton transfer.

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