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O presente trabalho se trata de uma reflexão teórica localizada na intersecção entre os campos da música, das artes sonoras e dos estudos do som, que pretende discutir os limites da escuta a partir de formulações teóricas de um grupo selecionado de autores. Nele comento diferentes posições sobre a escuta e o som, com enfoque em questões epistemológicas, estéticas e políticas, surgidas em diferentes contextos. O primeiro deles é o contexto da música concreta no GRM de Paris entre as décadas de 1950 e 1960, discutido a partir do trabalho de Pierre Schaeffer, que tornou-se um paradigma para o campo da música eletroacústica. O segundo capítulo trata do trabalho de Michel Chion, a partir da década de 1980, que até hoje é fundamental para o pensamento sobre som no audiovisual, de maneira bastante acrítica. Outro contexto, discutido no terceiro capítulo é o dos estudos da paisagem sonora desenvolvido na Simon Fraser University, na década de 1970 e que se torna um conceito chave para o campo de estudos do som, passando por diversas revisões. Faço a discussão a partir de textos de Murray Schafer e também do grande conjunto de trabalhos críticos a noção de paisagem sonora desenvolvidos desde então no campo dos estudos do som. Por fim, trago para a discussão o contexto atual de debate de teorias do som, bastante rico, que se dá no meio acadêmico internacional ligado a arte sonora e aos estudos do som. Este contexto atual é representado aqui por quatro autores de destaque: Christoph Cox, Marie Thompson, Steve Goodman e Rodolfo Caesar. Espero, através desta revisão crítica de conceitos, contribuir com o debate crítico neste campo híbrido da Sonologia no Brasil. / The presente research amounts to a theoretical inquirie localized in the interseccion between the fields of music, sound arts, and sound studies, which intends to discuss the limits of listening parting from theoretical formulationsby a select group of authors. Here I discuss different positions on regard to listening and sound, with an emphasis on matters of epistemology, aesthetics and politics, brought by in different contexts. The first of these contexts is concrete music at the Paris GRM, between the decades of 1950 and 1960, drawing from the work of Pierre Schaeffer, which became a paradigm for the field of electroacoustic music. The second chapter delas with the worl of Michel Chion, following from the 1980s, which, until today, is a fundamental work for the thought in the audiovisual arts, in a rather acritical way. Another context, discussed in the third chapter, is the study of the soundscape, developed at the Simon Fraser University, through the 1970s, and which became a key concept for the field of sound studies, passing through several revisions. I\'ll discuss following from Murray Schafer\'s texts, but also from the great amount of critical work that has been done in the last decades. Finaly, I\'ll bring to the discussion the contemporary context of the debate of sound theories, quite rich, that happens in the international academic context, connected to sound art and sound studies. This contemporary context is presented here with four authors of prominence: Christoph Cox, Marie Thompson, Steve Goodman e Rodolfo Caesar. I hope, with this discussion, to contribute with the critical debate in this hybrid field of Sonologia in Brazil.

This work explores soundscape and histories of sound technologies as they relate to the formation of subjectivity. It proposes voice as a cultural practice and a means for theorizing one’s own subjectivity. What is modernity in sonic terms? What does it mean to listen deeply in an industrialized society? What does it mean to be a socialized listener, a revolutionized listener? How might voice be taken as an avatar of the self? How does the auditory realm allow for embodied theorizing that responds to systems of power and oppressed subjectivities?

Networks are an integral part of everyday life. Today, public concern with the extent to which they influence people’s routines, and how much they affect cultures and societies, has grown substantially. People are thus now engaging in conversations and movements to evaluate and address the biases and discriminatory behaviours to which networks contribute. The media play an important part in this conversation, often directing the discourse towards fears of technology. Although such concerns are very real, the stories that media circulate typically rely on the “magical” nature of networks and therefore accentuate their figurative power. But, for people to participate meaningfully in the conversation, and for them to approach technologies responsibly, they need access to the complexities and technical intricacies of networks, not just their surfaces or metaphors. This dissertation argues that, by listening to networks, people can begin to apprehend, and even comprehend, the complex, ostensibly “magical” nature of their communications. One problem is that listening semantically to networks is incredibly difficult, if not impossible. Networks are very noisy, and they do not, for instance, use alphabetic language for internal or external communication. Yet there are other ways to hear and interpret them. I argue that Michel Chion’s techniques of reduced and causal listening are two such ways, and that they afford a “sensible” and timely method for approaching networks. Of course, network communications must first be rendered audible to hear them. For this purpose, I propose “tactical network sonification” (TNS) as a methodology for Science and Technology Studies (STS). As this dissertation’s primary contribution to the field of STS, TNS focuses on making the materiality of networks sensibly accessible to the general public, especially people who are not technology experts. In so doing, TNS builds on the scholarship of not only Chion but also Beth Coleman, Matthew Kirschenbaum, Henri Lefebvre, Shannon Mattern, Shintaro Miyazaki, Pauline Oliveros, Rita Raley, and Jonathan Sterne in particular. This project finds that TNS results in crowded sound clips that represent the complexity of network infrastructure, through the many overlapping rhythms and layers of sound that each clip contains. It explains that sonifications may assist in creating multimodal network stories, making networks sensible and apprehendable. Finally, this dissertation proposes that using TNS can help understand potential discriminatory distribution of network infrastructure across communities. / Graduate / 2021-12-18

Mémoire en recherche-création / Ce projet de recherche-création explore les avenues narratives d'une pensée de contrôle du corps par le sonore. Le travail de création réfléchira les mécanismes, les sentiments, les contraintes conscientes ou inconscientes de personnages face à l'environnement sonore urbain. Ces mécanismes, qu'ils soient intériorisés ou non par les personnages, permettront de penser le dispositif sonore, au sens de Foucault puis interprété par Agamben. Le dispositif crée, entre l'être sur lequel il agit et l'ensemble des dits et non-dits qu'il contient, un « processus de subjectivation », ou de « désubjectivation »: il se fait contrôle, s'organise en rapports de force. La partie création met en scène des personnages qui sont habités par des idéaux d'une libération du corps par la musique, que cette libération − ou son échec − soit spatiale, temporelle, sociale ou psychique. Ce travail se consacrera également à une analyse du recueil de Joséphine Bacon Un thé dans la toundra/ Nipishapui nete mushuat (2013) et du recueil L'Outre-vie (1979) de Marie Uguay. Ces autrices créent une dimension sonore et vocale évidente dans leurs poèmes, une sensibilité, voire une sursensibilité à l'ouïe − notamment par le teueikan (tambour) chez Bacon et par les « racines sonores » pour Uguay. Le son devient un vecteur qui permet de penser la subjectivité dans des possibles spatiaux et temporels simultanés que le corps paraît empêcher. R. Murray Schafer nomme « schizophonie » la séparation de la source d'émission du son par sa reproduction, par la multiplication des enregistrements. Ce rapport différé à la musique produite à distance du corps des musiciens − s'il s'agit de musique instrumentale − joue un rôle dans ce réseau de rapports de force, dans ce dispositif qui nous intéresse. Les sources sonores se sont aujourd'hui multipliées et apparaissent, par l'enregistrement, souvent déplacées et séparées de leur contexte de production original. Comment penser ces effets de décontextualisation? Le travail de création s'intéressera aux modalités et aux effets d'une voix énonciative travaillée par ces diverses représentations d'un corps qui entend, récepteur de réalités différées, d'une pensée du corps disséminé. Pour parler non pas seulement d'écoute, mais plutôt de ce que qui l'excède, de ce vers quoi tend l'écriture poétique: possibilité de l'écoute de l'autre, ou de l'écoute de ce qui est autre. / This research-creation M.A. thesis explores the narrative avenues of the impacts of sound and its effects to control the body. The creative writing work will show the mechanisms, feelings, and the conscious or unconscious constraints that are facing different characters with the urban soundscape. Those mechanisms, whether they are interiorized or not by the characters, will open a reflexion on the dispositif, as imagined by Foucault and later interpreted by Agamben. The dispositif (or apparatus) creates, between the subjectivity on which it acts and all of the contents it holds hidden or unhidden, a « process of subjectification » or « desubjectification »: it organizes, it creates a network of forces upon the subject. Bruit blanc, the creative writing work of this thesis, places characters that are hunted by ideals of a liberation of the body by music, whether this liberation − or its failure − is spatial, temporal, social or psychic. This work will also give space to an analysis of two poetry booklets: Un thé dans la toundra/ Nipishapui nete mushuat (2013) by Joséphine Bacon and L'Outre-vie (1979) by Marie Uguay. Those authors create upon reading a sonic and vocal dimension, a sensibility − even a hypersensibility − to hearing, especially through the teueikan in Bacon's poems and through racines sonores (« sound roots ») for Uguay. Their books present many esthetical and philosophical considerations on hearing as a physical and physiological phenomenon: sound becomes a vector throughout which we can imagine subjectivity in unsettling spatial and temporal possibilities that the body seems to forbid. R.Murray Schafer names « schizophonia » the splitting between what makes the sound and what transmits it which comes with the proliferation of recording technologies. This delayed connection to music that can be produced far from the bodies of musicians (when concerning instrumental music) plays a role in this network of forces, in this apparatus that keeps our interest. How can we think those effects of decontextualisation? Bruit blanc embodies the modalities and the effects of an enunciative voice that lives with different representations of a body hearing as a receptor of delayed realities, allowing to imagine the body in unquieting ways;to think about the possibility of listening to others, and to the listening of otherness.

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Für die musikalische Analyse ist Klang eine problematische Kategorie, fehlt es doch an genauen begrifflichen Bestimmungen. Diese werden im Rahmen der Sound Studies im Bereich der populären Musik bereitgestellt. Am Beispiel der jeweils ersten Sätze des Klarinettentrios op. 114 und des Klarinettenquintetts op. 115 von Brahms wird versucht, den in Bezug auf populäre Musik etablierten Klang-Begriff auf die Analyse klassischer Musik anzuwenden. Die Analyse soll verdeutlichen, wie die durch die Besetzung bestimmten klanglichen Voraussetzungen eines Werkes dessen musikalischen Charakter wie auch seine formale Anlage prägen. / For the analysis of music sound is a problematic category because of the lack of distinct definitions. Such definitions will be found within the context of Sound Studies of popular music. Using the example of the first movements from the Clarinet Trio op. 114 and the Clarinet Quintet op. 115 of Brahms this article seeks to adapt the concept of sound as established in popular music to the analysis of classical music. The analysis shall explain how sound as determined by instrumentation shapes the musical character and formal structure of both movements.

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