The sound insulation demands for dwellings and public building has increased over the years as the number of sound sources has grown. From the outside our homes are exposed to noise from cars, trains, airplanes, etc. Noise intrudes from our neighbours and their television and stereo equipments. Also noise from spaces for mechanical services systems tends to become more important due to increasing energy saving demands. This thesis presents new analytical models for predicting the sound reduction index of single or double plate systems. In the single plate case, a theoretical and experimental analysis of the air-borne sound transmission through a single plate is presented. The plate is assumed to be excited by a diffuse sound field and the velocity distribution of the plate is derived from the Kirchoff plate equation in the frequency domain. The resulting Fourier transform is evaluated using residue calculus and the solution is verified numerically. The analytical model is valid for a wide frequency range, both below, above and at the critical frequency. Special interest is paid to the area dependency of the sound reduction index. This technique is further expanded for the double plate case by adding another plate and an intermediate layer which is modelled as a locally reacting spring. The model is valid and continuous through both the mass-spring-mass resonance and the coincidence region. The results from the analytical models show good agreement with measured results in both the single and double plate case. A simplified model is also presented for the sound reduction index of finite size floating floors. The model is valid for two elastic plates with a resilient layer in between where the bottom plate, the load-bearing slab, is assumed to be excited with a diffuse airborne sound field. The top plate and the resilient layer compose the floating floor. The problem is solved for frequencies below, between and above the critical frequencies of the plates. Above the critical frequency of the load-bearing plate, but below that of the floating slab, the main coupling between the plates will occur at the coincidence angle of the load-bearing plate. Above the critical frequency of both plates, the main transmission will occur at the angle of coincidence of each plate. As the plates will interact, the sound insulation improvement will to some extent depend on the properties of the load-bearing slab. It is shown how the sound reduction index depends on the physical parameters and the geometry of the plates. / QC 20101101

Orientador: Stelamaris Rolla Bertoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T17:02:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_BiancaLopesde_M.pdf: 18048402 bytes, checksum: 534b3cfd67d3599a449531074223555b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: As estações elevatórias são responsáveis pelo recalque ou bombeamento de água tratada, bruta ou de esgoto. São estruturas essenciais num sistema de abastecimento de água que não possui condições de ter seu abastecimento por um sistema totalmente à gravidade. A cidade de Jundiaí (São Paulo - Brasil), base para o estudo, possui 28 (vinte e oito) estações elevatórias distribuídas pelos aglomerados urbanos, podendo ser responsáveis pela degradação do meio ambiente por meio da poluição sonora, pois o conjunto motor-bomba destas estações gera ruído, às vezes, audível a longas distâncias. O ruído, dependendo do nível e da sua duração, pode resultar em perturbações psicológicas ou alterações fisiológicas associadas a reações de stress, cansaço, irritabilidade e falta de concentração. O presente trabalho teve como principal finalidade caracterizar as estações elevatórias quanto a seus aspectos construtivos para fins de enclausuramento dos conjuntos motores e bombas (fontes de ruído). Foram realizadas medições de níveis de pressão sonora interna e externamente às estações, com os motores e bombas ligados e desligados, de acordo com a NBR 10151/2000 (ABNT), a fim de se obter dados que demonstravam o isolamento sonoro que a estação elevatória proporcionava ao ruído gerado pelo conjunto motor-bomba. As diferentes configurações de implantação dos sistemas construtivos e disposições de aberturas resultaram em diferentes desempenhos acústicos, alguns atendendo as normas vigentes e outros não. Assim, avaliaram-se seus impactos sonoros no entorno da estação e foram elaboradas algumas sugestões de estratégias para mitigação dos impactos / Abstract: The pumping stations are responsible for pumping of treated water or sewage. These structures are essential for a system of water supply that does not have a position to have their supplies from a totally gravity system. The city of Jundiai (São Paulo - Brazil), basis for study, has 28 (twenty eight) pumping stations distributed throughout urban areas and may be responsible for environmental degradation through the noise, because the motor-pump these stations generate noise, sometimes, audible over long distances. Noise, depending on the level and duration, can result in psychological disorders or physiological changes associated with stress reactions, fatigue, irritability and poor concentration. This work had as main purpose to characterize the pumping stations about its constructive aspects of enclosure for the joint motors and pumps (noise sources). Measurements of sound pressure levels inside and outside the station, with the motors and pumps on and off, according to standard NBR 10151/2000 (ABNT), were did to obtain data showing sound insulation that pump station provided to noise generated by motor-pump. The different deployment configurations of building systems and arrangements of openings resulted in different acoustic performances, some attending the standards and not others. Therefore evaluated if their impacts on the surrounding sound and the station were drawn up some suggestions of strategies for mitigation of impacts / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

In this research some kinds of masonry walls have been used as internal divisions in three Brazilian dwelling buildings to determine the airborne sound reduction, by experimental tests in field and computer simulations. The masonry walls studied are composed by massive bricks, bored ceramic blocks (6 and 4 holes) and structural (7 and 10 MPa), with mortar lining in both sides. The acoustic evaluations, in field, were accomplished according to the international rules ISO 140 part 4, ISO 717 part 1 and ISO 354. The determination of the airborne sound reduction among places it was accomplished from a direct and indirect sound transmission of constructive elements of the edifications, according to the EN 12354 rule part 1 and using a commercial computer program. The mainly results of this research showed the weighted values of the level standard difference (DnT,w) vary from 37 to 44 decibels to the evaluated walls. It was also observed the difference of 2 dB among the weighted values of the level standard difference (DnT,w) and the apparently sound reduction (R w). Almost all the masonry walls evaluated reached the minimum recommended values by the NBR 15575. In general, it happened a relation between the experimental results and the computer simulations, mainly with the weighted values relation and the isolation curves of the structural masonry walls. The computer simulation of the airborne sound transmission can be a good project tool, besides the initial datas don t represent properly the masonry material components evaluated, due to the national datas more complete and precise. / Neste trabalho são avaliadas alguns tipos de paredes de alvenaria utilizadas como divisórias internas em três edifícios habitacionais brasileiros para determinar a redução sonora aérea, através de ensaios experimentais em campo e de simulações computacionais. As paredes de alvenaria estudadas são compostas por tijolos maciços, blocos cerâmicos furados (6 e 4 furos) e estruturais (7 e 10 MPa), com revestimento de argamassa em ambos os lados. As avaliações acústicas, em campo, foram realizadas de acordo com as normas internacionais ISO 140 parte 4, ISO 717 parte 1 e ISO 354. A determinação da redução sonora aérea entre ambientes foi realizada a partir da transmissão sonora direta e indireta dos elementos construtivos das edificações, conforme a norma EN 12354 parte 1 e utilizando um programa computacional comercial. Os resultados principais desta pesquisa mostram que os valores ponderados da diferença padronizada de nível (DnT,w) variaram de 37 a 44 decibéis para as paredes avaliadas. Também, foi observada uma diferença de 2 dB entre os valores ponderados da diferença padronizada de nível (DnT,w) e do índice de redução sonora aparente (R w). Praticamente, todas as amostras de paredes de alvenaria avaliadas atingiram os valores mínimos de desempenho recomendados pela NBR 15575. Em geral, ocorreu uma boa correlação entre os resultados experimentais e as simulações computacionais, principalmente com relação aos valores ponderados e as curvas de isolamento das paredes de alvenaria estrutural. A simulação computacional da transmissão sonora aérea pode ser uma boa ferramenta de projeto, apesar dos dados de entrada não representarem fielmente as propriedades dos materiais componentes das alvenarias avaliadas, devido à carência de dados nacionais mais completos e precisos.

Most of the Brazilian habitation necessity is supplied by builds financed by real estate institutions. The institutions receive as guarantee the own property financed. Those companies analyze the projects of the enterprises according to technical and professional criteria of its own to the grant of subsidies and comply with the social habitation programs. It was found that, despite the Caixa Econômica Federal is the main financing entity of the real estate business of the country and participating of studies and debates about the validity of the ABNT 15575 norm Housing Buildings Performance, in their analysis to the grant of real estate credit the buildings acoustic parameters are not contemplated yet. Considering that both traffic and neighbors noise bother the people inside their residences it s possible to presume that those buildings do not show a proper performance about acoustic insulation, and, therefore, it isn t complying with of its purpose that is to provide acoustic comfort. The Technical Norms of ABNT NBR 15575, internal normative manuals of the Caixa Econômica Federal, technical documents and studies for the quantification of the acoustic parameters of the buildings were analyzed. In this study acoustic isolation coefficients determined in laboratory and field tests that represent most of the constructive elements used in this country, with data obtained through classical acoustic books and academic works about the subject were used. Were developed a tool composed by 2 electronic worksheets to subsidize the technical analysis of the real estate by the financial institutions in order to ensure that the priority be given to residential enterprises with better acoustic performance. The Worksheet A is about insulation and acoustic insulation, it means, relative to laboratory and field tests and, the Worksheet B is only about acoustic insulation, in other words, relative to field tests. From the report of the worksheets results, will be suggested the creation of one annex to the Caixa Econômica Federal Engineering Analysis Report, in order to contemplate the acoustic performance of the housing and to verify the minimum attendance to the performance norm ABNT 15575, as well as, the attendance level (minimum, intermediate or superior) of the forefront systems, inner seal walls, floor systems and coverage of the housing buildings. / Grande parte da necessidade habitacional brasileira é suprida por obras financiadas através de instituições de crédito imobiliário. As instituições financiadoras recebem como garantia o próprio imóvel financiado. Estas empresas analisam os projetos dos empreendimentos com critérios técnicos próprios para concessão de subsídios e enquadramento nos programas de habitação. Verificou-se que o principal órgão financiador do crédito imobiliário do país está participando de estudos e debates sobre a vigência da Norma ABNT 15575 Edificações Habitacionais Desempenho. Porém, em suas análises para concessão de crédito imobiliário ainda não estão contemplados os parâmetros acústicos das edificações. Considerando-se que os ruídos de tráfego e da vizinhança causam incômodo às pessoas no interior de suas residências, é possível pressupor que estas não apresentam um bom desempenho quanto ao isolamento acústico e, portanto, não estão cumprindo uma de suas finalidades, que é a de proporcionar conforto acústico a seus ocupantes. Foram analisados a Norma Técnica da ABNT, NBR 15575, Manuais Normativos da Caixa Econômica Federal, documentos técnicos e estudos disponíveis para quantificação dos parâmetros acústicos das edificações. Neste estudo, foram utilizados coeficientes de isolamento acústico determinados em ensaios de laboratório e a campo que representaram grande parte dos elementos construtivos utilizados no país. Os dados foram obtidos em livros clássicos de acústica e em trabalhos acadêmicos sobre o tema. Desenvolveu-se uma ferramenta composta por duas planilhas eletrônicas para subsidiar as análises técnicas do crédito imobiliário pelas instituições financiadoras, a fim de assegurar que sejam privilegiados os empreendimentos residenciais com melhor desempenho acústico. A Planilha A trata de isolação e isolamento acústico, ou seja, referente a testes em laboratório e a campo e, a Planilha B trata somente de isolamento acústico, ou seja, referente a testes realizados a campo. A partir do relatório de resultados das planilhas eletrônicas, pode ser verificado o atendimento à norma de desempenho ABNT NBR 15575, bem como, o nível de desempenho acústico dos sistemas de paredes de vedação internas e externas, sistemas de pisos e sistemas de coberturas acessíveis das Edificações Habitacionais.

Diploma thesis is concerned with opportunities of increase sound isolution index for bricks. In theoretical part is summary of present knowledge about acoustic properties ceramic body field and theoretical calculations and measuring sound insulation as well as. Practically part is divided on apply and basic research. Under apply research is experiment, that considers impact quantity of raw materials using at brick factory in the Holice on the most significant technological properties of plastic paste and brick body, additionaly with the considering chances of increase sound insulation index. In basic research is experiment, that evaluates impact common use domestic brick´s raw materials on sound insulation. Sound insulation is evaluated indirectly by transsmision rate of ultrasound in a both cases.

En god akustisk inomhusmiljö är idag en nödvändighet för att motverka negativ påverkan på människors hälsa. Framför allt belyser tidigare studier problematik kring störd eller uteslutensömn till följd av buller och övriga miljöförsämrande ljud. Förutom de direkta konsekvenserna av utesluten eller störd sömn som trötthet och minskad koncentrationsförmåga, kan denna avsaknad av vila även leda till hjärt-kärlsjukdomar, stress och depression. Fler bostäder på begränsad yta leder till lösningar som förutsätter ett välplanerat bostadsbyggande för att tillgodose samhällets behov. Loftgångshusen blev vanligt förekommande i Sverige under 1960-talet då de hade ekonomiska fördelar och de kunde sammankoppla fler lägenheter till ett och samma hisschakt. Bostadstypen förekommer än idag och är därav aktuell vid undersökning avljudförhållanden intill boendeytor. Vanlig planlösning för dessa lägenheter är att placerasovrummet i direkt anslutning till loftgången. Då Boverket ställer krav på ljudisoleringen frånloftgång in till utrymme för vila eller sömn, är det aktuellt att undersöka hur den rådandeplanlösning bäst skall utformas för att nå upp till de krav som ställs. Studien syftar till att undersöka eventuella avvikelser för DnTw-värden vid varierande planlösning för beräknade och uppmätta värden i fältmätning. Dntw-värdet är ett mått på ljudisolering hos ett element där hänsyn tas till efterklangstiden. Vidare kommer studien att undersöka hur dessa potentiella avvikelser vid fältmätning korrelerar med de beräkningar som idag sker vid projektering. Målet är att identifiera de skillnader som finns mellan beräknade och uppmätta ljudisoleringsvärden vid projektering av fasadelementens ljudisoleringsvärde då planlösningen för mottagarrummet varierar. De planlösningar som undersöks kommer i arbetet att relateras till som ”öppen” respektive ”stängd”. Resultatet som åstadkommits grundas i utförda fältmätningar av luftljudsisolering på tre aktiva byggprojekt, modellering i programvaran Insul 9 samt teoretiskt beräknade värden förskiljeytans DnTw-värde. Samtliga mätningar och beräkningar har genomförts enligt svensk standard. Den modellering som gjorts avser skiljeytans olika element där resultatet har agerat kontroll mot de värden som tillhandahållits från aktuella bygghandlingar. Skiljekonstruktionens prestation mot de varierande planlösningarna jämförs mot varandra för att studera de skillnader som uppstår. Resultatet visade att en obetydlig skillnad uppstod för DnTw-värdet när mottagarrummets volym varierade vid fältmätning. Denna avvikelse skiljde sig från den teoretiskt beräknade skillnaden mellan öppen och stängd planlösning. Alltså, det teoretiska värdet är striktvolymberoende. Detta volymberoende kan dock inte ses vid mätning i fält. Alltså är det teoretiskt beräknade DnTw -värdet för skiljeytan högre än ytans faktiska prestation i fält. / A good acoustic indoor environment is today a necessity to prevent effects on people’s health. Current research provides clear indications of how prolonged exposure to unwanted noise can lead to various conditions such as stress, depression, and cardiovascular diseases. Studies highlight the problems related to disturbed or excluded sleep due to bothersome unwanted noise. This demand for a quiet and sound indoor environment does not align with the constant urbanization taking place in society. One prevalent type of housing is a residence with an exterior corridor connecting the apartments. The common layout for these apartments is to place the bedroom directly adjacent to the corridor. Since the National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning (Boverket) imposes requirements for sound insulation between the corridor and the bedroom, it´s of relevance to investigate the impact of the floorplan to meet these required standards. This thesis aims to investigate any deviations in DnTw values with varying apartment layouts for calculated and field-measured values. The DnTw-value refers to sound insulation in an element, based on the reverberation in the receiving room. Further investigation is made to answer whether these potential deviations in field measurements correlate with the calculations made during the engineering process. The goal is to identify the differences between calculated and measured values for sound insulation and the effect of a varying floor plan. The results showed an insignificant difference in the measured DnTw value with varying volume. However, this deviation was different from the theoretically calculated difference between open and closed apartment layouts. Thus, the DnTw value is more prominently value dependent in theory compared to the values measured in the field. This leaves a higher DnTw value for the separating surface than the actual performance in the field.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-11-30T11:22:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudio Trindade Scherer_.pdf: 4509704 bytes, checksum: 6adc0f4eb6a2c5abca0aa3ac53dbcea7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-30T11:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudio Trindade Scherer_.pdf: 4509704 bytes, checksum: 6adc0f4eb6a2c5abca0aa3ac53dbcea7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-14 / Nenhuma / O conjunto de paredes e portas separadas pela circulação condominial em edifícios residenciais passou a ter seu desempenho acústico avaliado, a partir da entrada em vigor da norma brasileira NBR 15575, que trata do desempenho das edificações. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho propõe determinar a influência das características dos elementos construtivos – portas e circulações entre unidades habitacionais – no isolamento ao ruído aéreo do conjunto de paredes e portas separadas pelo hall de entrada. Primeiramente foi realizado um estudo piloto que envolveu ensaios em campo feitos em diversas obras. Com isso, foram escolhidos três prédios e executados uma série de ensaios de desempenho acústico em campo, abrangendo diversas situações. Também foram usados artifícios para a vedação das frestas das portas, a fim de verificar a melhora do desempenho do sistema. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a perda de desempenho acústico com o aumento das frestas entre a folha da porta e o piso. Foram encontradas também relações com tempo de reverberação dos ambientes de circulação e a distância entre as portas de entrada das unidades habitacionais. / Sets of walls and doors separated by condominium corridors in residential buildings started having their acoustic performance evaluated when the Brazilian standard NBR 15575 came into effect, which concerns the performance of buildings. In this context, this study proposed to determine the influence of the characteristics of constructive elements – doors and corridors between residential units – on the airborne sound insulation of the set of walls and doors separated by the entrance hall. First, a pilot study was conducted based on tests performed on many buildings, but it was noted that a deeper study on the subject would be required. Thereby, three buildings were chosen and a series of acoustic performance tests was executed, covering several situations. Maneuvers for sealing door gaps were used as well, in order to assess the performance gains of the system. The results indicated loss of acoustic performance when there were more gaps between the door leaf and the floor. Moreover, relations were found regarding the reverberation time of the corridors and the distance between the entrance doors of residential units.

I en byggnad kan ljud och vibrationer från steg spridas och dessa ljud kan störa de människor som vistas i byggnaden. Stegljudsisoleringsförmågan hos ett bjälklag beror på hur det är konstruerat och hur hög styvhet och massa bjälklaget har. I detta arbete undersöks stegljudsisoleringen hos tre bjälklagstyper. Dessa är monterade i befintliga byggnader, belägna i Växjö och ägda av fastighetsbolaget Videum.   Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka vilket av de tre bjälklagstyperna som är bäst lämpat att ha i en kontors- eller universitetsbyggnad, med avseende på akustik. Vidare var syftet att undersöka vilket av dessa tre bjälklag som avskärmar stegljud i horisontalled mest effektivt. Målet med arbetet har varit att genomföra en standardiserad stegljudsmätning och en enkätundersökning för att kunna fastställa vilket av de undersökta bjälklagen som har bäst stegljudsisolering. Data från dessa undersökningar har analyserats och beräknats.   Resultatet från stegljudsmätning och enkätundersökning visar att det bjälklag som avskärmar stegljud bäst är KL-träskiva med betongpågjutning. De undersökta bjälklagskonstruktionerna inklusive anslutningar till väggar är inte helt jämförbara och därför bör det nämnas att resultaten avser konstruktionslösningen som helhet och inte enbart själva bjälklaget. / Sound and vibration which originate from footsteps can spread in a building and may disturb the people who residence it. Ability to insulate impact sound varies depending on how the joists system is designed and how high its stiffness and mass are. In this thesis the impact sound insulation of three different joists systems will be examined. The joists systems are installed in existing buildings located in Växjö, Sweden and owned by the real estate company Videum.   The purpose of the thesis was to examine which of the three different joists systems that is most suitable for office- and university buildings, concerning acoustics. Furthermore, the purpose was to examine which of the joists systems that has the best ability to sequester impact sound horizontally. The goal with the thesis was to perform a standardized impact sound insulation measurement and a survey to determine which of the joists systems that has the best impact sound insulation. All data was analyzed and calculated.   The results show that the CLT board with a concrete layer reduces the impact sound most efficiently. However, it should be mentioned that the designs of the objects are not fully comparable and therefore the results relate to the entire design including the wall floor connection, rather than to the joists systems alone.

Windows are a weakness in building facade sound transmission loss (STL). This coupled with the detrimental effects of excessive noise exposure on human health including: annoyance, sleep deprivation, hearing impairment and heart disease, is the motivation for this investigation of the STL improvements active noise control (ANC) of windows can provide. Window speaker development, ANC window experiments and analytical modelling of ANC windows were investigated. Five different window speaker constructions were characterised then compared with a previously developed window speaker. ANC window testing used three different ANC configurations and was performed in two different environments, one with a reverberant receiving room, and the other with an anechoic receiving room. Optimisation of ANC systems with particular control source locations was the aim of the modelling. This enabled comparison with the ANC window tests and would aid in further development of ANC windows. Window speaker constructions were characterised by sound pressure level (SPL) measurements performed in an anechoic room. These measurements were made in a way that enabled comparison with the previously developed window speaker. Total sound energy reduction calculations were used to determine the relative performance of the tested ANC windows. An STL model, based on a modal panel vibration model, was initially created and verified against published STL data before it was expanded to include ANC control sources. The model was used to simulate the performed anechoic environment tests and an ideal ANC case.

Describing planned acoustic design by single number ratings yields a weak link to the subjective event, especially when the single number ratings are interpreted by others than experienced acousticians. When developing infrastructure, tools for decision making needs to address visual and aural perception. Visual perception can be addressed using game engines and this has enabled the establishment of tools for visualizations of planned constructions in virtual reality. Audio engines accounting for sound propagation in the game engine environment are steadily developing and have recently been made available. The aim of this project is to simulate airborne sound insulation by extending the support of recently developed audio engines directed towards virtual reality applications. The case studied was airborne sound insulation between two adjacent rooms in a building, the sound transmitted to the receiving room through the building structure resulting from sound pressure exciting the structural elements in the adjacent source room into vibration. The receiving room composed modelled space in the game engine Unreal Engine and Steam Audio was the considered audio engine. Sound transmission was modelled by filtering based on calculations of transmission loss via direct and flanking paths using the model included in the standard EN 12354-1. It was verified that the filtering technique for modelling sound transmission reproduced attenuations in correspondence with the predicted transmission loss. Methodology was established to quantify the quality of the audio engine room acoustics simulations. A room acoustics simulation was evaluated by comparing the reverberation time derived from simulation with theoretical predictions and the simulated reverberation time showed fair agreement with Eyring’s formula above its frequency threshold. The quality of the simulation of airborne sound insulation was evaluated relating the sound field in simulation to insulation classification by the standardized level difference. The spectrum of the simulated standardized level difference was compared with the corresponding sound transmission calculation for a modelled scenario. The simulated data displayed noticeable deviations from the transmission calculation, caused by the audio engine room acoustics simulation. However, the simulated data exhibited cancellation of favourable and unfavourable deviations from the transmission calculation resulting in a mean difference across the spectrum below the just noticeable difference of about 1 dB. Single number ratings was compared and the simulated single number rating was within the standard deviation of how the transmission model calculates predictions for a corresponding practical scenario measured in situ. Thus, the simulated data shows potential and comparisons between simulated data, established room acoustics simulation software and in situ measurements should further be made to deduce whether the deviations entails defects in the airborne sound insulation prediction or is an error imposed by the audio engine room acoustics simulation.