O objetivo desta dissertação é explicar os motivos que levaram os subseqüentes governos do Chile a não se tornarem membros plenos do Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul) durante a década de 1990. Faz-se a abordagem através de uma análise das mudanças ocorridas no Chile, a partir de meados da década de 1960 até o ano 1990, para explicar a atuação do país em âmbito regional. Por possuir características singulares, o Chile iniciou a década de 1990 redemocratizado, economicamente estável e com altas taxas de crescimento, o que despertou a atenção dos demais países da América Latina, que estavam reestruturando suas economias e seu papel no cenário internacional – principalmente Brasil e Argentina. A análise da história contemporânea do Chile e a forma como se conduziu sua política externa são as bases que sustentam esta dissertação. Ao reestruturar seu corpo diplomático e incrementar as relações entre o Estado e os setores privados chilenos, o país possuiu uma estratégia de inserção internacional que deu prioridade a outras regiões do mundo, relegando o Mercosul a um segundo plano em sua agenda de política internacional. Esta postura em sua política externa, levou o Chile a não se tornar membro pleno do Mercosul durante a década de 1990. / The present thesis seeks to explain the reasons why Chile did not became a South Cone Common Market member (Mercosur) during the 1990 decade. The changes occurred in the Chilean politics during the middle 1960's decade explain its Southern Cone foreign policy at the 1990's decade. Chile, with its particular characteristics, begun the nineties democratized with economic stability and high taxes of economic growth. This fact attracted the attention of other neighbor countries in Latin America that where restructuring their economies and parts at the international scenario, especially Brazil and Argentina. Chilean contemporary history analysis and the way its foreign policy was conducted are the basis which sustain this thesis. Restructuring its diplomatic team and improving the relations between Chilean public and private sectors, made the country start a new strategy of international insertion giving priority to other regions of the world, relying to Mercosur a secondary position. This international politic position led Chile not to be a Mercosur full member during the 1990 decade.

Esta tese se propõe a examinar os itinerários e as perspectivas das mobilizações políticas negras contemporâneas no Cone Sul, com ênfase nas redes de ativistas que atuam em Porto Alegre (Brasil), Montevidéu (Uruguai) e Buenos Aires (Argentina), frente aos atuais desafios da implementação de políticas públicas com enfoque étnico-racial. A partir do aporte da perspectiva antropológica que orienta uma aproximação da "experiência de perto" dos sujeitos, detenho-me no protagonismo de ativistas em face aos desdobramentos de políticas públicas e ações reparatórias. O trabalho se insere nas discussões sobre a questão multicultural e o multiculturalismo nas sociedades latino-americanas. Interrogo como sujeitos tidos e vistos como minoritários, que não foram contemplados no projeto de "igualdade" preconizado pelos ideais eurocêntricos de nação moderna instituído nos países da região, vêm a interferir na esfera pública, ao passo que evidenciam noções e projetos de nação em disputa. O trabalho busca compreender os movimentos afro-latino-americanos através das formas com que ocupam a esfera pública e manejam noções e projetos de sociedade multicultural. Analiso as conexões entre o "nacional" e o transnacional a partir das políticas raciais e das militâncias negras, bem como da experiência com identificações étnicas afro-diaspóricas. Parto das configurações locais das militâncias negras contemporâneas que se expandem e modelam numa arena trans-local e diaspórica e se projetam para o espaço da nação. Proponho-me delinear cartografias da militância negra nas três cidades contempladas nesta tese a partir de percorrer experiências múltiplas de engajamento na esfera pública. E por fim, examino: i) os modos como as redes de militância são mobilizadas na construção de demandas e ii) as disputas por políticas públicas em torno da saúde e da educação com perspectiva étnico-racial e de gênero, analisando as complexas e múltiplas relações entre atores sociais envolvidos no processo de tradução de resistências locais em problemas que irrompem as arenas públicas e disputam por sua legitimação perante agentes e instituições com condições para disseminálos. / This thesis aims at analyzing the itineraries and perspectives of the contemporary black movement political mobilization in the Southern Cone, focusing on the network of activists of Porto Alegre (Brazil), Montevideo (Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Argentina), before the current challenges introduced by the implementation of ethnical-racial focused public policies. From an anthropological viewpoint that emphasizes a personal approach to the subjects' experiences, I concentrate on the activists' actions in the face of the consequences of public policies and reparatory actions. In the context of the debates on multicultural issues and multiculralisms in Latin-American societies, I will try to understand how those subjects that belong to the so-called minority groups, which, in turn, went unacknowledged by the European centered ideal of "equality" in the regional modern nation-states, impinge on the public sphere while they evidence notions and national projects that collide with each other. I, therefore, aim at understanding the political expression of African Latin- American movements through their uses of space in the public spheres and of dealing with the notions and projects of a multicultural society. I analyze the connections between the national and transnational from the viewpoint of racial policies, black militancies and the identification with the African diasporas. I begin by mapping contemporary black militancy configurations, which are shaped and expand in a translocal and diasporic arenas, while they project themselves as part of a nation, I delineate the black militancy cartographies in the three cities on the basis of their involvement in the public sphere. I examine: i) how the militancy networks are mobilized in the construction of their demands and, ii) their disputes for public policies in the fields of health and education, from gender and ethnic-racial perspectives. I also analyze the diversity of complex relations among social actors involved in the processes of translating local forms of resistance into problems, which will be brought to the public arena and will dispute for legitimization before agents and institutions that are capable of spreading them.

O setor de produção de celulose mundial vem passando por mudanças significativas nas últimas décadas, principalmente no que tange à sua localização, haja vista o deslocamento de seu centro produtivo dos países desenvolvidos para os países emergentes. Dentre estes, destacam-se os da região do Cone Sul, especialmente o Brasil, o Chile e o Uruguai. O objetivo desta tese é investigar a formação de um paraíso de poluição, ou seja, a possibilidade de indústrias com elevado potencial poluidor estarem migrando para países com regulamentação ambiental supostamente mais branda. Para tanto, analisou-se a existência de diferenciais de conduta e de desempenho ambiental em dois grupos de empresas: um formado pelas empresas estrangeiras situadas na região e suas coirmãs no exterior, e outro pelas primeiras e as nacionais. Na conduta ambiental, analisaram-se as certificações ambientais, a divulgação de relatórios de sustentabilidade e, nestes, a publicação de níveis de emissão de poluentes e de investimentos direcionados ao controle da poluição e/ou de melhoria ambiental. O desempenho ambiental foi avaliado a partir dos parâmetros de emissão de poluentes no ar e na água propostos pela abordagem Best Available Techniques (BAT). Foi possível identificarem-se diferenças tênues de conduta ambiental entre as empresas estrangeiras e as nacionais, havendo, porém, diferenças importantes de desempenho. As plantas estrangeiras localizadas no Cone Sul apresentam, em geral, um desempenho ambiental superior ao das suas próprias coirmãs no exterior e ao das firmas nacionais do segmento. Como estas se diferenciam por serem plantas recentes, que começaram a operar na segunda metade de 2000, tudo indica que a tecnologia utilizada é igual, ou superior, àquela observada nos seus países de origem. Portanto, a hipótese de formação de um paraíso de poluição no Cone Sul não foi confirmada. Entretanto, há um eminente processo de efeito poluição em formação, basicamente decorrente da presença local de tantas instalações industriais de grande porte, muitas delas com capacidade produtiva instalada que excede a um milhão de toneladas/ano. / The sector of world cellulose production has undergone significant changes in recent decades, especially in regard to its location, given the displacement of its production center from developed to emerging countries. Among these countries, we highlight those of the Southern Cone, especially Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the formation of a pollution haven, that is to say, the possibility of industries with high pollution potential to be migrating to countries with supposedly more lenient environmental regulations. Therefore the existence of differential behavior and environmental performance was analyzed in two groups of companies: one formed by foreign companies located in the region and sister companies abroad, and another by the foreign companies and the national ones. As to the environmental conduct, the environmental certifications and the disclosure of sustainability reports were analyzed, and in these reports, the publication of emission levels of pollutants and investments directed to the control of pollution and / or environmental improvement. The environmental performance was evaluated from the parameters of pollutant emissions in air and water proposed by the Best Available Techniques (BAT) approach. It was possible to identify subtle environmental conduct differences between foreign and domestic enterprises, presenting, however, important differences in performance. Foreign industrial plants located in the Southern Cone show, in general, a superior environmental performance to those of their own sister companies abroad and to national firms in the sector. As these are different because they are newer plants which began operating in the second half of 2000, it seems that the technology used is equal to or higher than that observed in their countries of origin. Thus, the hypothesis of the formation of a pollution haven in the Southern Cone was not confirmed.

Orientador: Bela Feldman Bianco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T03:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanjurjo_LilianaLopes_D.pdf: 8232921 bytes, checksum: 537f5ef0c9f3383a05ecc52034d4a630 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta tese trata do campo de ativismo político das organizações de direitos humanos argentinas integradas por familiares de desaparecidos da última ditadura militar (1976-1983). O objetivo é compreender os processos sociais que levam essas organizações a assumirem o lugar de protagonistas na construção das memórias sobre o passado ditatorial, bem como analisar as disputas que envolvem a consolidação de uma memória pública sobre a ditadura nesse espaço nacional. Partindo de uma perspectiva histórica e processual da cultura, o intuito é analisar como os familiares de desaparecidos, ancorados nas relações de parentesco com as vítimas da repressão, atribuem sentido às suas próprias experiências e identidades, ao passo que encontram legitimidade social para suas demandas e ações políticas. Exploro assim como noções sobre política, parentesco, sangue, identidade e verdade atravessam os embates pelas memórias da ditadura na Argentina / Abstract: The thesis deals with the political activism of the Argentinean human rights organizations composed of the families of the disappeared people in the last military dictatorship (1976-1983). The goal is to understand the social processes that lead these organizations to play a major role in the construction of the memories concerning the dictatorial past, as well as analyzing the disputes over the definition of a public memory about the dictatorship in this national space. From a historical and procedural perspective of the culture, the intention is to analyze how the family members of the disappeared people, anchored in the kinship relations with the victims of the repression, give meaning to their own identities and experiences, whilst finding social legitimacy for their political actions and demands. Therefore, I explore how the notions concerning politics, kinship, blood, identity and truth integrate the disputes over the memories from the dictatorship in Argentina / Doutorado / Antropologia Social / Doutor em Antropologia Social

In the wake of the Cold War, regional organizations have proliferated and are now a dominant theme in global politics. This study tests whether explanations for the Nordic peace can help to understand or construct other zones of peace in these increasingly important regional settings. With that in mind, this study compares the Nordic area of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden with the Southern Cone region–here defined as Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay–and both are treated as regional, subsystemic zones of peace. Its significance lies in analysis of two developmentally disparate regions not yet compared in zones of peace literature. Using structured, focused comparison, this study is guided by fundamental questions about each region that assess the relationship between explanations for regional peace and their respective historical records. Understanding the conditions that permit the endurance of peace in today’s global context has far-reaching empirical and theoretical implications.

El proyecto que se presenta a continuación es un Centro de Alto rendimiento de Natación que se desarrolla como elemento integrado e hito urbano dentro de la ciudad. Ubicado en el cono sur de Lima, en el distrito de San Juan de Miraflores, que por la cantidad de complejos deportivos en su extensión tiene vocación a ser un foco deportivo importante. Sin embargo, en la ciudad de Lima no existe la infraestructura adecuada para la formación de deportistas de alto nivel en sus diversas disciplinas, siendo la natación una de las más afectadas. Es de esta manera como surge la concepción del proyecto, como una propuesta de solución para el desarrollo del deporte en su máximo nivel de exigencia y competitividad. Que busca ser el principal escenario deportivo de competencias nacionales e internacionales y ampliar la práctica de las disciplinas acuáticas, brindando una formación especializada para el desarrollo de deportistas de alto nivel desde sus inicios. El proyecto arquitectónico tiene como principal enfoque crear interrelaciones espaciales mediante un espacio interior flexible que incorpore vistas programa, múltiples usos y calidad espacial que permita al edificio exhibir su interior y así lograr el contacto entre los diferentes usuarios creando circuitos definidos de acuerdo con cada uno. / The Project presented below is a High-Performance Swimming Center that is developed as an integrated element and urban landmark within the city. Located in the southern cone of Lima, in the district of San Juan de Miraflores, which due to the number of sports complexes in its extension has the vocation to be an important sports focus. However in the city of Lima there is no adequate infrastructure for the training of high-level athletes in their various disciplines, swimming being one of the most affected. It is in this way that the conception of the project arises, as a solution proposal for the development of sport at its highest level of demand and competitiveness. It seeks to be the main sports venue for national and international competitions and expand the practice of aquatic disciplines, providing specialized training for the development of high-level athletes from the beginning. The main focus of the architectural project is to create spatial interrelations through a flexible interior space that incorporates program views, multiple uses and spatial quality that allows the building to display its interior and thus achieve contact between the different users creating defined circuits according to each one. / Tesis

Marta Traba (1923-1983), écrivaine et critique d’art argentino-colombienne, est principalement connue en Amérique latine pour ses écrits critiques, son engagement pour le développement de l’art moderne en Colombie, et plus largement pour sa « théorie de la résistance » qui prône dans les arts plastiques une défense des identités culturelles latino-américaines. Son œuvre littéraire, en revanche, est beaucoup moins connue. Or, elle est non seulement très riche, mais elle forme le pendant narratif à son œuvre critique, un ensemble de récits innervés, de manière plus ou moins profonde, des conceptions et de la culture trabiennes sur l’art. Il s’agit dès lors de reconsidérer ces deux pans de sa production écrite comme un tout cohérent, et de montrer les influences et les interactions entre sa critique d’art et sa littérature, mais également entre les arts plastiques qui forment sa culture artistique et ses écrits fictionnels. Il apparaît alors que Marta Traba conçoit et pratique son écriture critique comme une écriture « littérarisée » et, réciproquement et surtout, sa littérature comme une littérature « artialisée » : la valorisation constante du regard esthétique sur le monde et d’une sensorialité exacerbée dessine un idéal de contemplation tout au long de son œuvre littéraire ; les insertions continues d’une terminologie critique et de références aux œuvres d’art, sur un mode tantôt clairement didactique, tantôt subtilement ludique, invitent le lecteur à lire ses fictions et poèmes au prisme du sous-texte artistique qui enrichit leur sens ; enfin, le récit devient le lieu d’expérimentation des théories trabiennes de la « résistance », entre réaffirmation de la place de l’Amérique latine sur la carte de l’art mondial, mise à distance défensive des influences nord-américaines et réappropriation locale, par « transculturation », des modèles artistiques étrangers. L’étude de l’artialisation de la littérature trabienne est donc loin d’être l’analyse d’un simple procédé formel : elle dégage, nous semble-t-il, un véritable style trabien, miroir de l’écrivaine et de ses convictions. / Marta Traba (1923-1983), an Argentinian-Colombian writer and art critic, is most famous in Latin America for her critiques, her commitment to develop modern art in Colombia, and, more generally, for her “theory of resistance” which advocates the defence of the many cultural Latin-American identities in fine arts. Her literary work, however, is far less well-known. And yet, not only is it very rich, but it also constitutes the narrative counterpart to her critiques – a collection of tales innervated, to different degrees, with Traba’s notions on and knowledge of art. It is consequently about reconsidering these two sides of her written production as a consistent whole, and identifying the influences and interactions between her art critiques and her literary work, as well as between the fine arts which make up her artistic culture and her fictional writings.It then appears that Marta Traba devises and practices her critical writing “literarily” as she does, above all, her literary work “artistically”: the constant enhancement of the aesthetic eye on the world and of an intensified sensory experience shape an ideal of contemplation throughout her literary work; the continuous inserts of a critical terminology and of references to art works, sometimes in a clearly didactic mode, sometimes in a subtly playful manner, invite the reader to read her fiction stories and poems in the light of the artistic subtext which enriches their meaning; finally, the tale becomes the place where Traba’s theories of “resistance” are tested, at the crossroads of the re-affirmation of the place of Latin America on the map of international art, of the defensive distancing from North American influences, and of the local re-appropriation, by “transculturation”, of the foreign artistic models. The study of the artistic mutation of Traba’s literary work is therefore far from boiling down to the analysis of a mere formal process: from our point of view, it reveals an authentic style, Traba’s style, which is the mirror of the writer and her convictions.