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MODELING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID-STATE AND VACUUM HIGH-POWER MICROWAVE DEVICESXiaojun Zhu (8039564) 30 November 2023 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">High-power microwave (HPM) devices are generally vacuum-based devices that transform electron beam energy into microwaves with peak powers above 100 MW from 1-300 GHz. Solid-state HPM devices provide more compactness and greater reliability while consuming less power. Nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) provide a solid-state alternative to HPM generation by sharpening the input pulses from a pulse forming network to create output oscillations.</p><p dir="ltr">The first section of this dissertation evaluates and explores the feasibility of using nonlinear composites containing ferroelectric (e.g., Ba<sub>2/3</sub>Sr<sub>1/3</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>, BST) and/or ferromagnetic (e.g., Ni<sub>1/2</sub>Zn<sub>1/2 </sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, NZF) inclusions in a linear polymer host (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) to tune NLTL properties for HPM applications. Appropriately modelling and designing NLTLs using nonlinear composites require accurately characterizing their linear and nonlinear electromagnetic properties. We first studied the electromagnetic properties of the composites using theoretical, numerical, and experimental approaches. Incorporating these composite models and characterizations into NLTL simulations will be discussed.</p><p dir="ltr">Vacuum-based HPM devices, such as magnetrons and crossed-field amplifiers, generally operate in the space-charge-limited region, which corresponds to the maximum current possible for insertion into the device. This motivated studying the space-charge-limited current and electron flow in a two-dimensional (2D) planar diode with various crossed-magnetic fields using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. For non-magnetically insulated diodes (electrons emitted from the cathode can reach the anode), analytical and/or semi-empirical solutions are derived for electrons with nonzero monoenergetic initial velocity that agree well with PIC simulations. For magnetically insulated conditions, we developed new metrics using simulations and analytic theories to assess electron cycloidal and Brillouin flow to understand the implications of increasing injection current for 2D diodes. These analyses provide details on the operation of these devices at high currents, particularly virtual cathode operation, that may elucidate behavior near their limits of operation.</p>
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Crystal growth and charge carrier transport in liquid crystals and other novel organic semiconductorsPokhrel, Chandra Prasad 29 September 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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Effect of Alumina and LAGP Fillers on the Ionic Conductivity of Printed Composite Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion BatteriesCrisanti, Samuel Nathan, Crisanti 31 May 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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CHARGE TRANSPORT IN LIQUID CRYSTALLINE SMECTIC AND DISCOTIC ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS: NEW RESULTS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGIESPaul, Sanjoy 01 August 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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Characterization of Conduction and Polarization Properties of HVDC Cable XLPE Insulation MaterialsGhorbani, Hossein January 2016 (has links)
Since its first introduction in 1998, extruded direct current (DC) cable technology has been growing rapidly leading to many cable system installations with operation voltages up to 320 kV. Cable manufacturers invest heavily on technology development in this field and today extruded DC cable systems for operation voltages as high as 525 kV are commercially available. The electrical field distribution in electrical insulation under DC voltage is mainly determined by the conduction physics, therefore a good understanding of the DC conduction is necessary. In case of Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) insulation, the presence of the peroxide decomposition products (PDP) is believed to influence its electrical properties. The PDP are volatile and therefore they may diffuse out of the samples during sample preparation and testing. Besides, the morphology of the XLPE is known to evolve over time even at moderate temperatures. Since the material may change during preparation, storage and even measurement, the procedure during all stages of the study should be chosen carefully. In this work, the physics of the dielectric response and conduction in XLPE is briefly discussed. The existing measurement techniques relevant to characterization of DC conduction in XLPE insulation materials are reviewed. The procedure for high field DC conductivity measurement is evaluated and recommendations for obtaining reproducible results are listed. Two types of samples are studied, i.e. thick press molded samples and thick plaque samples obtained from the insulation of in-factory extruded cables. For press molded samples, the influence of the press film used during press molding and the effect of heat-treatment on the electrical properties of XLPE and LDPE are studied. High field DC conductivity of XLPE plaque samples is measured with a dynamic electrode temperature to simulate the standard thermal cycles. Investigations show that using PET film during press molding leads to higher apparent DC conductivity and dielectric losses when compared to using aluminum foil. The influence of heat-treatment is different depending on the press film. High field DC conductivity measurements and chemical composition measurement of samples obtained from the cable insulation are in good agreement with the results obtained from the full scale measurements. Finally a non-monotonic dependence of apparent DC conductivity to temperature of some samples pressed with PET film is discovered which to the author’s best of knowledge has not been previously reported in the literature. / Sedan det första införandet i 1998 har extruderad likspänning (DC) kabeltekniken vuxit snabbt och har lett till många existerande kabelsysteminstallationer med driftspänningar upp till 320 kV. Kabeltillverkare investerar kraftigt i teknikutveckling inom detta område och idag finns extruderade DC kabelsystemen tillgängliga för driftspänningar så höga som 525 kV. Elektrisk fältfördelning i isolationsmaterial under hög DC spänning, beror framförallt på materialets elektriska ledningsfysik, därför är en bra förståelse av DC ledningsförmåga nödvändig. Isolationsmaterial av tvärbunden polyeten (PEX) innehåller tvärbindningsrestgaser som tros påverka materialets elektriska egenskaper. Restgaserna är flyktiga och kan diffundera bort från proven under preparering och mätning, även under måttliga temperaturer. PEX materialets morfologi ändras även med tiden. Med tanke på att materialet kan ändras under provpreparering, lagring och även vid mätning, så måste samtliga steg ovan väljas mycket försiktigt. I detta arbete diskuteras grundläggande fysik för dielektrisk polarisering och ledningsförmåga i PEX-isolation tillsammans med granskning av existerande mätteknik relevant för karakterisering av ledningsförmåga i PEX. Procedurer för mätning av DC ledningsförmåga under höga elektriska fält är undersökta och rekommendationer för reproducerbar mätningar är framtagna. Två typer av prover är studerade, tjocka pressade plattor och tjocka plattor som ursvarvats från kommersiell tillverkade högspänningskablar. För pressade plattor, studerades effekten utav press-filmens påverkan på de elektriska egenskaperna hos PEX och LDPE. Påverkan av värmebehandling på DC ledningsförmåga av PEX plattor studerades också. Slutligen studerades DC ledningsförmåga av PEX och LDPE plattor under höga DC fält och med dynamisk temperatur på elektroderna med syftet att efterlikna standardvärmecyklingar. Undersökningarna visade att användningen av PET filmer under pressning av plattor ledde till högre DC ledningsförmåga och högre dielektriska förluster i proven i jämförelse med användning av aluminiumfolie. Påverkan utav värmebehandling är olika beroende på typ av film som används pressningen. Det finns en stark korrelation mellan resultaten från DC konduktivitet och kemisk komposition mätningar från plattor skaffat från kabelisolation och resultaten från fullskaliga kabelmätningar. Slutligen, upptäcktes ett icke monotont beroende av DC konduktivitet hos PEX och LDPE plattor på temperatur som tidigare inte rapporterats i litteraturen. / <p>QC 20160125</p>
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Liquid-based electroactive polymers (LEAP) for a new class of soft actuators and generatorsSîrbu, Ion-dan 27 January 2023 (has links)
Future robotic systems will be pervasive technologies operating autonomously in unknown spaces that are shared with humans. Such complex interactions make it compulsory for them to be lightweight, soft, and efficient in a way to guarantee safety, robustness and long-term operation. This set of qualities can be achieved using soft multipurpose systems that combine, integrate and commute between conventional electromechanical and fluidic drives, as well as harvest energy during inactive actuation phases for increased energy efficiency. Recent research work has shown that dielectric fluids with specific properties, can be combined with stretchable or flexible shell structures made of polymeric dielectric/electrode composite films, to implement a novel type of soft electrically-driven fluidic transducers with self-healing and self-sensing capabilities that take the name of Liquid-based Electro-Active Polymer transducers (LEAPs). These devices are similar to dielectric elastomer transducers in regards to their electrostatic working principle, but they can potentially produce larger displacements due to their lower mechanical stiffness. In this thesis a novel electrostatic transducer is presented; the transducer is made of thin polymer films and liquid dielectrics, combined with rigid stiffening elements to form a circular electrostatic bellow muscle (EBM) unit capable of out-of-plane contraction. These units are easy to manufacture and can be arranged in arrays and stacks that can be employed as contractile artificial muscles, pumps for fluid-driven soft robots, or as energy harvesters. As artificial muscles, EBMs of 20 - 40 millimeters in diameter can exert forces of up to 6 newtons, lift loads over a hundred times their own weight, and reach contractions of over 40 per cent with strain rates over 1200 per cents per second, with a bandwidth over 10 Hz. As pump drivers, EBMs produce flow rates of up 0.63 liters per minute and maximum pressure head of 6 kilopascals, whereas as generators, they reach a conversion efficiency close to 20 per cent. The compact shape, low cost, simple assembling procedure, high reliability and large contractions make the EBM a promising technology for high-performance robotic systems.
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Electronic and Magnetic Properties of the Fe/GaAs(110) InterfaceIffländer, Tim 30 October 2015 (has links)
No description available.
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Überschlagsverhalten von Gas-Feststoff-Isoliersystemen unter GleichspannungsbelastungHering, Maria 28 April 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Gasisolierte Systeme im Gleichspannungsbetrieb vereinen für Anwendungen moderner Energieübertragung die Forderungen nach kleinräumigen Anlagen und verlustarmem Energietransport über große Entfernungen. Für einen zuverlässigen und sicheren Betrieb muss das Verhalten der eingesetzten Gas-Feststoff-Isolierung im technologischen System bis an die Grenzen des Isolationsvermögens bekannt sein. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist deshalb das Überschlagsverhalten von Gas-Feststoff-Isoliersystemen unter Gleichspannungsbelastung. Dabei stehen zwei wesentliche Einflussfaktoren im Vordergrund: die Temperatur, motiviert durch reale Stromwärmeverluste, und eine feste Störstelle auf der Gas-Feststoff-Grenzfläche, motiviert durch in der Praxis nicht völlig auszuschließende, metallische Partikel. Die Effekte dieser beiden Parameter auf die Feldverteilung, die Oberflächen- und Raumladungsbildung sowie das Isolationsvermögen bei Gleichspannung werden zunächst in zwei Versuchsanordnungen separat experimentell untersucht. Anschließend wird deren Zusammenwirken und gegenseitige Beeinflussung im Gesamtsystem analysiert.
Die betriebsbedingte Erwärmung der Leiter gasisolierter Systeme führt zu einer inhomogenen Temperaturverteilung, die sich auf die Eigenschaften der Isolierstoffe Gas und Epoxidharz auswirkt. Die von der Temperatur abhängige Leitfähigkeit der Feststoffisolatoren führt zu einer temperaturabhängigen Feldverteilung, bei der sich der Ort der Höchstfeldstärke verschiebt. Dabei kann sich der Absolutwert der Höchstfeldstärke erhöhen und somit das Isolationsvermögen verringern. Gleichzeitig weist das Isoliergas nahe des erwärmten Leiters lokal eine geringere Dichte und damit eine geringere dielektrische Festigkeit auf. Die thermisch bedingte Minderung des Isolationsvermögens bei Gleichspannung beträgt in der untersuchten Anordnung (25 ... 35) %.
In den schwach inhomogenen Feldern gasisolierter Anlagen erweisen sich metallische Partikel auf Isolatoren ab drei Millimetern Länge als besonders kritisch. Bei einem Gasdruck unterhalb von 0,3 MPa setzen an den Partikelspitzen zum Teil bereits ab 50 % der Durchschlagsspannung ohne Partikel Teilentladungen ein, sodass die Koronastabilisierung zu einer vergleichsweise hohen Überschlagsspannung führt. Durch diese stabilen Glimmentladungen kann die Störstelle bei Gleichspannung durch die üblichen Detektionsverfahren jedoch nicht zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen werden. Oberhalb von 0,3 MPa treten vor dem Überschlag keine Teilentladungen auf. Aufgrund der fehlenden Koronastabilisierung kann die Isolationsfestigkeit durch einen erhöhten Gasdruck nicht oder nur stark unterproportional gesteigert werden. Die mit der Modellanordnung gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sind nachweislich auf Isolatoren kommerzieller Anlagen übertragbar.
Das in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchte Überschlagsverhalten von Gas-Feststoff-Isoliersystemen unter Gleichspannungsbelastung wird maßgeblich durch die Temperaturverteilung und durch feste Störstellen auf der Grenzfläche beeinflusst. Oberflächen- und Raumladungen verändern das üblicherweise ohmsch-kapazitiv beschriebene Verhalten des Isolierstoffsystems bei Gleich- und Mischspannungsbelastung. Der Einfluss zusätzlicher Ladungsträger auf die stark temperaturabhängige Feldumbildung demonstriert, dass das Isoliergas in diesem Fall mit teilchendichte- und feldstärkeabhängigen Drift- und Diffusionsprozessen zur Modellierung des transienten Verhaltens von Gleichspannungssystemen berücksichtigt werden muss. Die Untersuchung des Systemverhaltens an den Grenzen des Isolationsvermögens ist wichtiger Bestandteil bei der Entwicklung innovativer Technologien der modernen Energieübertragung bei steigender Übertragungsleistung. / DC operated gas-insulated systems combine the demand for space saving installations and lowloss energy transport over long distances for applications of recent energy transmission. In order to ensure a reliable and safe operation, the behaviour of the gas-solid insulation, which is used in the technological system, has to be known up to the limits of the insulation properties. Hence, this thesis deals with the flashover behaviour of gas-solid insulation systems under DC voltage stress. Thereby, it focuses on two main influence factors: the temperature, due to real current heat losses, and an adhesive defect on the gas-solid interface, due to metallic particles that cannot be fully excluded in practice. Firstly, it is investigated experimentally in two test arrangements, how each parameter separately affects the electrical field distribution, the surface and volume charge accumulation and the insulation performance under DC voltage stress. Following that, their interaction and mutual influence is analysed in the whole system.
Due to operating currents, the heating of the conductors in gas-insulated systems causes an inhomogeneous temperature distribution, that affects the properties of the insulating materials gas and epoxy resin. The temperature-dependent conductivity of the solid insulators leads to a temperature-dependent field distribution. Thereby, the location of the highest field strength is shifted. Since the absolute value of the highest field strength can increase, the insulation performance can decrease. Simultaneously, the insulating gas close to the heated conductor locally has a lower gas density and therefore a lower dielectric strength. The thermal related reduction of the insulation performance under DC voltage stress amounts to (25 ... 35) % in the investigated arrangement.
Metallic particles, with a length of more than three millimetres and adhering on spacers, turn out to be particularly critical in the weakly inhomogeneous field of gas-insulated systems. At pressures below 0,3 MPa, partial discharges at the particle tips partly ignite already at 50 %of the breakdown voltage without a particle. The corona stabilisation leads to a relatively high flashover voltage. However, due to these stable glow discharges under DC voltage stress, the defect can not be unequivocally proven by usual detection methods. Above 0,3 MPa, no partial discharges occur before the flashover. Due to the missing corona stabilisation, with a higher gas pressure, the insulation strength is not or only disproportionately low increasing. The findings gained with the model arrangement are evidently applicable to spacers of commercial installations.
The flashover behaviour of gas-solid insulation systems under DC voltage stress, examined in this thesis, is influenced significantly by the temperature distribution and adhesive particles on the interface. Surface and volume charges change the generally resistive-capacitive described behaviour of the insulation system under DC and superimposed voltage stress. The influence of additional charge carriers on the strongly temperature-dependent field transition demonstrates, that in this case, the insulating gas with its drift and diffusion processes, depending on the particle density and the field strength, has to be considered, when modelling the transient behaviour of DC operated systems. Investigating the system behaviour to the limits of the insulation properties is a crucial element of developing innovative technologies of the modern energy transmission at increasing transmissions powers.
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Étude et exploitation de bolomètres de nouvelle génération à électrodes concentriques pour la recherche de matière noire froide non-baryonique dans l’expérience Edelweiss II / Study of new germanium bolometers with interleaved concentric electrodes fot non-baryonic cold dark matter direct detection in the Edelweiss-II experimentDomange, Jocelyn 30 September 2011 (has links)
EDELWEISS est une expérience de détection directe de matière noire froide non-baryonique sous forme de particules massives et faiblement interagissantes (connues sous l'acronyme de WIMPs), qui constituent actuellement les candidats les plus populaires pour rendre compte de la masse manquante de l'Univers. Dans ce but, EDELWEISS utilise des bolomètres de germanium opérés à température cryogénique (20 mK environ) dans le Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (LSM) à la frontière franco-italienne. En particulier, depuis 2008, un nouveau type de détecteur est en fonctionnement, équipé d'électrodes concentriques pour optimiser le rejet des évènements de surface (détecteurs à grilles coplanaires). Cette thèse se décompose en plusieurs axes de recherche. Tout d'abord, nous avons réalisé des mesures concernant la collecte des charges dans les cristaux. Les lois de vitesse des porteurs (électrons et trous) ont été déterminées dans le germanium à 20 mK dans la direction <100>, et une étude complète de la répartition des charges a été menée, avec une évaluation de l'anisotropie du transport et de la diffusion transverse des porteurs. Ces résultats permettent d'avoir une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement interne des détecteurs d'Edelweiss. Ensuite, des études portant sur l'amélioration des performances ont été effectuées. Nous avons en particulier permis d'optimiser la procédure de régénération des cristaux et améliorer le rejet passif des évènements de surface (β). Le volume utile de détection des détecteurs a été évalué en utilisant les raies de deux radio-isotopes activés cosmiquement, le 68Ge et le 65Zn. Enfin, une étude exhaustive portant sur l'étude des spectres à basse énergie a été menée, ce qui permet de mettre au point une méthode d'analyse systématique pour la recherche de WIMPs de basse masse dans EDELWEISS. / EDELWEISS is a direct non-baryonic cold dark matter detection experiment in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (also known as WIMPs), which currently constitute the most popular candidates to account for the missing mass in the Universe. To this purpose, EDELWEISS uses germanium bolometers at cryogenic temperature (20 mK approximately) in the Underground Laboratory of Modane (LSM) at the French-Italian border. Since 2008, a new type of detector is operated, equipped with concentric electrodes to optimize the rejection of surface events (coplanar-grid detectors). This thesis work is divided into several research orientations. First, we carried out measurements concerning charge collection in the crystals. The velocity laws of the carriers (electrons and holes) have been determined in germanium at 20 mK in the <100> orientation, and a complete study of charge sharing has been done, including an evaluation of the transport anisotropy and of the straggling of the carriers. These results lead to a better understanding of the inner properties of the EDELWEISS detectors. Then, studies relating to the improvement of the performances were carried out. In particular, we have optimized the space-charge cancellation procedure in the crystals and improved the passive rejection of surface events (β). The fiducial volume of the detectors has been evaluated using two X-ray lines from cosmically activated radionuclides: 68Ge and 65Zn. Lastly, an exhaustive study of the low energy spectra has been carried out, which makes it possible to develop a systematic analysis method for the search of low-mass WIMPs in EDELWEISS.
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Etude du transport de charges dans les polymères semi-conducteurs à faible bande interdite et de son impact sur les performances photovoltaïques / Study of charge transport in low band-gap semiconducting polymers and its impact on phototovoltaic performancesFall, Sadiara 12 April 2013 (has links)
Le transport de charges dans une série de copolymères à faible bande interdite basés sur l'alternance de motifs riches en électrons (thiophène, thiénothiophène) et d‘unités déficients en électrons (benzothiadiazole) et dans leurs mélanges avec un dérivé du fullerène (PCBM-C60) a été étudié. Les polymères sont différenciés par la structure moléculaire de leur coeur conjugué et par la nature, la position et la densité de leurs chaines latérales. Dans les polymères purs, la mobilité a été étudiée en fonction de la densité de charges par le biais de l’analyses de caractéristiques électriques de transistors à effet de champ et de dispositifs à un seul type de porteurs dont le courant est limité par la charge d’espace. En utilisant le modèle de transport de charges développé par Vissenberg et al., nous avons pu estimer le degré de désordre dans le film organique et corréler le transport de charge avec le degré d’ordre structural mesuré par la diffraction des Rayons-X. Ces polymères ont été conçus pour être utilisés dans la couche active des cellules solaires organiques. Grâce à l’étude du transport de charges dans les mélanges à différents ratios massiques polymères:fullerène, nous avons mis en évidence l’effet considérable de la structure moléculaire sur le ratio optimal polymère:fullerène. Aussi, nous avons pu montrer que la nature des chaînes latérales joue un rôle important dans l’obtention d’un chemin de percolation optimal à la conduction des électrons. / The charge transport in a series of low band-gap copolymers based on the alternation of electron-rich units (thiophene, thienothiophene) and electron-deficient units (benzothiadiazole) and in their blends with a fullerene derivative (PCBM-C60) is investigated. The polymers are differentiated by the molecular structure of the conjugated backbone and by the nature, position and density of alkyl side chains. In pristine polymer films, the hole mobility has been investigated as a function of charge carrier density by analyzing the electrical response of field-effect transistors and single carrier spacecharge- limited current devices. By using the charge transport model developed by Vissenberg et al., we could quantify the structural disorder for the different polymers and correlate their degree of anisotropy with structural data obtained by Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X-ray diffraction. These polymers have been used in the active layer of organic solar cells. The ambipolar chargetransport was investigated in the corresponding polymer:fullerene blends. The results show that the side chains play a major role on the polymer: fullerene interactions and controls the optimal weight ratio. Also, we have shown that the nature of the side chains has a strong impact in the optimal electron conducting pathways.
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