Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:10:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CaioCGS_DISSERT.pdf: 3511546 bytes, checksum: d5fdf924a4b8dee128c7cddd8ad4beea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The neighborhood of Nossa Senhora da Apresenta??o emerged in the 1970s, with its origins linked to housing policies carried out during the Brazilian Military Regime (1964-1985) by the Company Housing (COHAB) subordinated to the National Housing Bank (BNH). In this sense, the neighborhood is considered a periphery, located in the northern part of the city. With a large territory and population, it is considered the largest neighborhood in the state capital Natal - and its metropolitan area. The neighborhood also represents an urban space that presents social, economic and structural contrasts among them violence. The neighborhood is the leader in homicide rates in the capital. Therefore, the following study, based on empirical analysis of three distinct spaces within the neighborhood, aims to analyze how social actors perceive their own neighborhood and, specifically, segregation and violence. As this work shows, these two instances of urban life are not separated in the discourse of the residents. The main contribution of this work is the analysis of the impact of those views on the construction of social stigmas, reproduced within the neighborhood, on the fragmentation of the social and spatial fabric, and on the formation of poor and elitist spaces within the neighborhood, confirming the hypothesis that we are facing a New Urban Periphery / O Bairro Nossa Senhora da Apresenta??o surgiu na d?cada de 1970, atrelado ?s pol?ticas habitacionais empreendidas durante o Regime Militar Brasileiro (1964 - 1985), que por sua vez foram financiadas via institui??es p?blicas de provimento da casa pr?pria, como a Companhia da Habita??o (COHAB), subordinada ao Banco Nacional de Habita??o (BNH). O Nossa Senhora da Apresenta??o ? considerado um bairro perif?rico, situado na regi?o administrativa Norte da cidade, onde possui consider?veis extens?es territoriais e demogr?ficas e, por isso, ? considerado o maior bairro da capital Natal e de sua Regi?o Metropolitana. O bairro tamb?m se constitui como um espa?o urbano que concentra s?rios contrastes sociais, econ?micos e estruturais que passam a ser externados atrav?s de problemas locais, como o da viol?ncia, uma vez que estatisticamente ocupa a lideran?a nas taxas de homic?dios da capital. Portanto, o presente trabalho, partindo da an?lise emp?rica de tr?s espa?os distintos no interior do bairro, tem como objetivo principal analisar como os atores sociais que comp?em o cotidiano do Nossa Senhora da Apresenta??o tecem a imagem do bairro por meio das percep??es da segrega??o e da viol?ncia, uma vez que estas duas n?o s?o dissociadas no discurso do morador. O trabalho traz como principal contribui??o a an?lise dos impactos desses olhares, que ficam evidentes na forma??o de estigmas sociais reproduzidos no interior do bairro, na fragmenta??o do tecido social e espacial e na forma??o de espa?os pobres e elitizados no interior da comunidade abordada, confirmando a hip?tese de que estamos diante de uma Nova Periferia urbana

Les déchets ménagers sont devenus un problème crucial qui inquiète de plus en plus municipalité et population à Conakry. Car l’actuel mode de gestion des déchets est marqué par d’importants dysfonctionnements. Le taux de collecte qui était de 70 % en 1997 atteint à peine aujourd’hui les 20 % alors que la quantité de déchets produits continue d’augmenter (600 t en 1997 à plus 1500 t en 2015). Le caractère inopérant des structures de collecte et d’évacuation des déchets ménagers favorise l’implantation des dépotoirs sauvages incontrôlés partout dans la ville. Les immondices non ramassés, les eaux usées non canalisées, les voiries dégradées sont devenus le cauchemar des habitants. Suite à cette insalubrité croissante, Conakry affiche l’image d’une ville prise en otage par des "montagnes d’immondices". Ces derniers sont devenus le reflet d’une configuration socio-spatiale duale avec l’existence d’une sorte de « ségrégation » dans le service de pré-collecte et d’élimination des déchets. Au moment où les principaux axes, les centres administratifs, commerciaux et les quartiers riches bénéficient d’un service minimum de collecte, les quartiers populaires et pauvres où pourtant les densités élevées de populations conduisent à la production d’importantes quantités de déchets sont totalement ignorés. On assiste ainsi, à travers la gestion des déchets à deux villes dans la même cité : une ville moderne avec plus ou moins de collecte et l’autre, délaissée avec des quartiers insalubres. Devant ces disparités, les autorités ont développé et expérimenté des outils et essaient de trouver des stratégies de gestion optimale. Malheureusement, les outils mis en œuvre ont montré leurs limites, car ils se sont révélés inefficaces. Notre thèse essaie d’analyser les raisons de ces échecs de gestion dans un contexte de ségrégation socio-spatiale et de construire une perspective de gestion qui prend en compte le traitement et la valorisation en vue de l’amélioration de la situation environnementale et sanitaire du pays. Les données qui ont permis d’aboutir à ces résultats proviennent d’une recherche documentaire menée en France et en Guinée, d’un travail de géolocalisation des emplacements des déchets ménagers, d’entretiens auprès des acteurs institutionnels et non institutionnels, et d’enquêtes auprès des ménages de la ville. / Household wastes have become a crucial problem which worries more and more municipality and population in Conakry. Because the current way of managing of waste is marked by important dysfunctions. The rate of collection which of 70% was in 1997 reached hardly today the 20% whereas the quantity of waste produced keeps on increasing, (600 T in 1997 to more 1500 T in 2015). The inoperative character of the structures of collection and evacuation of household wastes promote the establishment of the uncontrolled wild dumps everywhere in the city. The rubbish not collected, the sewage not channelled, the degraded roadway systems have become the nightmare of the inhabitants. Following this increasing insalubrity, Conakry displays the image of a city taken hostage by “mountains of rubbish”. The latter has become the reflection of a dual socio-spatial configuration with the existence of a kind of “segregation” in the service of pre-collection and waste disposal. At the time when the main axes, the administrative centres, shopping precinct and the rich districts profit from a minimum service of collection, the popular quarters and the poor where however the high densities of populations lead to the production of important quantities of waste are completely ignored. One attends thus through waste management two cities in the same city: a modern city with more or less of collection and the other, forsaken with unhealthy districts. In front of these disparities, the authorities developed and tried out tools and try to find strategies of optimal management. Unfortunately, the tools implemented showed their limits, because they appeared ineffective. Our thesis tries to analyse the reasons of these failures of management in a context of socio-space segregation and to build a prospect for management which takes into account the treatment and valorisation for the improvement of the environmental and medical situation of the country. The data which made it possible to lead to these results come from a document retrieval undertaken in France and Guinea, of a work of geolocation of the sites of household wastes, talks near the institutional and no institutional actors, and investigations near the households of the city.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-06-20T14:47:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Franscimere Cordeiro de Souza - 2018.pdf: 5023878 bytes, checksum: 79290997dade68417e1a486f8c52684e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-06-27T10:36:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Franscimere Cordeiro de Souza - 2018.pdf: 5023878 bytes, checksum: 79290997dade68417e1a486f8c52684e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T10:36:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Franscimere Cordeiro de Souza - 2018.pdf: 5023878 bytes, checksum: 79290997dade68417e1a486f8c52684e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Urban segregation linked to social inequalities is one of the major problems facing current capitalist society. In the city of Iporá-GO, social segregation is present in the urban housing complex, whereby neighborhoods are neglected by the city's management when talking about infrastructure, education, health, culture, public policies and other social factors. The Serrinha Sector was the neighborhood selected for an in-depth study aiming to find the elements that evidence the urban segregation in the city of Iporá-GO. The problem involved in the research was to understand the reasons that lead to the existence of socio-spatial segregation in the sawmill sector? What is the profile of the resident of the sector? And what political actions can be taken to make the population feel welcomed by the public policies of Iporá-GO? The justification for choosing this sector was due to the distance it presents from the center of Iporá-GO and the precariousness of most of the houses that make up the sector. Within the theory that discusses the urban segregation it is understood that the State plays an important role in the socio-spatial segregation, because it exerts not only the power, but to be an instrument of domination. Not only the state and the public force, but the capitalist system itself maintains and contributes to the segregation of the subjects in space. It highlights two reasons that lead to segregation, the role of politics and the capitalist system that per se segregates. The Serrinha Sector was a housing complex created by the management of Iporá-GO in the 1980, contributing to the segregation of the residents of this sector, mainly due to the distance that it was built in relation to the urban layout of the time. The methodological procedures of this work are to present the spatial formation of the city, its location and its urban expansion over time. To highlight the segregation of the Serrinha Sector by means of images and data from the City Hall, demonstrating the social inequalities present in urban space, applying the theory to practice allied to the reality of Iporá-GO. To approach the already discussed theories about socio-spatial segregation and finally to describe the population of the Serrinha Sector through a questionnaire that is attentive to the perception of the residents in relation to the public policies and to what the inhabitants of this place have perceived in relation to the segregation and the inequalities social policies. In the opportunity was heard the population of the neighborhood, about what improvements they expect from the management of the city to benefit the living of the residents in their space. After establishing the problems of the Sector the final objective of the work was to propose new parameters to the management, so that the research collaborates with the urban development of the Sector. / A segregação urbana ligada às desigualdades sociais é um dos maiores problemas enfrentados pela sociedade capitalista atual. Na cidade de Iporá-GO, encontra-se presente, no conjunto habitacional urbano, a segregação social, pela qual bairros são negligenciados pela gestão da cidade quando se fala em infraestrutura, educação, saúde, cultura, políticas públicas, entre outros fatores sociais. O Setor Serrinha foi o bairro selecionado para um estudo aprofundado, com o objetivo de buscar elementos que evidenciem a segregação urbana na cidade de Iporá-GO. A problemática envolvida na pesquisa foi a de entender quais os motivos que levam a existir a segregação socioespacial no Setor Serrinha, o perfil do morador do setor e quais ações políticas podem ser feitas para que a população se sinta acolhida pelas políticas públicas de Iporá-GO. A escolha deste setor justifica-se devido à distância que o mesmo apresenta do centro de Iporá-GO e a precariedade da maioria das casas que compõe o setor. Dentro da teoria que discute a segregação urbana, entende-se que o Estado tem um papel importante na segregação socioespacial, pelo fato de ele exercer não só o poder, mas ser um instrumento de dominação. Além do Estado e da força pública, o próprio sistema capitalista acaba por manter e contribuir com a segregação dos sujeitos no espaço. Destacam-se dois motivos que levam à segregação: o papel da política e o sistema capitalista que por si só segrega. O Setor serrinha foi um conjunto habitacional criado pela gestão de Iporá-GO na década de 1980, contribuindo com a segregação dos moradores de tal setor, principalmente pela distância em que o mesmo foi construído em relação ao traçado urbano da época. Os procedimentos metodológicos desse trabalho visam apresentar a formação espacial da cidade, a sua localização e sua expansão urbana no decorrer do tempo. Destaca-se, por meio de imagens e de dados da prefeitura, a segregação do Setor Serrinha, demonstrando as desigualdades sociais presentes no espaço urbano, aplicando a teoria à prática aliada à realidade de Iporá-GO. São abordadas as teorias já discutidas sobre a segregação socioespacial para, por fim, descrever a população do Setor Serrinha através de um questionário que se atenta à percepção dos moradores em relação às políticas públicas e ao que os moradores desse local têm percebido no que tange à segregação e às desigualdades sociais urbanas. Na oportunidade, ouviu-se a população do bairro sobre quais as melhorias que eles esperam da gestão da cidade para beneficiar a vivência dos moradores em seu espaço. Após estabelecer os problemas do Setor, o objetivo final do trabalho foi o de propor novos parâmetros à gestão, para que a pesquisa colabore com o desenvolvimento urbano do Setor.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-02-03T20:00:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rubia Nara Silva Martins - 2014.pdf: 10087900 bytes, checksum: 9b30025f7956ee9ab4e5818bd3546970 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-02-03T20:00:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rubia Nara Silva Martins - 2014.pdf: 10087900 bytes, checksum: 9b30025f7956ee9ab4e5818bd3546970 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-03T20:00:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rubia Nara Silva Martins - 2014.pdf: 10087900 bytes, checksum: 9b30025f7956ee9ab4e5818bd3546970 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The issues involving the social spatial inequalities, urban segregation and social inclusion/exclusion in Goiânia, has been subject of studies and/or researches in the last few years. The central problem is that methodology for identification or mapping is not did integrated with a deep analyses with existing data. In this way, the proposal is use of geotechnologies like a support tool and/or improvement in the study of urban areas. So, this thesis has the central goal do available the social spatial inequalities in Goiânia, using the analysis for the social and economic data, with the methodology of treatment of georeferenced spatial data in GIS (Geographic Information System), with the bases the year of 2010. The used methodology involved a bibliographic research about the subjects involved at social spatial inequalities, segregation and geotechnologies; compilation of cartographic bases, construction and systematization of data; cartographic elaboration; in a exploring and quantification analysis for the social and economic profile in the Goiânia population. Based on the mapping and the related analysis, can be found that in Goiânia had a high horizontal growing in the last twenty years in the south and east areas in the city. The research showed the inequalities induced and self-segregation, and this process is marked in the territory with the social economic profile of population. And the population is directed, conditioning e segregated because of the agreements realized for the imobiliary agents with the government legitimation. The biggest part of the low income population is directing for the suburban areas in the city, because of the lower price of the soil, when they will get mobility and accessibility problems. While the richest class occupy a south and central portion in the city, with the entire basic infrastructure. The result is a contradictory situation in the city. By the way, is possible watch a small part the richest population living in the suburban areas with horizontal condos. In this way, the closed condos excluding this part of population to live in the ‘real’ city and follow their own standards inside the walls. The exclusionary distinguishing mark that you can find in Goiânia, in according with those business areas, is just the distance. / As questões envolvendo as desigualdades socioespaciais, a segregação urbana e inclusão/exclusão social em Goiânia, vêm sendo tema de estudos e/ou pesquisas já há alguns anos. O problema em questão é que a metodologia de identificação ou mapeamento não é realizada em conjunto com uma análise mais aprofundada dos dados existentes. Nesse sentido, a proposta é utilizar-se das geotecnologias como uma ferramenta de apoio e/ou aperfeiçoamento no estudo do espaço urbano. Assim a presente dissertação teve por objetivo geral avaliar as desigualdades socioespaciais de Goiânia por meio da espacialização de dados socioeconômicos, utilizando-se, para tanto, de metodologias de tratamentos de dados espaciais georreferenciados em SIG (Sistema de Informação Geográfica), tendo como parâmetro o ano de 2010. A metodologia utilizada compreendeu no levantamento bibliográfico acerca dos temas desigualdades socioespaciais, segregação socioespacial e geotecnologias; compilação de bases cartográficas, construção e sistematização de bancos de dados; elaboração cartográfica, na análise exploratória e quantificada do perfil socioeconômico da população goianiense. Com base nos mapeamentos e análises realizadas, pode-se constatar que em Goiânia houve um grande crescimento horizontal nos últimos vinte anos nas porções norte e oeste, e respectivamente um crescimento vertical na porção centrosul da cidade. Evidenciou-se a segregação induzida e autossegregação, e que esse processo está marcado no território pelo perfil socioeconômico da população. E ainda, que a população é direcionada, condicionada e segregada por meio dos arranjos praticados pelos agentes imobiliários com a legitimação da esfera pública. Haja vista, que a grande parcela de baixa renda é direcionada para as franjas da cidade devido ao menor custo desse solo, onde enfrentará problemas de mobilidade e acessibilidade. Enquanto que a parcela mais abastada direciona-se para a porção centro-sul, abastecida de toda a infraestrutura básica. Resultando assim numa situação contraditória. Além disso, é possível vislumbrar uma pequena parcela de alta renda se instalando nas bordas da cidade por meio de condomínios horizontais Por esse viés, os condomínios fechados negam o convívio com a denominada cidade “real” e seguem os seus próprios padrões dentro dos muros. O traço exclusivista que pode-se encontrar em Goiânia, de acordo com as áreas desses empreendimentos, é justamente a distância.

Orientador: Agnaldo de Sousa Barbosa / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender como o processo de informalidade urbana e segregação socioespacial impacta nas condições de vida dos moradores do assentamento informal do Bairro Jardim Niceia, no município de Bauru. Para cumprir esse propósito, as técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas foram observação participante como voluntária do projeto Voz do Niceia e membro das oficinas socioterritoriais do CRAS Jardim Europa; pesquisa documental referente aos 205 cadastros com dados socioeconômicos dos moradores do Jardim Niceia, realizados pela SEPLAN; informações oficiais com o poder público mediante solicitações de informações sobre o atendimento das famílias nas diferentes políticas públicas; e entrevistas semiestruturadas com famílias beneficiárias do BPC. A pesquisa está amparada no método de análise da ciência reflexiva, operacionalizada pelo estudo de caso ampliado. A partir da observação participante é possível considerar que para que os serviços públicos alcancem os cidadãos, é preciso buscar alternativas, pois as ofertadas hoje não atendem às necessidades das famílias. O perfil das famílias aponta para baixa escolaridade; maioria com mulheres como chefe de família; trabalhos menos remunerados e desemprego; e casal com filhos. Quanto ao acesso aos serviços públicos, o de saúde foi o único tangível a todas as entrevistadas, ainda que de difícil acesso. Quanto à situação de informalidade urbana, o impacto para a maioria das entrevistadas é a insegurança da posse, de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research has the goal of understanding how the process of urban informality and socio-spatial segregation affects the life condition of the residents of the informal settlement Bairro Jardim Niceia in the city of Bauru, Brazil. To fulfill that purpose, the research techniques used were: participant observation as a volunteer of the project Voz do Niceia and member of the socio-territorial workshops of the CRAS Jardim Europa; documentary research regarding the 205 registers containing socioeconomic data from the Jardim Niceia residents, performed by SEPLAN; official information from public power upon request for information on services given to the families in different public policies; and semi-structured interviews with the families that benefit from the BPC. The research is based on the reflective science analysis method, operationalized by the expanded case study. From the participant observation, it is possible to consider that in order for the public services to reach the citizens, it is necessary to find alternatives, since the ones offered today do not meet the families' needs. The family profile indicates low education levels; most have women as householders; low-paying jobs and unemployment; and couples with children. As for access to public services, healthcare was the only one accessible to all the interviewed, even if hard to access. As for the urban informality situation, the impact for the majority of the interviewed is the insecurity of ownership, since th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The mass displacement of people is a global phenomenon, inherent in human nature and the needfor survival. Over the last 30 years, Greece became a destination country for differentpopulations. Although the last wave of displacement people, starting from 2015, found Greece inan unstable economic situation due to the economic crisis. Since 2015, Greece has been facingthe two types of crises: economic and refugee. The refugee crisis found Greece, like many otherEU countries, unprepared for the number of people that they received. As well, for Greece therefugee crisis can be viewed as a crisis of legitimacy and strategies.During the last five years, Greece made significant steps in the regulation of the refugeesituation, especially after the EU-Turkey agreement in March 2016, when Greece officiallybecame a country of destination from a transit country. However, the laws and ministerialdecisions instead of decreasing the residential segregation led to an increase of socialsegregation. This paradox can be observed in the case of the Athenian municipality.This paradox defined the starting point of this thesis and aimed for the investigation of spatialand social segregation in the center of Athens. To study this theme qualitative data werecollected for analysis, including, semi-structured interviews, analysis of official documents, andobservation.The funding of this thesis illustrates that Greece never lost its status as a transit country. And thatthe biggest challenge that Athenian municipality is facing is the integration of refugees in Greeksociety. The undeveloped integration section shows significant distancing between Greeks andrefugees.

Purpose- The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between space, non-whiteness, embodied experiences and related perceptions, establishing reality connections for the participants in this matter. One notion that collides with the unrestricted individuality of these subjects, who are perceived as being outsiders to the Swedish norm, is the concept of Othering. The general aim is to gain a deeper understanding about the complexities of these women's experiences as of them being perceived as Others. Originality/value- This research adds to previous research by focussing on the understanding of the self as crucial in processes of Othering and by highlighting how hegemonic discourses construct an imagined national identity. Further, the abstract concept and sensation of segregation, feeling Othered and experiencing boundaries while moving around in a city are complex phenomena that will be examined in relation to urban spaces. Design/methodology/approach- The research study scope was chosen to be qualitative research approach in order to explore and identify variables that cannot be measured easily, in this case experiences and emotions, since predetermined information and literature and relying on other studies did not seem sufficient for this topic. In an attempt to capture the interpersonal and embodied experiences taken up by daughters of immigrants who live in the urban landscape of Malmö, four in-depth individual interviews were conducted. Findings- The presented narratives reveal the richness of the mechanisms of exclusion through Othering as a continuous process regarding both their embodied experiences as well as interpersonal interactions. Being Othered as a daughter of immigrants, irrespective of belonging to a certain ethnic background, is not a unitary or one-dimensional experience but is rather a collectivity of cohesive experiences. These experiences furthermore are neither exclusively determined by embodied or interpersonal encounters, nor are they to be avoided through modifying their behaviour, which ultimately means that these young women are always subjects of stigmata, categorizations or assumptions about them.

In dioecious plants, selection due to sex function differences has produced sex-specific life histories, morphologies, and physiologies. In many dioecious seed plants, dimorphisms and population sex ratios have been plausibly linked, but similar links are not yet apparent in dioecious bryophytes. Population sex ratio bias is often expected to favor the sex with lower investment in sexual reproduction, especially in resource-poor environments. Unlike in seed plants, bryophyte males may have higher average reproductive investment than females, which typically have low offspring production rates due to sperm limitation. However, traits aside from reproductive investment such as shoot and leaf arrangement may be differentially selected and could influence life history and sex ratio, but these are rarely tested. My questions concentrated on the dimorphic traits responsible for sex ratio bias and their links to sex function. My studies, using the moss Bryum argenteum, included field and greenhouse experiments investigating sex ratio bias and morphological plasticity along a light/canopy openness (exposure) gradient, a greenhouse comparison of clump morphology and water-holding capacity, and a field and growth chamber study on sex-specific responses to stress (high temperature and desiccation). The sex ratio of urban Lexington, KY was highly female-biased, did not correlate with exposure, and was not linked with pre-zygotic reproductive investment. Leaf characteristics of B. argenteum plastically responded to exposure but were not sex-specific. However, juvenile females produced shoots at a faster rate and grew taller in high light. Juvenile male shoots held more external water than female shoots, but this did not predict mature clump water-holding capacity. Male clumps were shorter, denser, and held less water than females likely to shed sperm-laden water for sexual reproduction. Clump height did not trade off with reproductive investment, adding evidence that sex-specific size is linked with other aspects of sex function. Although chlorophyll fluorescence data (a measure of the status of photosystem II) from both field and growth chamber experiments indicated subtle sex-specific stress recovery responses among sexually immature and mature plants, differences were weaker than predicted and sexually mature shoots did not fare worse than vegetative shoots. The sex differences in size, clump morphology, and clump water-holding capacity very likely affect survival, growth, competitive ability, and ultimately adult sex ratio bias.

Os condomínios e loteamentos fechados constituem um fenômeno urbano que vem se espalhando por todas as metrópoles brasileiras. Desde o final dos anos 1980, podemos observar um grande aumento no número de condomínios fechados dentro da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Os condomínios e loteamentos fechados, antes destinados à moradia da classe alta e localizados em grandes áreas das zonas periféricas da RMSP, atualmente atendem outras classes sociais e possuem características bastante distintas (tamanho da gleba, unidade habitacional, serviços coletivos). A preocupação com conforto foi suplantada pela necessidade de segurança e pelo status. A proliferação desses loteamentos e condomínios fechados nos últimos quinze anos vem modificando a configuração espacial de algumas áreas da Região Metropolitana. Segundo alguns autores, o padrão centro rico versus periferia pobre, que caracterizou os estudos sobre a RMSP, entre os anos 1940 e 1980, alterou-se na última década para um modelo fractal de segregação. Esta Tese pretende verificar a pertinência do novo modelo fractal de segregação espacial, tomando como referência os condomínios horizontais residenciais fechados, e mostrar, a partir de levantamento realizado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, que parte das premissas relativas aos condomínios fechados não são absolutas. / Gated communities constitute an urban phenomenon that is nowadays spreading all over the Brazilian metropolis. Since the 1980s, we can observe an increasing number of gated communities within the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). The gated communities, initially located at suburban areas and used by upper classes, at the present time serve other social classes and have new and distinct characteristics (size and location, houses sizes, services at the collective areas, etc). The initial concerning to comfort was substituted by the need of security and possibly the search for status. This Thesis analyses if the new fractal pattern of spatial segregation has overlapped the rich center X poor suburbia pattern that characterized the SPMA between 1940 and 1980, using the gated communities as case studies. And also pretends to demonstrate that part of the premises about gated communities is not absolute.

Este trabalho, acerca de como a produção acadêmica problematizou a periferia paulistana, tem por objetivo fazer a revisão crítica das categorias de análise, e os autores inseridos nesse debate, através do questionamento das proposições teóricas e suas conceituações sobre os espaços entendidos enquanto periferias urbanas da metrópole. Ao analisarmos, na formação deste fenômeno, a validade da retomada de ideias segundo as quais a periferia pode ser vista enquanto uma realidade marginal, possível de ser integrada à cidade, esperamos colaborar nos questionamentos sobre o pensamento do urbano em geral e da periferia paulistana em particular. Discutiremos a questão da segregação e da marginalidade urbana, a função exercida pela autoconstrução no processo de acumulação capitalista que se verificou no Brasil, a articulação entre os diversos personagens dos movimentos sociais urbanos e o processo de inclusão das populações e dos espaços entendidos como periferias urbanas. / This research questions the academic studies about the São Paulo\'s periphery. Aims to construct a critical review of the categories of analysis and the authors included on its debate. We question the theoretical propositions and their spaces conceptions of Metropolis. We have analyzed the validity of the resumption of the ideas that consider the periphery as a marginal fact, possible to be integrated into the city. We hope to collaborate on questions about the urban thinking in general and of the periphery of São Paulo in particular. We will discuss the issue of segregation and urban marginality, the function performed by the self-construction in the process of capitalist accumulation that occurred in Brazil, the articulation between the several characters of the urban social movements and the inclusion process of people and spaces understood as urban peripheries.