The aim of this thesis has been to analyse the textile industry of Prato between the years 1991 and 2001. The district has been examined in terms of population, employment, firms and international trade and we have examined the industry in the region weighted against the whole Italy. Moreover, the Location quotation has been used to measure the degree of specialization. Theories about cluster and industrial districts have been utilized to give a background to agglomeration of firms. The conclusions from our analysis are that Prato consists of a large group of firms acting in similar industry in a specific location. The district is highly dominated by small firms, which are engage in the production of a homogenous product through different stages. In terms of international trade, Prato has been able to increase its exports between the years 1995 to 2001. Furthermore, our examination of Prato shows a reduction of employment and number of firms operating within the textile sector, while the degree of specialization has increased. Our inference is that this contradiction is due to the decrease of the total textile industry in the whole country. / Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att analysera textilindustrin i Prato mellan åren 1991 och 2001. Regionen har analyserats i termer av befolkning, sysselsättning, företag och internationell handel, och vi har undersökt industrin i regionen i jämförelse med hela Italien. Dessutom har en lokaliseringskvot använts för att mäta graden av specialisering. Teorier om kluster och industriella distrikt har använts för att ge en bakgrund till hopsamling av företag. Slutsatsen vi har dragit från vår analys är att Prato består av en stor grupp företag som verkar inom en liknande industri på en specifik plats. Distriktet är till stor del dominerat av små företag vilka är sysselsatta i produktionen av en homogen produkt inom olika steg av produktionen. Gällande den internationella handeln har Prato lyckats öka sin export mellan åren 1995 och 2001. Vår undersökning av Prato har även visat en minskning av sysselsättningen och antalet företag inom industrin, men samtidigt en ökad grad av specialisering. Vår slutsats är att detta något motsägelsefulla beror på en minskning av den totala textilindustrin i hela landet.

<p>The aim of this thesis has been to analyse the textile industry of Prato between the years 1991 and 2001. The district has been examined in terms of population, employment, firms and international trade and we have examined the industry in the region weighted against the whole Italy. Moreover, the Location quotation has been used to measure the degree of specialization. Theories about cluster and industrial districts have been utilized to give a background to agglomeration of firms. The conclusions from our analysis are that Prato consists of a large group of firms acting in similar industry in a specific location. The district is highly dominated by small firms, which are engage in the production of a homogenous product through different stages. In terms of international trade, Prato has been able to increase its exports between the years 1995 to 2001. Furthermore, our examination of Prato shows a reduction of employment and number of firms operating within the textile sector, while the degree of specialization has increased. Our inference is that this contradiction is due to the decrease of the total textile industry in the whole country.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att analysera textilindustrin i Prato mellan åren 1991 och 2001. Regionen har analyserats i termer av befolkning, sysselsättning, företag och internationell handel, och vi har undersökt industrin i regionen i jämförelse med hela Italien. Dessutom har en lokaliseringskvot använts för att mäta graden av specialisering. Teorier om kluster och industriella distrikt har använts för att ge en bakgrund till hopsamling av företag. Slutsatsen vi har dragit från vår analys är att Prato består av en stor grupp företag som verkar inom en liknande industri på en specifik plats. Distriktet är till stor del dominerat av små företag vilka är sysselsatta i produktionen av en homogen produkt inom olika steg av produktionen. Gällande den internationella handeln har Prato lyckats öka sin export mellan åren 1995 och 2001. Vår undersökning av Prato har även visat en minskning av sysselsättningen och antalet företag inom industrin, men samtidigt en ökad grad av specialisering. Vår slutsats är att detta något motsägelsefulla beror på en minskning av den totala textilindustrin i hela landet.</p>

<p>This corpus based investigation deals with the present-day usage of and the semantic relation between the two verbs rise and arise. Concordance lines containing various forms of the two verbs in question have been taken from six different (sub)corpora and were examined in view of their collocational and semantic characteristics. The basic aims were to investigate the nowadays status of the verbs rise and arise and whether they (still) can be regarded as synonyms. The results show that both verbs can sometimes be used synonymously. Their general semantic relation appeared to be near-synonymy. Furthermore, both verbs seem to have developed a semantic specialisation, which is regarded a counterargument for the thesis that the verb arise is on the verge of dying out.</p>

This corpus based investigation deals with the present-day usage of and the semantic relation between the two verbs rise and arise. Concordance lines containing various forms of the two verbs in question have been taken from six different (sub)corpora and were examined in view of their collocational and semantic characteristics. The basic aims were to investigate the nowadays status of the verbs rise and arise and whether they (still) can be regarded as synonyms. The results show that both verbs can sometimes be used synonymously. Their general semantic relation appeared to be near-synonymy. Furthermore, both verbs seem to have developed a semantic specialisation, which is regarded a counterargument for the thesis that the verb arise is on the verge of dying out.

Economic growth is slowing in many countries. It leads to a discussion on what sources of growth should countries focus. For this purpose, EU created the concept of smart specialization, which puts an emphasis on the most efficient use of public financial resources dedicated to research and development. The aim of this thesis is to find out on what industry Germany as a leader of EU innovation and its individual regions specializes and to identify potential areas for targeting resources to innovation, research and development. This will be determined by using the patent network. The secondary objective is to interconnect findings of patenting and analysis of innovation activities in various regions of Germany with international trade and to determine whether there is a correlation between innovation activity in a particular sector and export of the sector's products abroad.

The thesis tests whether the impact of immigration on native workers differs depending on the business cycle. Previous studies proved that labour mobility and the effect of immigration differs with respect to the business cycle. For the expansionary years was found a sizable relocation of native workers to occupations with more interactive rather than manual content as a response to immigration. This is no longer the case for economy in recession period. However, there is null impact on native employment that does not change with the business cycle. The results were found for Spanish labour market and the conclusions about the employment all were found also for American labour market. The European labour market has been studied just in the period before crisis. Following the study about Spanish task specialization we would like to see if there is any change of impact of immigration on native task specialization in European Union. We split the data on the time period of expansion and the time period of economic crisis using the European Labour Force Survey. We would like to examine the effect of immigration on task specialization of natives on three groups of countries, West Europe, Germany and Middle and East Europe.

Socialtjänsten i Sverige har blivit alltmer specialiserad, vilket har lett till att klienter med komplexa behov är aktuella på olika organisatoriska enheter och har kontakt med flera socialsekreterare samtidigt. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förekomsten av parallella kontakter inom socialtjänsten och hur det hade förändrats över tid. Undersökningen antog en kvantitativ ansats och utgick från statistiskt material hämtat från en IFO-organisation i en större svensk stad. Materialet visade att andelen klienter med parallella kontakter hade ökat med en tredjedel på de fyra undersökta enheterna mellan 2014 och 2018 och att vissa klientgrupper uppvisade parallella kontakter i större utsträckning än andra grupper. Diskussionen behandlade klienters komplexa behov, fragmentisering och socialarbetares överlappande arbete för klienter med parallella kontakter. / Swedish social services have become increasingly specialized, with the result that clients with complex needs are in contact with several organizational units and social workers simultaneously. The purpose of the present study was to examine the degree to which such parallel contacts occur within social services and how their incidence has changed over time. We have employed a quantitative method and drawn on statistical material collected from a personal social services organization in a large Swedish town. The material revealed that the extent to which parallel contacts occurred had increased by a third between 2014 and 2018 among clients at the four units that were chosen for the study, while certain client groups had a greater incidence of parallel contacts than other groups. In a concluding section of the study we discussed clients’ complex needs, fragmentation and the overlapping responsibilities of social workers with regard to clients with parallel contacts.

No description available.

Le degré de spécialisation d'hôte des parasites peut considérablement modifier la nature des interactions interspécifiques. Lorsque les parasites sont également vecteurs, leur capacité d'adaptation et leur réponse aux changements dans la communauté d'hôtes aura des conséquences importantes sur la dynamique de leurs populations, mais aussi sur les microparasites qu'ils transmettent. Une première étape pour mieux appréhender l'importance de ce phénomène sur l'écologie et l'évolution des systèmes vectoriels est d'étudier la divergence génétique associée à l'hôte. Nous avons utilisé cette approche dans le système hôte-vecteur-pathogène impliquant la tique européenne Ixodes ricinus, ses différents hôtes vertébrés et les bactéries responsables de la maladie de Lyme (Borrelia burgdorferi sl). Ce travail a notamment consisté à tester si les communautés les plus anciennes montraient des divergences associées à l'hôte plus importantes que celles récemment colonisées. Nous avons combiné des échantillonnages de terrain sur un transect européen (comprenant la distribution historique d'I. ricinus et des zones nouvellement colonisées) et, des analyses moléculaires basés sur 14 marqueurs microsatellites (dont 9 nouvellement développés). Comme un obstacle majeur pour aborder la question de la spécificité d'hôte dans le système I. ricinus, ainsi que chez d'autres vecteurs, est de déterminer l'utilisation des hôtes, nous avons également testé expérimentalement les biais rencontrés lors de la détection moléculaire de l'hôte. Nos résultats révèlent un schéma complexe de l'adaptation des tiques à travers l'Europe ; la spécialisation d'hôte peut évoluer, mais l'âge de la communauté ne semble pas être un facteur décisif. Plus généralement, les résultats de cette thèse soulignent que l'écologie des vecteurs en eux-mêmes (et pas seulement les interactions hôtes-pathogènes) doit être considérée avec attention si on veut améliorer notre compréhension de ces systèmes. / The degree of host specialization in parasites can greatly modify the nature of interspecific interactions. When parasites are also vectors, their ability to adapt to new hosts and their response to changes in the host community will have important consequences for both their population dynamics and evolution, but may also cascade down to the microparasites they transmit. A first step to better apprehend the importance of this phenomenon for the evolution and ecology of vector-borne disease systems is to study patterns of host-associated genetic divergence across diverse vector populations. We used this approach in the host-vector-pathogen system involving the European tick Ixodes ricinus, its various vertebrate hosts and the bacteria responsible for Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi sl. We predicted that longer established interactions would show stronger patterns of host-associated divergence than more recently established ones. We tested this prediction by combining field samples from a European-wide transect (including both historical and newly colonized zones) and molecular analyses based on 14 microsatellite markers (9 newly developed). As a major obstacle for tackling the question of host associations in the I. ricinus system is determining local host use, we also experimentally tested for biases in molecular host detection. Our results reveal a complex pattern of tick adaptation across the European landscape; host specialization does evolve, but not in a predictable way in relation to the evolutionary age of the interaction. More generally, the results of this thesis highlight that vector ecology (and not just host-pathogen interactions) require careful consideration, if we are to improve our understanding of these systems.

Since the end of the 1980s, the introduction of market mechanisms in the public sector has been a dominant feature in Sweden. The same is true for the social services in several municipalities, where business style behaviour and organisation, and competition have become salient features of market-oriented social services. The aim of the study is to describe and analyse: the structural conditions for market oriented personal social services; how social workers pursue client centred work in market oriented personal social services; the consequences of this market orientation on the personal social services. The empirical study is a case study of the personal social services in the municipality of Linköping. The purchaser-provider model in Linköping is one of the most advanced and discussed in Sweden. The research comprises a quantitative pilot study and a qualitative main study. The main study is based on twenty semi-structured interviews with experienced social workers and their immediate superiors. The analysis of the interviews reveals that the personal social services are only achieving to a lesser extent the ends that a quasi-market, theoretically, should achieve. The conditions that have to be satisfied to achieve the ends of the quasi-market are only partly met. Bureaucratic control is one important reason why the personal social services are imperfect as a quasi- market. The re-organisation has resulted in a number of, to some extent, positive consequences. The re-organisation has, however, also resulted in some negative consequences. In the thesis these are categorised in terms of fragmentation, antagonism and obscurity. A linguistic change, in market oriented personal social services, appears to have influenced social workers to think and act differently in relation to their work. The most important conclusion drawn from the study is that the market oriented personal social services partly function as a responsive quasi-market for strong, rational and well- informed clients. However, in relation to the most vulnerable, it is failing in many respects. / digitalisering@umu