The safety of the Southeast Asian searway is facing more and more serious threat which includes pirate and sea terrorism. Those damage the economic and safety of the members of Association of Southeast Asia, however, each of the members doesn¡¦t have enough power to resist the enemy. When the members of the ASEAN start to solve the problems, the lack of technology and military ability make them dependant on the powerful states extra-Southeast Asia, besides, the limit of the three rules (equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of one another, and unanimity) of ASEAN also obstruct the regionalism. The research which surveys the official and unofficial documents, international organizations, and international law about piracy and sea terrorism finds that the members of ASEAN on the base of the same issue of common interests will cooperate by the way of spill-over. This proves that each members can cooperate from on single issue to form the regionalism.

The era of economic globalization drove by information technology, but global governing mechanism is still in progress, so regional and inter-regional cooperation are the most welcomed options to shape inter-state relations at present, inter alia, the inter-regional cooperation of European Union and ASEAN. This Research is based on neo-functionalism to analysis the ramification effects of interactions between European Union and ASEAN through the sector of natural resources, economic, trade, investment. and regional development. With the success on functional cooperation, European Union and ASEAN negotiate on the policies which may push the functional cooperation spill-over to political aspects, namely Comprehensive Partnership.

This thesis deals with the appropriate handling of spatial data in general, and in particular in the framework of economic sciences. An overview of well known methods from the field of spatial statistics and spatial econometrics is given. Furthermore a special class of spatial objects is described, namely objects that are that far apart from all other observations in the dataset, that they are not connected to them anymore. Different treatments of such objects are suggested and their influence on the Moran's I test for spatial autocorrelation is analyzed in more detail. After this theoretical part some adequate spatial methods are applied to the well-known problem of R&D spillovers. The corresponding dataset is not obviously spatial, nevertheless spatial methods can be used. The spatial contiguity matrix is based on an economic distance measure instead of the commonly used geographic distances. Finally, optimal design theory and spatial analysis are combined via a new criterion. This criterion was developed to be able to take a potential spatial dependency of the data points into account. The aim is to find the best design points that show the same spatial dependence structure as the true population. (author's abstract)

Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Diss., 2005

Master-Arbeit Univ. St. Gallen, 2004.

Rodents have been reported to play a significant role as reservoirs of over 22 rodent-associated Bartonella species. In this study, we contrast prevalence and diversity of Bartonella infections in 377 small mammals, representative of three terrestrial rodent genera, namely Aethomys, Gerbilliscus and Rhabdomys and one subterranean mole-rat species (Bathyergus suillus). The latter was sampled in close proximity to an informal human settlement, whereas the afore-mentioned murid rodent genera were sampled across a range of landscapes inclusive of natural, agricultural, urban, peri-urban and rural settings, from three provinces (Free State, Gauteng and Western Cape) in South Africa. Molecular estimates of Bartonella infection rates were determined through multi-gene screening of DNA extracted from clinical samples, primarily heart and spleen. PCR assays targeting the citrate synthase (gltA) and NADH dehydrogenase gamma subunit (nuoG) and/or beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase (rpoB) genes were used to ensure enhanced molecular estimates of Bartonella prevalence. Aethomys had the highest infection rate (86.7%), whereas Rhabdomys had the lowest (15%). Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the different primers sets used for Bartonella screening have different affinities to the different strains present in rodents from South Africa. Furthermore, the presence of Bartonella co-infections, confirmed through the presence of multiple peaks at 15% of the nucleotide sequences sites, ranged from 33.8% (in Aethomys) to 42.9% (in Gerbilliscus species) for the gltA gene region. For Aethomys ineptus, of the discrete Bartonella lineages recovered, one was closely related to zoonotic B. elizabethae. The latter species, which is associated with Rattus hosts worldwide and has been linked to cases of human endocarditis, suggests spillover from invasive to indigenous rodents. This is supported by previous studies indicating that indigenous Micaelamys namaquensis, a highly adaptable species, which like Aethomys is capable of utilizing natural and modified landscapes also hosts B. elizabethae-related lineages. Of potential public health importance, Bathyergus suillus were shown to be infected with a zoonotic Bartonella species, B. rochalimae. Our results further indicate that the level of anthropogenic transformation is significantly correlated with Bartonella prevalence, with Rhabdomys sampled from rural settings in the Western Cape Province having infection rates of 36% versus 0% in a nearby urban setting. This study also uncovered high levels of strain diversity in members of the Gerbilliscus cryptic species complex, sampled from an agricultural setting. The overall Bartonella PCR-positivity rate was 67.5 % and the gltA gene phylogeny confirmed the presence of six discrete Bartonella gerbil-specific lineages (I-VI). Lineages I and II clustered with Bartonella strains identified previously in G. leucogaster sampled from Sandveld nature reserves in the Free State Province South Africa, whereas lineages III-VI comprised of lineages that were restricted to either G. leucogaster or to G. brantsii, indicative of host-specificity. From the findings of this study, it is clear that the public health importance of the Bartonella species present in indigenous rodents warrants further investigation as at least two species, with known zoonotic potential (B. elizabethae and B. rochalimae) were shown to be present in rodents sampled in close proximity to human settlements. / Thesis (PhD (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2019. / This research was made possible through the financial support from the (AZD-IRT), CDC Co-Ag 5 NU2GGH001874-02-00 and through the NRF incentive and SARChI PI funding awarded to ADSB. / Zoology and Entomology / PhD (Zoology) / Unrestricted

This study aims to critically understand the involvement of external actors, most notably Kenya and Ethiopia in the Somali conflict. It also aims to discuss peace prospect for Somalia in consideration with regional interest. Adopting Mary Kaldor’s “New War” theory that explains the changing context and transnational character of wars in the new era, and Michael E. Brown’s concept of causes and Regional Dimensions of Internal Conflict in combination with applied peace and conflict research method, the study finds that the involvement of neighbouring states, particularly Kenya and Ethiopia, in the Somali conflict is necessitated by the “spill-over” effect of the internal conflict coupled with transnational threats posed to their national security by various local and international actors. Furthermore, the study reveals that Somalia’s conflict hosts a variety of politically, religiously and militarily motivated external actors, who also openly vowed to internationalize their activities. As a result, the connections between local actors in Somalia and terrorist groups operating elsewhere, but cooperating with them, have become a source of continuous instability to Somalia, the eastern African region and beyond. This situation makes an international action imperative as the prospect for peace in Somalia is still in place. Thus, in order to to end wars and create a durable peace in Somalia, this study suggests Michael E. Brown’s ‘co-optation’ and ‘neutralization’ strategies along with an extensive international efforts including humanitarian assistance and local institutions building, which may help to restore peace, rule of law and ensure long term stability in Somalia.

<p>This dissertation examines efforts to integrate a “new” policy sector – forest and forestry – into the European Union (EU). There is currently no legal foundation for a common forest policy and some member states (not least Sweden), as well as parts of the forestry sector, have been strongly opposed to one. At the same time, administrative units and structures within the EU have been created and they and some member states have promoted a common policy. This raises the question how can we understand and explain this?</p><p>The purpose of this dissertation is to problematise, map and analyse mainly Swedish actors’ attitudes to efforts to create a common forest policy within the EU. The study is based on neofunctionalism, which is a classic theory of integration, but it uses newer theorising (from intergovernmentalism and modern versions of neofunctionalism) to address some of the weaknesses of the approach.</p><p>I investigate the role, preferences and strategies of the main actors. This includes EU institutions and member states. I also map European industry interests and other associations, interest groups and active networks and study their role in the process. In these multi-national settings, I pay particular (although not exclusive) attention to their Swedish members. Within Sweden, I examine how governmental and non-governmental forest actors behave vis-à-vis the EU.</p><p>The empirical investigation shows that some of Swedish actors, for example the private forest owners’ organisation and forest industries associations, have change their preferences and strate gies over time. They have come to believe that whether they like it or not, other policy areas affect forest and forestry both directly and indirectly. Because of this, they now take the position that it is better to promote a limited European forest policy rather than remaining aloof and risk the creation of a much more comprehensive and centralised policy. At the same time (and for now at least), the Swedish government and most party politicians remain opposed to any attempt to formalise a forest policy within the EU.</p><p>This study contributes new knowledge about how new policy areas become integrated within EU, including knowledge about the roles that different actors can have in such processes. The results are of interest to researchers, decision makers and the interested public. They can also influence thinking about Sweden’s influence in, and relation to, EU forest policy.</p><p>Based on the empirical results, my theoretical conclusion is that organised interests have an important role in the integration process. The integration process of forest and forestry is not driven by one actor, but by many different actors, who operate on different levels and who have different interests.</p><p>This study shows that forest and forestry-related questions have come to the EU, and they will remain there. The important question for the future is not if there will be some kind of European level policy on forest and forestry, but rather what form European policy will take.</p>

This dissertation examines efforts to integrate a “new” policy sector – forest and forestry – into the European Union (EU). There is currently no legal foundation for a common forest policy and some member states (not least Sweden), as well as parts of the forestry sector, have been strongly opposed to one. At the same time, administrative units and structures within the EU have been created and they and some member states have promoted a common policy. This raises the question how can we understand and explain this? The purpose of this dissertation is to problematise, map and analyse mainly Swedish actors’ attitudes to efforts to create a common forest policy within the EU. The study is based on neofunctionalism, which is a classic theory of integration, but it uses newer theorising (from intergovernmentalism and modern versions of neofunctionalism) to address some of the weaknesses of the approach. I investigate the role, preferences and strategies of the main actors. This includes EU institutions and member states. I also map European industry interests and other associations, interest groups and active networks and study their role in the process. In these multi-national settings, I pay particular (although not exclusive) attention to their Swedish members. Within Sweden, I examine how governmental and non-governmental forest actors behave vis-à-vis the EU. The empirical investigation shows that some of Swedish actors, for example the private forest owners’ organisation and forest industries associations, have change their preferences and strate gies over time. They have come to believe that whether they like it or not, other policy areas affect forest and forestry both directly and indirectly. Because of this, they now take the position that it is better to promote a limited European forest policy rather than remaining aloof and risk the creation of a much more comprehensive and centralised policy. At the same time (and for now at least), the Swedish government and most party politicians remain opposed to any attempt to formalise a forest policy within the EU. This study contributes new knowledge about how new policy areas become integrated within EU, including knowledge about the roles that different actors can have in such processes. The results are of interest to researchers, decision makers and the interested public. They can also influence thinking about Sweden’s influence in, and relation to, EU forest policy. Based on the empirical results, my theoretical conclusion is that organised interests have an important role in the integration process. The integration process of forest and forestry is not driven by one actor, but by many different actors, who operate on different levels and who have different interests. This study shows that forest and forestry-related questions have come to the EU, and they will remain there. The important question for the future is not if there will be some kind of European level policy on forest and forestry, but rather what form European policy will take.

O processo de integração regional busca implementar o atendimento de questões gerais que os Estados Nacionais, pela sua limitação de recursos, não conseguem enfrentar isoladamente. O exemplo mais tangível destes processos no sistema internacional é a integração europeia. Na América do Sul, embora exista um número significativo de instituições com o objetivo de fomentar a integração regional, ela não tem evoluído. As disputas políticas e fiscais têm embaçado a visão dos principais atores que poderiam estimular essa nova ordem regional. Contudo algumas áreas, sobretudo aquelas que possuem um baixo nível de controvérsias, podem incentivar ou até mesmo incrementar o processo de integração regional. No continente sul americano, o setor elétrico, pela a abundância de recursos de fontes primárias para geração, poderá ser o elemento catalizador desse novo sistema de cooperação. Assim, esse trabalho analisou como a Comunidade Europeia para o Carvão e o Aço (ECSC/CECA) impulsionou a integração europeia, com o objetivo de verificar o potencial sinérgico para a cooperação que uma eventual instituição supranacional de energia elétrica teria para estimular a integração da América do Sul. A experiência europeia foi utilizada, portanto, como um caso de controle e comparação, para verificar se as condições de integração ocorridas naquele continente podem se assemelhar com aquelas do processo sul-americano. Nesse sentido, utilizando o referencial teórico Neo-funcionalista de Ernst Haas e sua micro-teoria do spill-over ou desborde, o estudo pretendeu observar se esse tipo de fenômeno pode ser repetido no caso de uma possível constituição de um sistema elétrico integrado na América do Sul. Para isso, verificam-se os elementos contextuais, a forma e o conteúdo dos discursos sobre a integração realizados no interior dos principais blocos da região, bem como se interrelacionam os grupos políticos, os grupos de interesse e os governos nacionais a respeito da questão. O trabalho utiliza pesquisas do Latinobarômetro, documentos das principais intituições para integração na região e um trabalho realizado pelo NUPRI/USP sobre integração sul americana. Ainda que os aspectos sociais, econômicos e políticos sejam diferentes da experiência europeia, o trabalho colheu evidências convergentes e satisfatórias para a formação do spill-over, a partir da eventual integração do setor energético na América do Sul, apontando assim, para a possibilidade de construção de um processo de integração regional que pode ser explicado e inspirado pela teoria Neofuncionalista. / The regional integration process seeks to implement the care of general issues that the National States, for its limited resources, can not cope alone. The most tangible example of these processes in the international system is European integration. In South America, although there are a significant number of institutions in order to foster regional integration, it has not evolved. Policies and tax disputes have blurry vision of the key players that could stimulate this new regional order. However some areas, especially those with a low level of disputes, can encourage or even enhance the process of regional integration. In the South American continent, the electric sector by the abundance of resources for primary generation sources may be the catalyst element of this new system of cooperation. Thus, this study examined how the European Community for Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) boosted European integration, with the aim of verifying the synergistic potential for cooperation that any supranational institution of electricity would have to stimulate the integration of South America. The European experience was therefore used as a case-control comparison and to verify that the conditions of integration occurring in that continent may be similar to those of the South American process. Accordingly, using the theoretical framework Neo-functionalism of Ernst Haas and his micro-theory of spillover or overflowing, the study aimed to observe whether this type of phenomenon can be repeated in case of a possible establishment of an integrated electric system in America South. For this, there are contextual elements, the form and content of the discourse on integration performed inside the main blocks in the region, as well as interrelate political groups, interest groups and national governments on the issue. The work uses surveys of Latinbarometer, documents the main institutions for integration in the region and work done by NUPRI / USP on South American integration. While the social, economic and political aspects are different from the European experience, work reaped satisfactory convergent and for the formation of the spill-over from the eventual integration of the energy sector in South American evidence, thus pointing to the possibility of construction of a regional integration process that can be explained and inspired by the Neo-functionalist theory.