Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-03T12:59:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMNH.pdf: 1453015 bytes, checksum: dc886893af7e51ac61e4ea5fdd4b63b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:22:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMNH.pdf: 1453015 bytes, checksum: dc886893af7e51ac61e4ea5fdd4b63b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:22:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMNH.pdf: 1453015 bytes, checksum: dc886893af7e51ac61e4ea5fdd4b63b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T14:22:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMNH.pdf: 1453015 bytes, checksum: dc886893af7e51ac61e4ea5fdd4b63b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-18 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Background: Shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) is a common cause of shoulder pain complains and numerous treatment strategies are available in the clinic. Questions remain regarding the effects of Thoracic Spinal Manipulation (TSM) on SIS and concerning the efficacy of available techniques on the treatment of this population. Objectives: In a clinical trial, the objective was to evaluate short-term effects of a TSM on pain, function, scapular kinematics and scapular muscle activity in individuals with SIS. In a systematic review, the objective was to summarize current evidence regarding effectiveness of physical therapy to improve pain, function and range of motion in this population. Methods: In the clinical trial, participants were randomly allocated to TSM group (n=30) or sham-TSM group (n=31) and attended 2 intervention sessions over a 1-week period. Shoulder pain, shoulder function (DASH and WORC questionnaires), scapular kinematics and scapular muscle activity were measured. A blinded assessor evaluated the outcomes at day 1, day 2-pre, day 2-post and day 3. In the review, Pubmed, Web of Science, CINAHL Cochrane, Embase, Lilacs, Ibecs and Scielo databases were searched up to April 2015. Randomized controlled trials investigating different modalities of physical therapy in the treatment of patients with SIS on pain, function/disability or range of motion were included. Results: In the clinical trial, TSM group improved pain (1.1 points) and tended to improve function (5.0 points on WORC) over the sham-TSM group after 2 intervention sessions. Scapular upward rotation increased 4.0°, 5.3° and 3.3° at day 2-pre, day 2-post and day 3, respectively, in the TSM group during lowering of the arm. Changes in scapular internal rotation and tilt were not different between groups. Upper and lower trapezius activity decreased in the TSM group and both groups, respectively, during elevation and lowering of the arm. Serratus anterior activity increased in the sham-TSM group. In the review, sixty-two RCTs were included. The majority had a low to moderate risk of bias. Exercise therapy provided high evidence of improvements to the treatment in the short, mid or long-term. Dynamic humeral centering, proprioceptive exercises and manual therapy associated with conventional exercises enhance the improvements in the short-term. Low-level laser, ultrasound, pulsed electromagnetic field and kinesio taping provided moderate and high evidence level towards no benefits to the treatment of SIS. Microwave diathermy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and isolated manual therapy or acupuncture provided limited evidence of benefits. Conclusion: TSM may be worthy to achieve short-term reduction of shoulder pain, increase of scapular upward rotation and decrease of upper trapezius activity facilitating the application of other movement-based interventions in individuals with SIS. Exercise therapy should be used as the first choice to improve pain, function and range of motion, and the association of manual therapy should be the best choice to accelerate symptoms decrease and progress exercise therapy quickly. Low-level laser therapy, ultrasound, pulsed electromagnetic field and kinesio taping do not provide significant effects to the therapy and therefore could be avoided. More studies are necessary to improve evidence concerning effects of diacutaneous fibrolysis, microwave diathermy, transcutaneous electrical stimulation, acupuncture and isolated manual therapy techniques in the treatment of SIS. / Introdução: A Síndrome do Impacto (SI) é uma causa comum de dor no ombro e inúmeras estratégias de tratamento estão disponíveis na clínica. Os efeitos da manipulação torácica e a eficácia de muitas técnicas de tratamento da SI ainda não estão claros na literatura. Objetivos: Em um ensaio clínico, os objetivos foram avaliar os efeitos a curto-prazo de uma manipulação torácica na dor, função, cinematica scapular e atividade muscular em indivíduos portadores de SI. Em uma revisão sistemática, o objetivo foi sintetizar a atual evidência a respeito da efetividade da fisioterapia para melhorar a dor, função e amplitude de movimento nessa mesma população. Métodos: No ensaio clínico, os participantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente ao grupo manipulação (n=30) ou grupo sham (n=31) e receberam 2 sessões de intervenção durante 1 semana. Foram medidos dor e função do ombro (questionários DASH e WORC), cinematica e atividade muscular da escápula. Um avaliador cego coletou as variáveis no dia 1, dia 2-pré intervenção, dia 2 pós-intervenção e no dia 3. Na revisão sistemática, as buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados Pubmed, Web of Science, CINAHL Cochrane, Embase, Lilacs, Ibecs e Scielo até abril de 2015. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados que investigaram o efeito de diferentes modalidades fisioterapêuticas no tratamento de pacientes com SI na dor, função e amplitude de movimento. Resultados: No ensaio clínico, o grupo manipulação apresentou diminuição da dor (1.1 pontos) e uma tendência de melhora na função (5.0 pontos no WORC) comparado ao grupo sham após 2 intervenções. A rotação superior da scapula aumentou 4.0°, 5.3° e 3.3° no dia 2 pré-intervenção, dia 2 pós-intervenção e no dia 3, respectivamente durante a descida do braço. As mudanças na rotação interna e na inclinação da scapula não foram diferentes entre os grupos. Atividade do trapézio superior e trapézio inferior diminuiu no grupo manipulação e em ambos grupos, respectivamente. A atividade do serrátil anterior aumentou no grupo sham. Na revisão sistemática, 62 estudos controlados randomizados foram incluídos. A maioria dos estudos apresentou baixo risco de vies. Os exercícios terapêuticos apresentaram alta evidência de melhora no tratamento a curto, médio e longo prazo. Os exercícios proprioceptivos e a terapia manual associada com exercícios convencionais aumentam as melhoras a curto prazo. O laser de baixa intensidade, ultrassom, campo pulsado eletromagnético e o tape proporcionaram evidência moderada e alta de nenhum benefício ao tratamento. As terapias com ondas curtas, estimulação transcutânea eletromagnética, a terapia manual aplicada de forma isolada e a acupuntura apresentaram evidência limitada de benefícios. Conclusão: A manipulação torácica parece proporcionar a curto prazo redução da dor no ombro, aumento da rotação superior da scapula e diminuição da atividade do trapézio superior facilitando a aplicação de outras terapias focadas no restabelecimento do movimento em pacientes com SI. Os exercícios terapêuticos devem ser utilizados como primeira opção para melhorar a dor, a função e a amplitude de movimento, e a associação dos exercícios com a terapia manual deve ser a melhor opção para acelerar a melhora dos sintomas. O laser de baixa intensidade, ultrassom, campo eletromagnético pulsado e o tape não proporcionam efeitos significativos à terapia, portanto, devem ser evitados. Mais estudos são necessaries para aperfeiçoar a evidência a respeito da terapia com ondas curtas, miofibrólise, estimulação elétrica transcutânea, acupuntura e terapia manual aplicada isoladamente no tratamento da SI.

La scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence constitue la déformation tridimensionnelle de la colonne vertébrale la plus couramment rencontrée chez les adolescents. Cette condition a fait l’objet de plusieurs études quant à ses facteurs étiologiques, ses facteurs de risque de progression et ses approches thérapeutiques. Les études démontrent que l’étiologie de cette pathologie serait multifactorielle, regroupant entre autres des causes génétiques, hormonales, mécaniques et neuromusculaires. Malgré le fait qu’il soit difficile de prédire quelles sont les déformations qui progresseront, certains facteurs tels que l’âge et le sexe du patient, l’âge du début de la ménarche, le type et la sévérité de la déformation ainsi que la maturité osseuse (signe de Risser) ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études et représentent par le fait même des critères de référence utilisés pour estimer cette probabilité. La scoliose idiopathique a souvent été considérée comme une condition non douloureuse, faisant en sorte que peu d’études se sont arrêtées à évaluer les douleurs au dos chez les patients affligés de cette pathologie. On retrouve donc, au cours des vingt dernières années, seulement une dizaine d’études qui ont spécifiquement évalué ce phénomène. Parmi ces études, on note une grande hétérogénéité des facteurs d’inclusion, des définitions des douleurs au dos, de la période de prévalence et des instruments de mesure utilisés, rendant difficile la détermination de cette prévalence. Considérant la relation entre les douleurs exprimées chez les adolescents et celles chez les adultes, ainsi que les coûts sociétaux associés à ces douleurs, il serait important d’obtenir un portrait plus exact de l’ampleur de la douleur chez cette clientèle. ii Les objectifs généraux de cette thèse visaient à (objectif 1) mettre à jour les connaissances relatives à la prévalence des douleurs au dos chez les adolescents avec une scoliose idiopathique (SI), à (objectif 2) vérifier s’il existe une relation entre la sévérité de la déformation, sa localisation et la présence de douleurs au dos chez ces patients, à (objectif 3) valider à nouveau l’aspect psychométrique du questionnaire SRS-22fv et enfin à (objectif 4) explorer une possible prise en charge alternative des patients avec scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence (SIA) exprimant des rachialgies. La première étude rétrospective que nous avons effectuée a permis d’évaluer de quelle façon les douleurs exprimées par plus de 300 patients étaient rapportées dans les dossiers et d’établir la prévalence de ces douleurs chez ces derniers. De plus, cette étude a évalué le type de prise en charge recommandée lorsque des douleurs étaient mentionnées au dossier. Cette étude a permis de confirmer que près de 50 % des patients avec SIA exprimaient de la douleur au dos et que la majorité de ces derniers (80 %) n’avaient aucune prise en charge de celle-ci. La deuxième étude prospective que nous avons réalisée a évalué les douleurs au dos chez plus de 500 adolescents avec scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence. Plus de 68 % de ces patients rapportaient la présence de douleurs au dos. Pour les régions thoraciques et lombaires, les douleurs étaient positivement associées avec la sévérité de la scoliose, alors que le port du corset avait un effet modérateur sur la douleur. La troisième étude incluse dans la présente thèse visait à (objectif 3) vérifier la validité de contenu et de construit de la version canadienne-française du questionnaire SRS- 22, soit le SRS-22fv, rempli par les patients recrutés lors de la deuxième étude. Ce iii questionnaire est couramment rempli par les patients scoliotiques. Notre étude a bénéficié d’un échantillon de 352 patients qui ont entièrement répondu au questionnaire SRS-22fv. L’analyse découlant de notre étude nous a menés à produire une version abrégée du SRS-22 contenant 18 éléments, avec une meilleure consistance interne ainsi qu’une variance explicative supérieure, soit 63,3 % pour le SRS-18fv, comparativement à 47,4 % pour le SRS-22fv. La dernière étude que nous avons menée (objectif 4) met en lumière une option de prise en charge alternative des patients avec scoliose exprimant ou non des douleurs au dos. En effet, les manipulations vertébrales font partie des options de traitements couramment utilisées chez les adolescents sains. Une grande incertitude demeure toutefois quant à l’utilisation de cette approche thérapeutique chez les patients avec scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence. Cette étude a permis de confirmer qu’il y a un manque de données probantes dans ce domaine. Les résultats de cette thèse permettent de mieux comprendre le phénomène de la douleur au dos chez les adolescents avec scoliose idiopathique. Ces douleurs semblent plus prévalentes qu’initialement estimées, et il s’avère qu’un lien semble probable entre l’intensité des douleurs ressenties et la localisation de la courbe, ainsi qu’avec la sévérité de la scoliose chez ces adolescents. / Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity. This pathology is the most common spinal deviation encountered in adolescents and has been thoroughly researched over the past few decades regarding its aetiological factors, its risk of progression and management. It is now commonly accepted that the aetiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is multifactorial and includes, among other things, genetic, hormonal, mechanic, and neuromuscular factors. Though predicting which deviation will progress remain challenging, certain factors such as the age of the patient at presentation, its gender, bone maturity (Risser sign), menarchal status, and the severity of the spinal deformity are now widely accepted as factors that may provide some guidance to estimate this probability. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has often been considered as a non-painful pathology, and this is perhaps why researchers have failed to assess back pain in this population more systematically. Only a few studies have been published over the last two decades on this subject. Among those studies, inclusion criteria are widely heterogeneous, as is the working definition of back pain, how the prevalence period was estimated, and which outcome measure was relied upon to assess back pain in this population. Because of this, the determination of back pain prevalence in scoliosis patients remains challenging. Considering the relationship between adolescent and adult spinal pain, and the high societal cost associated with this condition, it would be appropriate to obtain a clearer picture of this condition in this population. v The primary objectives of this thesis were to (objectif 1) update the current knowledge of back pain prevalence in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients, to (objectif 2) ascertain if a relationship was present between the severity and localisation of the scoliosis and the back pain, too (objectif 3) reassess the psychometric properties of the SRS-22fv questionnaire, and to (objectif 4) explore an alternative back pain management for those patients. The first retrospective study included in this thesis assessed back pain prevalence in 300 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. It also looked at how pain was reported and if pain management was recommended for patients reporting back pain. This study confirmed that back pain was a prevalent condition in this population and that in the vast majority of those reporting back pain, there was no kind of management recommended. The second prospective study assessed back pain prevalence in more than 500 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Point prevalence of back pain was close to 68 %. For the thoracic and lumbar regions, the pain was positively associated with the severity of the scoliosis and bracing, prescribed to stabilise or prevent the curve progression, had a protective effect. Data collected in the previous study were employed to validate the most commonly utilised outcome measure in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, the SRS-22. The SRS-22 is a measurement instrument used to ascertain the quality of life and pain in scoliotic patients. The third article includes a report on analyses done regarding the validation of the SRS- 22fv. Complete data were available for 352 adolescents. The study demonstrated that a briefer version (18 items) had a better internal consistency and explained a greater proportion of the variance thus 63,3 % instead of 47,4 % for the SRS-22fv. vi The last study included in this thesis looked at an alternative treatment for the management scoliotic patients with or without back pain. This modality of spinal manipulation is a treatment that healthy adolescents commonly utilised. However, it was found that the rate of utilisation remains unclear within adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. A literature review revealed the need to have better-designed studies to assess the efficacy of spinal manipulation in this population adequately. The acquired knowledge throughout this thesis leads us to a better comprehension and understanding of back pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Back pain appears to be more prevalent than initially estimated and a relationship seems to be present between the level of pain intensity and the scoliosis localisation and severity in patients suffering from this pathology.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5759.pdf: 1614441 bytes, checksum: e8cb545f5a6d49747c6cc09da7ab4c40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) signs and symptoms on general population is around 40% and physical therapist actuation has been more and more important to the treatment of the dysfunction. In this context, three different studies on this area were developed, which are explained on this dissertation. The first one is an observational longitudinal study with the following objectives: (1) to verify clinical symptoms and jaw functionality in college students with TMD according to the level of anxiety and depression (A/D) evaluated in two different moments, and (2) to evaluate the correlation between A/D, clinical variables and muscle activity. The results showed that although college students A/D levels changed over the academic semester, no difference in TMD signs and symptoms was observed in subjects with either high or low levels of A/D. Furthermore, the significant correlation between A/D and functional impairment, as well as between A/D and maximum mouth opening without pain in low A/D condition suggests an association between these factors, being important a better investigation. In order to better explore the physiotherapy techniques and overcome the lack of a review study, which addressed the effectiveness of MT in these patients, the second survey was conducted. This study was a systematic review to evaluate the isolated effects of MT in reducing painful symptoms and reduced mouth opening. The review included 12 randomized controlled trials, most of them of high methodological quality that addressed myofascial release, cervical spine manipulation techniques and mixed protocols. They have shown from low to high clinical evidence that MTTM reduces symptoms of pain, increase pressure pain threshold and maximum mouth opening of subjects with TMJ impairment, depending on the applied technique. A third study was conducted in parallel with the other two, which was based on biomechanical and neuroanatomical relationships between the cervical spine, head and the temporomandibular joint. It is a pilot clinical trial that aimed to verify the effects of a rehabilitate program of MT and exercises, designed to cervical function on subjects with TMD. It was evaluated clinical signs, functionality and pressure pain threshold of masseters and temporalis, taking into account the sample´s baseline. The results showed that treatment focused on the cervical spine was effective in increasing maximum mouth opening, as well as to reduce hypersensitivity of the masticatory muscles and functionality of the stomatognathic system in individuals with myofascial and mixed TMD. However, further studies are needed for more accurate conclusions. In general, the studies described on the present dissertation indicate the importance of standardizing TMD patient s assessment, and classifying them according to the type of the disorder. Furthermore, future studies should consider the level of functional impairment and use it as inclusion criterion to increase internal validity. Finally, the number of studies found in the systematic review and the reduced number of included studies show that there is a lot of information about the topic, but a small portion of it follows a methodological rigor, being in fact is reliable. It is important that further clinical trials include a comparison group (control, placebo, conventional treatment or another treatment) so that the effect of the technique is indeed evident. In case of manual therapy clinical trials, the simulation of therapy, which represents the placebo effect of the technique, is increasingly necessary. / A prevalência dos sinais e sintomas de disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) na população geral é em torno de 40% e a atuação da fisioterapia tem sido cada vez mais importante no tratamento dessa disfunção. Neste contexto, foram desenvolvidos os três primeiros estudos dessa nova linha de pesquisa, que compõem esta dissertação. O primeiro trata-se de um estudo transversal com os seguintes objetivos: (1) avaliar a variabilidade de sinais clínicos e de funcionalidade mandibular em estudantes universitários em função do nível de ansiedade e depressão (A/D) avaliados em dois momentos distintos e (2) verificar a correlação entre os níveis de A/D e variáveis clínicas da DTM e eletromiográficas dos músculos mastigatórios. Os resultados mostraram que apesar da amostra ter apresentado variação no nível de A/D no período avaliado, não houve diferença significativa nos sinais e sintomas de DTM. Além disso, houve correlação entre os valores de A/D e o comprometimento funcional, bem como entre os valores de A/D e a abertura máxima sem dor na situação de menor A/D sugerindo a existência de associação entre esses fatores, que precisa ser melhor investigada. A fim de explorar melhor as técnicas terapêuticas, e suprir a falta de um estudo de revisão que abordasse a efetividade do uso exclusivo da TM nesses pacientes, o segundo estudo foi elaborado em forma de revisão sistemática com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito isolado da TM na melhora dos sintomas dolorosos e de limitação da abertura da boca. A revisão incluiu 12 estudos randomizados controlados, sendo a maioria de alta qualidade metodológica e que abordaram técnicas de liberação miofascial, manipulação vertebral e protocolos mistos. Os estudos mostraram que há de baixa a alta evidência clínica de que a TM melhora os sintomas de dor, limiar de dor à pressão e máxima abertura da boca de sujeitos com comprometimento das estruturas da ATM, dependendo da técnica aplicada. Baseado na relação biomecânica e neuroanatômica entre a coluna cervical, a cabeça e a ATM, foi desenvolvido um terceiro estudo em paralelo com os demais. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico piloto com o objetivo de verificar o efeito de um programa de TM e exercícios voltados para a reabilitação da função cervical sobre sinais clínicos, funcionalidade e limiar de dor à pressão em sujeitos com DTM, a partir do registro da linha de base dos sujeitos. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento com foco na coluna cervical foi eficiente em aumentar a máxima abertura da boca bem como em diminuir a hipersensibilidade dos músculos mastigatórios e a funcionalidade do sistema estomatognático em sujeitos com DTM, porém, futuros estudos são necessários para conclusões mais precisas. De maneira geral, os estudos descritos na presente dissertação apontam a importância da padronização da avaliação dos sujeitos com DTM, e classificação dos mesmos de acordo com a origem. Além disso, futuros estudos devem considerar o grau de comprometimento funcional que os sujeitos apresentam e usá-lo como critério de inclusão para aumentar a validade interna dos mesmos. Por fim, o número de estudos encontrados na revisão sistemática e o reduzido número de estudos incluídos mostra que existe muita informação sobre o assunto, porém uma pequena parcela dela segue um maior rigor metodológico, e portanto é mais confiável. É muito importante que os próximos ensaios clínicos incluam um grupo de comparação (controle, placebo, tratamento convencional ou outro tipo de tratamento) para que a efetividade da técnica seja de fato evidenciada. Ao se tratar de terapia manual, a simulação da terapia, que representa o efeito placebo da técnica se vê cada vez mais necessária.

Les douleurs vertébrales sont fréquentes et incapacitantes. La manipulation vertébrale peut soulager certaines de ces douleurs. Cependant, les mécanismes neurophysiologiques sous-jacents à ces effets hypoalgésiques restent à élucider. La littérature scientifique actuelle suggère que la manipulation inhibe des processus nociceptifs relatifs aux fibres C (sommation temporelle), alors que les processus nociceptifs liés aux fibres Aδ demeurent inchangés. Toutefois, cela n’a jamais été démontré à l’aide de mesures neurophysiologiques. L’objectif de ce mémoire était donc de clarifier comment la douleur et l’activité des fibres nociceptives sont modulées par une manipulation vertébrale. Pour ce faire, un laser infrarouge a été utilisé afin d’activer les fibres nociceptives et d’induire une douleur au dos chez des participants sains. Ceux-ci étaient aléatoirement distribués en quatre groupes : manipulation vertébrale appliquée sur la zone douloureuse, manipulation vertébrale appliquée distalement à la zone douloureuse, intervention placébo appliquée sur la zone douloureuse et aucune intervention. L’activité cérébrale liée à l’activation des fibres nociceptives et les évaluations de douleur des participants ont été mesurées puis comparées dans le temps entre les groupes. Les résultats démontrent qu’une manipulation vertébrale appliquée au site douloureux diminue significativement la douleur au dos induite par le laser. De plus, cette hypoalgésie est indépendante de processus nociceptifs relatifs aux fibres Aδ. Il est possible que la diminution de douleur observée soit due à une inhibition de l’activité des fibres nociceptives C, toutefois cela n’a pas pu être confirmé dans ce mémoire. Ces connaissances pourraient éventuellement servir à mieux guider l’utilisation du traitement. / Spine pain is a common and debilitating condition. The management of back pain by spinal manipulative therapy is recommended by several clinical practice guidelines. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the hypoalgesic effects of spinal manipulation are still unclear. The current literature suggests that spinal manipulation inhibits nociceptive processes related to C-fiber activation (temporal summation) while nociceptive processing related to Aδ- fiber activation is unaffected. Yet, this has never been examined with neurophysiological measurements. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to determine how nociceptive fiber activity is modulated by spinal manipulation. In healthy participants, an infrared laser was used to activate nociceptive fibers and induce back pain. Participants were randomized into four groups: spinal manipulation applied to the painful area, spinal manipulation applied remotely to the painful area, placebo intervention applied to the painful area, and no intervention. Brain activity related to the activation of nociceptive fibers as well as pain ratings were compared over time between groups. The results indicate that spinal manipulation applied to the painful area significantly reduced laser-evoked back pain. This hypoalgesia occurred independently of nociceptive processes related to Aδ fibers, as indicated by the lack of significant change in laser evoked- potential amplitude. It may be caused by the inhibition of the C fiber activity, but this remains to be clarified in future studies. These results could provide scientific bases for the management of back pain with spinal manipulative therapy.

La chiropratique est une profession de la santé qui s’intéresse au diagnostic, au traitement, et à la prévention des troubles musculosquelettiques. L’intervention la plus communément utilisée en chiropratique est la manipulation vertébrale (dite « ajustement chiropratique »). D’ailleurs, les consultations en chiropratique sont principalement pour des douleurs vertébrales, particulièrement dans la région lombaire. La lombalgie est la principale cause d'incapacité à travers le monde. Elle engendre des coûts considérables pour la société et les individus atteints. Chez environ un tiers des individus, la lombalgie persiste et devient chronique, entraînant une incapacité et une diminution de la qualité de vie. Chez ces individus, aucun processus pathologique affectant les tissus vertébraux ne peut être mis en évidence. En effet, cette douleur, dite nociplastique, serait plutôt causée par des mécanismes pathologiques du système nociceptif. La lombalgie chronique, dite primaire chez ces individus, est ainsi considérée comme le diagnostic en soi, et non un symptôme secondaire à une pathologie sous-jacente. Chez certains individus, les manipulations vertébrales peuvent soulager la lombalgie chronique primaire. Cependant, leur efficacité comme intervention de première ligne et leurs mécanismes hypoalgésiques restent à démontrer. L'objectif général de cette thèse est d’examiner les mécanismes hypoalgésiques des manipulations vertébrales. Le premier objectif spécifique est d’examiner les mécanismes hypoalgésiques d’une manipulation vertébrale à l’aide d’un modèle expérimental de douleur persistante chez des individus en santé. Le deuxième objectif spécifique est d’examiner les mécanismes du soulagement de la douleur lombaire chronique primaire par une intervention chiropratique de quatre semaines, qui comprend douze séances de manipulations vertébrales. La thèse comprend deux études empiriques, soit une étude expérimentale et une étude clinique, qui sont précédées d’une revue de littérature ciblée. Le premier article est une revue narrative explorant les mécanismes neurophysiologiques de la manipulation vertébrale pour soulager la douleur vertébrale. Le deuxième article décrit les résultats d’une étude expérimentale chez des individus en santé. Dans cette étude, nous avons examiné les mécanismes d'inhibition de la douleur en réponse à une manipulation vertébrale ciblant un segment vertébral dont la peau a été sensibilisée par une application topique de capsaïcine. Le troisième article est une revue narrative examinant l'efficacité des manipulations vertébrales pour le traitement des douleurs vertébrales. Le quatrième article décrit les résultats d’un essai contrôlé randomisé avec groupe placebo chez des individus atteints de lombalgie chronique primaire. Dans cette étude, nous avons examiné si le soulagement de la lombalgie chronique primaire par une intervention chiropratique s’accompagne d’une atténuation de processus pathologiques contribuant à la douleur nociplastique. Les résultats indiquent qu’une manipulation vertébrale peut atténuer l’hyperalgésie mécanique secondaire observée avec le modèle expérimental de douleur persistante. Ceci suggère qu’une manipulation vertébrale pourrait agir sur des processus pathologiques qui mènent à la douleur chronique. Ces résultats sont cohérents avec la réduction de la douleur observée chez les patients atteints de lombalgie chronique primaire recevant des manipulations vertébrales. De plus, la réduction de la lombalgie chronique était accompagnée d’une réduction de l’hyperalgésie mécanique lombaire et de la dramatisation de la douleur. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent qu’une intervention chiropratique comprenant des manipulations vertébrales est efficace pour réduire la lombalgie chronique primaire, et que cet effet pourrait découler en partie d’une réduction de processus contribuant à la douleur nociplastique. Ceci renforce les recommandations cliniques sur l’utilisation de la chiropratique pour le soulagement de la lombalgie chronique primaire. D’autres études seront nécessaires pour clarifier les mécanismes neurophysiologiques et anti-inflammatoires des manipulations vertébrales. / Chiropractic is a health profession focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, mainly through spinal manipulation (also known as "chiropractic adjustment"). The majority of patients consult a chiropractor seeking spine pain relief, primarily in the lower back. Low back pain is the leading cause of global disability, generating considerable costs for society and affected individuals. At least one third of people with low back pain experience persistent pain, leading to chronic disability and a decrease in quality of life. In affected individuals, no pathological process affecting the spinal tissues can be identified. Instead, this pain, called nociplastic, is presumed to be caused by pathological mechanisms within the nociceptive system. Thus, in these individuals, low back pain is considered as chronic primary pain, and not the symptom of an underlying disease. In some individuals, spinal manipulations can relieve chronic primary low back pain. However, their effectiveness as a first-line intervention and their hypoalgesic mechanisms remain to be demonstrated. The overarching aim of this thesis is to examine the hypoalgesic mechanisms of chiropractic spinal manipulations. The first specific objective is to investigate the hypoalgesic mechanisms of a spinal manipulation using an experimental model of persistent back pain in healthy individuals. The second specific objective is to investigate the mechanisms of relief of chronic primary low back pain by a four-week chiropractic intervention, including twelve sessions of spinal manipulations. The thesis includes two empirical studies: an experimental study and a clinical study, both preceded by a targeted literature review. The first study is a narrative review exploring the neurophysiological mechanisms of spinal manipulation to relieve spine pain. The second article describes the results of an experimental trial on healthy individuals, where we examined the mechanisms of pain inhibition following a spinal manipulation targeting a spinal segment sensitized by the topical application of capsaicin The third article is a narrative review examining the effectiveness of spinal manipulation for the treatment of spine pain. The fourth article describes the results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial with individuals suffering from chronic primary low back pain. In this study, we examined whether the relief of chronic primary low back pain by a chiropractic intervention is accompanied by an attenuation of pathological processes contributing to nociplastic pain. The results indicate that a single spinal manipulation can mitigate segmental mechanical hyperalgesia observed with the experimental model of persistent pain. This suggests that spinal manipulations could act on pathological processes that lead to chronic pain. These results are consistent with the pain reduction observed in patients with chronic primary low back pain receiving spinal manipulations. Furthermore, low back pain relief was accompanied by a reduction in mechanical hyperalgesia and in pain catastrophizing. Overall, these results indicate that a chiropractic intervention including spinal manipulations is efficacious in reducing chronic primary low back pain, and that this effect could in part stem from a reduction in processes contributing to nociplastic pain. This reinforces clinical recommendations on the use of chiropractic for the relief of chronic primary low back pain. Further studies will be needed to clarify the neurophysiological and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of spinal manipulations.

No description available.

Höghastighetsmanipulation av nacken är en manuell behandlingsteknik mot smärta i framförallt nacken och skuldrorna. Tekniken har enligt flera källor visats hänga samman med risken för att drabbas av skador på de kärl som försörjer hjärnan med blod, med bland annat stroke som följd. Andra källor har å andra sidan visat att de är en teknik som är säker att utföra. Den här litteraturstudien har sammanställt och utvärderat forskning som på olika sätt söker utreda om det påstådda sambandet är kausalt eller inte. Metoden som valdes var att genom en av SBU färdigställd mall värdera forskningsartiklar och sedan sortera dem efter relevans, för att på så sätt avgöra huruvida sambandet kan ses som kausalt eller inte. Studieresultatet visade att frågan är för komplex för att kunna besvaras i en enskild studie, och att mer forskning behövs inom flera delområden innan frågan kan besvaras fullt ut. Orsaken till detta är att det finns flera orsaksmekanismer, och flera riskgrupper, för denna typ av skada, där flera ännu är okända. Detta gör att en fullständig kartläggning av samband i frågan ännu inte är möjlig. Däremot är det sannolikt att tekniken kan verka som en utlösande faktor, en trigger, hos vissa personer i riskgrupperna. Därför kan det sägas finnas en risk med tekniken rent praktiskt, oavsett om ett kausalt samband mellan tekniken och stroke i sig existerar eller inte. / High Velocity Manipulation of the cervical spine is a manual treatment technique against pain in foremost the neck, shoulders. The technique has according to multiple sources been connected to the risk of injury to the blood vessels that supply the brain with blood, with among others stroke as a consequence.  Other sources have on the other hand shown it the technique to be safe to perform. This literature study has compiled and evaluated research that in various ways tries to find out if said connection is causal The method used was to evaluate articles through a pre-made form from SBU, and then to sort them according to relevance to see if the connection is causal or not. The result showed that the question is too complex to be answered in a single study, and that more research is needed to answer the question in full. This is due to the fact that there are multiple mechanisms behinds this form om injury, that the risk seems to exists in certain groups, and that some of these are not yet identifiable. On the other hand there is a high probability that the technique might act as an activating factor in these groups. Because of this there can be said that a risk exists with the technique in practice, no matter if there is a casual connection between the technique and stroke in itself or not.