Em janeiro de 2005, foram coletados 31 carrapatos adultos da espécie Amblyomma triste em uma propriedade rural da CESP, localizada no município de Paulicéia, Estado de São Paulo. Três carrapatos foram positivos para o teste de hemolinfa, demonstrando estruturas compatíveis com riquétsias no interior de hemócitos. Dois desses carrapatos foram submetidos à tentativa de isolamento de riquétsias em células Vero, através da técnica de Shell vial. Um isolado foi obtido com sucesso, estando já estabelecido em cultivo celular, com várias passagens e partidas congeladas. Do restante do carrapato utilizado para este isolamento, foi extraído o DNA e este foi submetido a PCR para um fragmento do gene ompA de Rickettsia spp. Foi realizada a caracterização molecular do isolado, através do sequenciamento genético de quatro genes de Rickettsia spp: gltA, htrA, ompA e ompB e os genes apresentaram 99,8 a 100% de identidade com as seqüências correspondentes de Rickettsia parkeri no GenBank. Todos os 31 carrapatos tiveram o DNA extraído, sendo processados pela PCR para um fragmento do gene gltA e para um fragmento do gene ompA. Três (9,7%) foram positivos a PCR para o gene gltA e os mesmos 3 carrapatos foram positivos para o ompA, sendo exatamente os 3 carrapatos previamente positivos ao teste de hemolinfa). O material amplificado destes 3 carrapatos para o fragmento de gene ompA foi processado para o sequenciamento automático de nucleotídeos resultando em 100% de identidade com a seqüência correspondente de Rickettsia parkeri no GenBank. Este trabalho relata pela primeira vez a bactéria R. parkeri no Brasil, o que foi confirmado pelo isolamento do agente em cultivo de células / In January 2005, 31 adult free-living ticks of the species Amblyomma triste were collected in the CESP rural farm located in the city of Paulicéia, state of São Paulo, Brazil. In the laboratory, 3 of these ticks were positive by the hemolymph test, showing structures compatible with Rickettsia within the hemocytes. Attempts to isolate Rickettsia were performed in two hemolymph-positive ticks by the Shell-vial technique. One isolate was successful obtained, being established in Vero cell culture, with several passages performed. DNA extracted from infected cells was submitted to PCR targeting fragments of four Rickettsia genes: gltA, htrA, ompA and ompB. DNA sequences obtained from PCR products of these four genes showed 99.8 to 100% of similarity with corresponding sequences of Rickettsia parkeri in the Genbank. DNA was extracted from all 31 ticks and processed by PCR targeting a fragment of the rickettsial gltA gene and a fragment of ompA gene. Three (9.7%) ticks were positive for both genes, being the same ticks previously positive by the hemolymph test. PCR products of these ticks were sequenced, being 100% identical to the corresponding sequence of Rickettsia parkeri in GenBanK. This study perfoms the first report of R. parkeri in Brazil, confirmed by the isolation of the agent in cell culture

Febre Maculosa Brasileira (FMB), doença causada por riquétsias do grupo da febre maculosa (RGFM) transmitidas por Amblyomma cajennense, é geralmente fatal quando não tratada precocemente. Métodos laboratoriais usuais (cultura em células Vero e RIFI) não permitem diagnósticos conclusivos da maioria dos casos verificados no Estado de São Paulo, onde o agente ainda não está devidamente caracterizado. Através da PCR e Southern blotting, foram pesquisados genes riquetsiais (gltA, ompA e ompB), em 20 amostras de coágulos sanguíneos humanos sintomáticos (São Paulo), 19 com resultados prévios negativos por métodos convencionais. Cerca de 95% dos pacientes foram positivos pela PCR. A seqüência de bases do gene ompB, a amostra 3, apresentou similaridade de 98% com Rickettsia ricketsii. Dos 75 lotes de A. cajennense (n=1483), coletados na mesma região endêmica, 09 resultaram positivos em células Vero e, em 22 detectou-se o gene ompA (RGFM). Sequenciamento e análise das amostras amplificadas poderão contribuir para o completo esclarecimento do ciclo das riquétsias na região. / Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a disease caused by spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) transmitted by Amblyomma cajennense, is generally fatal when not early treated. Common laboratory methods (Vero cell culture and immunofluorescence indirect assay) are not efficient on the diagnosis in most of the cases observed in State of São Paulo, where the agent is not well characterized yet. By means of PCR and Southern Blotting rickettsial genes (gltA, ompB and ompA) were searched in samples of coagulum sanguineous from 20 presenting symptom patients (São Paulo), from these, 19 of them have presented negative results by conventional methods. About 95% of the patients were positive and the ompB base pair sequences amplified showed 98% of similarity with Rickettsia ricketsii. From the 75 lots of A. cajennense (n=1483), collected at the same endemic region, 9 were positive in Vero cell cultures and in 22 it was possible to detect the ompA gene (SFGR). Sequencing and analysis of the amplified samples can contribute to the complete understanding of the rickettsiae biological cycle.

A Febre Maculosa Brasileira causada por riquétsias do Grupo Febre Maculosa (GFM) e transmitida por carrapatos ocorre principalmente na Região Sudeste, onde óbitos humanos são registrados. No estado do Rio de Janeiro, a letalidade devido à riquetsiose é alta, mas só recentemente investigações epidemiológicas foram realizadas, e indicaram a participação de novas espécies de ectoparasitas na circulação das riquétsias. O objetivo geral do projeto é avaliar riquétsias em ectoparasitos coletados em áreas de casos humanos de Febre Maculosa, suspeitos, compatíveis ou confirmados, em municípios do estado com focos recentemente comunicados. A detecção e análise de genes riquetsiais indicam a presença de Rickettsia bellii, Rickettsia felis e Rickettsia rickettsii, nos vetores Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma dubitatum, Boophilus microplus, Ctenocephalides felis e Ctenocephalides canis, sugerindo ampla distribuição geográfica de riquétsias GFM, nas regiões Serrana, Noroeste Fluminense e Médio Paraíba do estado. / Brazilian spotted fever caused by spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae and mainly transmitted by ticks occurs in the southeast, where human deaths are recorded. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, lethality due to rickettsial infection is high, but only recently epidemiological investigations were conducted, and indicated the participation of new species of ectoparasites in rickettsiae circulation. The project\'s overall objective is to evaluate rickettsiae in ectoparasites collected in areas of human suspected, confirmed or compatible cases of spotted fever, in cities of the State with the recently reported outbreaks. The detection and analysis of rickettsial genes indicate the presence of Rickettsia bellii, Rickettsia felis and Rickettsia rickettsii in the vectors Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma dubitatum, Boophilus microplus, Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis, suggesting broad geographic distribution of SFG rickettsiae in the regions Serrana, Noroeste Fluminense and Médio Paraíba of the State.

A Febre Maculosa Brasileira (FMB) é uma doença infecciosa causada por Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitida pelo carrapato-estrela Amblyomma sculptum no interior do estado de São Paulo, onde equinos e capivaras são utilizados como sentinelas para FMB por serem considerados hospedeiros primários deste carrapato. Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Rickettsia rickettsii em sentinelas clássicos (equinos) e potenciais (ovinos, bovinos e gambás) para FMB que vivem em diferentes ambientes do Campus \"Luiz de Queiroz\", da Universidade de São Paulo, em Piracicaba-SP. De fevereiro de 2017 a janeiro de 2018 foram amostrados 156 hospedeiros, 48 que habitam áreas urbanas, sem a presença ou trânsito de capivaras (15 equinos e 33 gambás), 60 ovinos que frequentam pastagens sem presença de capivaras, mas adjacentes a matas ciliares ocupadas pelos roedores, e 48 que frequentam pastagens por onde transitam capivaras (31 bovinos e seis equinos) ou matas ciliares ocupadas pelos roedores (11 gambás). Quando possível, a amostragem envolveu a coleta de ectoparasitos. O soro obtido após centrifugação do sangue colhido foi analisado em duas etapas, triagem e titulação, pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Na triagem todas as amostras foram testadas contra R. rickettsii, e consideradas positivas se apresentassem título de anticorpos >= 64. As amostras positivas foram diluídas na etapa de titulação e testadas contra R. rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. bellii, R. ambyommatis e R. rhipicephali para determinação do título máximo de anticorpos para cada espécie. Das 156 amostras testadas, 15 estavam soropositivas, 1/60 ovinos, 1/31 bovinos, 7/21 equinos e 6/44 gambás; os títulos finais variaram de 64 a 4.096. Foi possível determinar o possível antígeno envolvido em reação homóloga (PAERH) em seis amostras, um equino (R. bellii) e quatro gambás e um ovino (R. rickettsii). Foram registrados os carrapatos Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma sculptum, Dermacentor nitens e Rhipicephalus microplus, e as pulgas Ctenocephalides felis e Siphonaptera: Rhopalopsyllidae cf. Rhopalopsyllus nos hospedeiros amostrados. Conclui-se que equinos e gambás podem ser utilizados como sentinelas para FMB no Campus \"Luiz de Queiroz\", mas os ovinos não. Não foi possível concluir se os bovinos podem ser utilizados com esta função. R. bellii, ou um microrganismo muito semelhante, ocorre na área urbana do Campus \"Luiz de Queiroz\" e é capaz de infectar cavalos. R. rickettsii, ou um microrganismo muito semelhante, ocorre no Campus \"Luiz de Queiroz\" em áreas de permanência e trânsito de capivaras / Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF) is an infectious disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitted by the tick Amblyomma sculptum outside the metropolitan region in the State of São Paulo, where horses and capybaras are used as sentinels for BSF as they are considered primary hosts for this tick. This survey aimed to verify the occurrence of antibodies against Rickettsia rickettsii in sentinels (horses) and potential sentinels (sheep, cattle and opossums) for BSF that lives in different environments of the \"Luiz de Queiroz\" Campus, University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. A total of 156 host were sampled between February of 2017 and January of 2018; 48 that live in urban areas, with no presence or transit of capybaras (15 horses and 33 opossums), 60 sheep that regularly graze on capybara-free pastures adjacent to a riparian forest occupied by these rodents, and 48 that occupy, cross or regularly graze on pastures (31 cows and six horses) or riparian forests (11 opossums) that are areas used by capybaras. Whenever possible, host sampling included ectoparasites collection. Sera obtained after centrifugation of the collected blood was analyzed in two steps, screening and titration, by the indirect immunofluorescence assay technique (IFA). All samples were tested against R. rickettsii during the screening, and those that presented antibodies titers >= 64 were considered positive. Positive samples were diluted during titration and tested against R. rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. bellii, R. ambyommatis and R. rhipicephali for determination of maximum antibodies titers for each species. Of the 156 tested samples, 15 were seropositive, 1/60 sheep, 1/31 cows, 7/21 horses and 6/44 opossums; antibodies endpoint titers ranged from 64 to 4.096. Possible antigen involved in a homologous reaction (PAIHR) was determined for six samples, one horse (R. bellii), four opossums and one sheep (R. rickettsii). The ticks Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma sculptum, Dermacentor nitens and Rhipicephalus microplus, and the fleas Ctenocephalides felis and Siphonaptera: Rhopalopsyllidae cf. Rhopalopsyllus were collected from the sampled hosts. Results showed that horses and opossums may be used as sentinels for BSF in the \"Luiz de Queiroz\" Campus, but the sheep do not. It wasn\'t possible to determine if the cows may be used as sentinels. R. bellii, or a very closely related microorganism, occurs in the urban area of the \"Luiz de Queiroz\" Campus and is capable to infect horses. R. rickettsii, or a very closely related microorganism, occurs in capybara-transit areas of the \"Luiz de Queiroz\" Campus

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:15:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CELSO EDUARDO DE SOUZA1.pdf: 1961117 bytes, checksum: 9c58964339128b2a9f91e38568ada01c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-22 / Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) is an acute infectious disease and its etiologic agent Rickettsia rickettsii is a gram negative intracellular binding and transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. In the epidemiology of spotted fever, the amplifying hosts in general are wild animals. They play an important role for developing temporary rickettsemia, thus contributing to the possibility of infection of new generations of ticks. This study aims to verify the occurrence of anti rickettsiae IgG antibodies of the spotted fever group in the serum of wild rodents. The presence of rickettsiae of the brazilian spotted fever group in fragments of the spleen of wild rodents was studied by PCR and clarify the involvement of small rodents as amplifying hosts of R. rickettsii in endemic areas in the region of Campinas in S?o Paulo state. Thus, we selected the municipalities of Jaguari?na, Pedreira and Piracicaba, where human been cases were detected. Through the use of one hundred traps distributed in Sharm lines, 222 rodents were captured the following species: Akodon sp 35 (15.6%), Necromys lasiurus 61 (27,1%), Calomys tener 35 (15,6%), Mus muscullus 19 (8,4%), Nectomys squamipes 1 (0,4%), Oligoryzomys nigripes 63 (28,0%), Oxymycterus nigripes 1 (0,4%), Rattus rattus 7 (3,1%). All rodents were examined, but no tick was found. We analyzed a total of 186 serum samples for antibodies of the IgG class anti-Rickettsia rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. felis, R. amblyommii, R. rhipicephali and R. bellii. It was found that 39 (20.97%) sera were reactive to at least one Rickettsia spp. with titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:512 and 147 (79.03%) were negative. The prevalence of anti R. rickettsii spp antibodies IgG found in these mice was 9.34%. Of the 186 animals examined were positive only 17 of these, 15 animals showed evidence of 1/64 and only one animal reacted to the title of 1/512.One hundred and fifty six spleens were processed by PCR and was not detected in Rickettsia spp in any of them. Considering the results presented we can conclude that small rodents are not amplifying hosts of Rickettsia of Brazilian spotted fever group in the study area. / A febre maculosa brasileira (FMB) ? uma doen?a infecciosa aguda e tem como agente etiol?gico a Rickettsia rickettsii que ? uma bact?ria gram negativa intracelular obrigat?ria e transmitida atrav?s da picada de carrapatos infectados. Na epidemiologia da febre maculosa, os hospedeiros amplificadores em geral s?o animais silvestres, os quais exercem fun??o importante por desenvolverem rickettsemia tempor?ria. Este estudo teve como objetivos estudar a ocorr?ncia de anticorpos da classe IgG anti Rickettsia spp. do grupo da febre maculosa no soro dos pequenos roedores silvestres, detectar atrav?s da PCR a presen?a de esp?cies de Rickettsia do grupo da febre maculosa em fragmentos de ba?o dos roedores e esclarecer a participa??o destes animais como hospedeiros amplificadores de R. rickettsii em ?reas end?micas na regi?o de Campinas estado de S?o Paulo. Foram selecionados os munic?pios de Jaguari?na, Pedreira e Piracicaba por situarem-se em ?rea end?mica e com registro de casos em seres humanos. Foram utilizadas um total de cem armadilhas tipo Sharm distribu?das em linhas. Um total de 222 roedores das seguintes esp?cies foram capturadas: 35 (15,6%) Akodon sp, 61 (27,1%) Necromys lasiurus, 35 (15,6%) Calomys tener, 19 (8,4%)Mus muscullus, 1 (0,4%) Nectomys squamipes, 63 (28,0%) Oligoryzomys nigripes, 1 (0,4%) Oxymycterus nigripes e 7 (3,1%) Rattus rattus. Todos os roedores foram examinados, mas nenhum carrapato foi encontrado. Foram analisados um total de 186 soros para detec??o de anticorpos da classe IgG anti- Rickettsia rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. felis, R. amblyommii, R. rhipicephalus e R. bellii. Verificou-se que 39 (20,97%) dos soros foram reativos a pelo menos para uma das esp?cies Rickettsia com t?tulos variando de 1:64 a 1:512 e 147 (79,03%) foram negativos. A preval?ncia de anticorpos da classe IgG anti R. rickettsii encontrada nestes roedores foi de 9,34%. Dos 186 animais examinados apenas 17 foram positivos, destes, 15 animais apresentaram t?tulos de 1/64 e apenas um animal reagiu at? o t?tulo de 1/512. Foram processados 182 ba?os pela t?cnica da PCR e n?o foi detectado Rickettsia spp. em nenhum deles. Diante dos resultados apresentados podemos concluir que os pequenos roedores n?o s?o os hospedeiros amplificadores de Rickettsia do grupo da Febre Maculos na ?rea estudada.

Poucos estudos quantificam o risco relativo da saúde humana na transmissão spillover de doenças zoonóticas de populações de animais silvestres, estudos cruciais na compreensão da história natural das zoonoses. Coccídios, em particular os da família Sarcocystidae, são importantes agentes transmissíveis na interface homens - animais domésticos e silvestres. O diagnóstico da coccidiose é prejudicado pela limitada disponibilidade de amostras resultantes de populações animais de espécies em risco de extinção. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar através da amplificação do locus ITS-1, protozoários das subfamílias Sarcocystinae e Toxoplasmatinae em amostras teciduais de Puma yagouaroundi, Leopardus geoffroyi, L. tigrinus, L. wiedii, L. colocolo e L. pardalis, depositados em coleções biológicas do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Um objetivo adicional foi a obtenção de informações que permitissem avaliar o papel epidemiológico dos protozoários no ciclo silvestre dos parasitas e seu possível impacto sobre as populações de animais silvestres e na saúde pública. Noventa pequenos felídeos neotropicais de vida livre, representando seis espécies, foram amostrados. Destes, 31 felídeos (34,4%), de todas as seis espécies, foram positivos para Toxoplasma gondii e DNA foi detectado em 63 das 433 (14,6%) amostras de tecidos primários coletados a partir de língua (28,6%), cérebro (18,6%), músculo esquelético (17,1%), musculatura ocular (13,6%), globo ocular (13,6%), coração (11,1%), diafragma (5,4%) e humor vítreo (4,5%). Doze amostras primárias positivas ao T. gondii foram genotipadas com os marcadores moleculares SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22- 8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico e CS3 e a técnica multilocus PCR-RFLP, a amostra Py#36m foi totalmente caracterizada como do tipo I com alelo II no BTUB e um novo genótipo atípico Py#21M, ambos isolados de Puma yagouaroundi e nunca descrito no Brasil. Nove outras amostras tiveram caracterização parcial. Treze dos 90 felídeos foram positivos para Sarcocystis spp. (14,4%) e outros 18 felídeos, representando cinco espécies albergaram S. felis-like [Py (#75m, #83m, #35m, #20li, #55li), Lg (#80m, #70m, #88m, #71li, #67mOi), Lt (#19m, #48m, #89m, #84m), Lw (#12, #73d) e Lc (#82m, #76m)]. Um único felino de L. pardalis foi negativo. DNA do parasita foi detectado em 11,8% dos tecidos examinados (51/433): musculatura esquelética (26,5%), língua (23,2%), musculatura ocular (13,6%), diafragma (10,7%), cérebro (2,3%), coração (1,6%) e globo ocular (4,5%), nenhuma das 44 amostras de humor vítreo foi positiva. Esta é a primeira detecção e caracterização genética de T. gondii e de S. felislike em felídeos silvestres brasileiros de vida livre, demonstrando a presença destes agentes no ciclo silvestre e, a potencial transmissibilidade ao homem e a outros animais domésticos e silvestres. O uso de amostras de tecidos de animais silvestres depositados em coleções biológicas para estudos epidemiológicos de doenças monstraram serem de grande utilidade. / Few studies have quantified the relative risk of human health from spillover of zoonotic diseases from populations of wild animals; these studies are crucial for understanding the natural history of zoonoses. Coccidia, particularly from the family Sarcocystidae, are important transmissible agents at the interface of man and domestic and wild animals. The diagnosis of Coccidiosis is hampered by the limited availability of samples resulting from protection of natural populations of the species at risk of extinction. The aim of this study was to detected, by amplification of ITS-1 locus, protozoa from the subfamilies Sarcocystinae and Toxoplasmatinae in tissue samples from Puma yagouaroundi, Leopardus geoffroyi, L. tigrinus, L. wiedii, L. colocolo and L. pardalis, deposited in biological collections of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. An additional aim was to obtain information that would enable assessment of the epidemiological role of the protozoa in the sylvatic cycle of the parasite, and its possible impact on wildlife populations and public health. Ninety free-living small wild felines, representing 6 species, were sampled. Of these, 31 felids (34.4%) of all six species were positive for T. gondii and DNA was detected in 63 of 433 (14.6%) primary tissue samples collected from the tongue (28.6%), brain (18.6%), skeletal muscle (17.1%), ocular muscles (13.6%), eye (13.6%), heart (11.1%), diaphragm (5.4%) and vitreous humor (4.5%). Twelve primary samples positive for T. gondii were genotyped with molecular markers SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and apical CS3. Using the multilocus PCR-RFLP technique, sample Py#36m was fully genotyped as Type I with allele II in locus BTUB, and a new atypical Py#21M, both isolates from Puma yagouaroundi and never described in Brazil. Nine other samples had a partial characterization. Thirteen of the 90 felids were positive for Sarcocystis spp. (14.4%) and another 18 felids, representing 5 species, harbored S. felis-like organisms [Py (#75m, #83m, #35m, #20li, #55li), Lg (#80m, #70m, #88m, #71li, #67mOi), Lt (#19m, #48m, #89m, #84m), Lw (#12, #73d) and Lc (#82m, #76m)]. A single felid of L. pardalis was negative. Parasite DNA was detected in 11.8% (51/433) of the tissues examined: muscle skeletal (26.5%), tongue (23.2%), ocular muscles (13.6%), diaphragm (10.7 %), brain (2.3%), heart (1.6%) and eye (4.5%); none of the 44 samples of vitreous humor was positive. This is the first description of the detection and genetic characterization of T. gondii and S. felis-like in free-living Brazilians wild felids, demonstrating the presence of these agents in the sylvatic cycle, and the potential transmition to humans and other domestic and wild animals. The use of tissue samples from wild animals deposited in biological collections for epidemiological studies of diseases demonstrated to be of great utility.

Foi conduzido um estudo sobre a ecologia da Febre Maculosa Brasileira, causada pela bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii, em uma área endêmica, no distrito de Taiaçupeba, Município de Mogi das Cruzes, SP. Para o melhor entendimento de quais animais silvestres são os hospedeiros das formas imaturas do carrapato vetor, Amblyomma aureolatum, foram capturados entre janeiro e dezembro de 2005, 243 animais silvestres em dois fragmentos de mata. Foram utilizadas estações de pitfall para captura de roedores e pequenos didelfídeos e armadilhas tomahawk para captura de Didelphis aurita, além da colocação de redes de neblina (14m x 3m cada) para captura de aves. Os animais foram sacrificados e tiveram sangue, baço e fígado extraídos. O baço de cada animal foi submetido a testes moleculares e bioensaios para pesquisa de bactérias do gênero Rickettsia. Os carrapatos capturados dos animais foram submetidos à identificação taxonômica morfológica ou molecular e à pesquisa de bactérias do gênero Rickettsia. Foram colhidos carrapatos dos gêneros Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis e Ixodes. Imaturos do carrapato Amblyomma aureolatum foram colhidos parasitando três indivíduos da espécie de Passeriforme Pyriglena leucoptera. Não foram encontrados exemplares desta espécie de carrapato parasitando roedores ou didelfídeos. Nenhum animal foi identificado sendo infectado por riquétsias, enquanto que três espécies de riquétsias, sendo duas do grupo da febre maculosa, foram identificadas infectando carrapatos das espécies Amblyomma longirostre, Ixodes aragaoi e Ixodes loricatus. Nenhum carrapato foi encontrado naturalmente infectado com a bactéria R. rickettsii. O estudo mostrou detalhes do ciclo de vida do carrapato A. aureolatum que podem auxiliar o entendimento do ciclo enzoótico da febre maculosa brasileira. / Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF) is a tick-borne-disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii. An ecological study was conducted in a BSF-endemic area in Taiaçupeba County, Mogi das Cruzes Municipality, State of São Paulo. With the purpose to determine natural hosts of the immature stages of the tick vector Amblyomma aureolatum, a total of 243 wild animals were captured in two fragments of Atlantic Forests between January and December of 2005. Pitfall trap stations were used for capture of rodents and small didelphids while tomahawk traps were used for Didelphis aurita capture. Mist nets (14m x 3m each) were used for bird capture. Captured animals were scarified and blood, spleen and liver were extracted. Spleen samples were submitted to molecular and bioassay tests for rickettsia research. Captured ticks were submitted to morphological or molecular taxonomic identification and to rickettsia research. Ticks from the genera Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis and Ixodes were collected. Immature tick stages of A. Aureolatum were collected on three individuals of the bird species Pyriglena leucoptera, but no other A. Aureolatum tick was found infesting neither rodents or didelphids. No animal was found infected by rickettsiae whereas three rickettsiae, two of them belonging to Spotted Fever Group, were found infecting the ticks Amblyomma longirostre, Ixodes aragaoi and Ixodes loricatus. No tick was found infected by R. Rickettsii, the agent of BSF. The present study revealed details about the A. Aureolatum life cycle in natural conditions, contributing for a better understanding about the enzootic cycle of BSF.

The decline of the Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa), a Pacific Northwest endemic now federally listed as threatened, has been attributed to several aspects of ecosystem alteration, primarily habitat degradation and loss. The introduced American Bullfrog (Rana (Aquarana) catesbeiana) has been widely implicated in those declines, but the basis of that contention has been difficult to characterize. The bullfrog occurring at every site of recent Oregon Spotted Frog extirpation has focused concern about its impact. Here, I present a suite of interconnected studies that examine the behavioral ecology of both species to better understand the potential for bullfrog-mediated Oregon Spotted Frog extirpation. I quantified Oregon Spotted Frog anti-predator behavior from the only known population successfully co-occurring with bullfrogs (Conboy Lake) and a population devoid of bullfrog impact (Big Marsh), and compared these behaviors to the predatory traits of the bullfrog. The initial study revealed that captive-reared individuals from the Oregon Spotted Frog population that has successfully co-occurred with bullfrogs respond faster to a predatory stimulus (measured as latency to response) than Oregon Spotted Frogs from a population not to exposed to bullfrogs. Subsequent field investigations of the approach distance allowed by a predator stimulus before taking evasive action (termed the flight initiation distance: FID) conducted with the Oregon Spotted Frog population co-occurring with bullfrogs first demonstrated that FID of recently metamorphosed bullfrogs is consistently greater than that of recently metamorphosed Oregon Spotted Frogs. Further, examination of FID across all post-metamorphic age classes of Oregon Spotted Frogs revealed that older frogs do not allow as close approach as recently metamorphosed Oregon Spotted Frogs. This age class shift in FID did not occur in the Oregon Spotted Frog population not exposed to bullfrogs. In the latter population, FID did not differ among age classes. Since the bullfrog might be driving this age-based change in anti-predator behavior, I explored the variation in strike distance of bullfrogs from the site of co-occurrence in both the field and laboratory to determine the extent of overlap with Oregon Spotted Frog FID. I found that the bullfrog strike distance significantly overlaps the FID of all ages of Oregon Spotted Frogs from the bullfrog-free site but only that of youngest (recently metamorphosed) frogs at the site of co-occurrence. Older Oregon Spotted Frogs from the site of co-occurrence generally escaped at distances greater than the strike distance of bullfrogs. I also collected > 880 bullfrogs from the site of co-occurrence and analyzed the stomach contents to assess their dietary trends. I found that bullfrogs consume Oregon Spotted Frogs at the site, but do not eat the larger (older) frogs. Moreover, the body size ratio between Oregon Spotted Frogs as prey and bullfrogs as predators suggests that nearly all of the adult size distribution of bullfrogs at Conboy would be incapable of preying on adult Oregon Spotted Frogs. Collectively, these studies strongly suggest that bullfrogs have altered the escape behavior of Oregon Spotted Frogs at Conboy Lake and that most adult Oregon Spotted Frogs at Conboy may have a size-based release from predation by bullfrogs. Implicit in this finding is that bullfrogs may pose a real threat via predation to other Oregon Spotted Frog populations with which they might come into contact where the distribution of bullfrog body sizes differ substantially from that at Conboy Lake.

Abundance, distribution and habitat preferences of the lizard species present on Motunau Island, off the Canterbury coast of New Zealand, were investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the extent to which recent vegetation change on Motunau Island has effected the lizard community and what implications this has for the future management of the Island. Three species of lizard occur on Motunau Island; the common gecko (Hoplodactylus maculatus), common skink (Oligosoma nigriplantare polychroma) and spotted skink (O. lineoocellatum). Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were present on the island from 1862 until their eradication in 1962. Since then, vegetation on the island has changed from being tussock-dominated to being dominated by exotic weeds. Data from lizard pitfall trap surveys carried out in 1967-75 by Tony Whitaker of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) were compared with new pitfall trapping data to determine if changes in the lizard population had occurred in response to these vegetation changes. The abundance of O. n. polychroma and H. maculatus does not appear to change significantly. The distribution of these two species were significantly correlated but neither showed any preference for a particular type. The abundance of O. lineoocellatum was significantly greater in 1996/97 than in the earlier DSlR surveys. This could be a result of the vegetation becoming more open and more structurally complex since the early surveys. This would offer greater opportunities for O. lineoocellatum (which is strongly heliothermic) to thermoregulate and forage. O. lineoocellatum showed no consistent significant preference towards any habitat type, although they tended to be found more in 'margin' habitat. Research into pitfall trapping and the way lizard behaviour may influence pitfall trapping data needs to be undertaken as there is a possible trap bias in this study. Management of Motunau Island needs to ensure that a structurally complex environment is maintained to ensure high numbers of all three lizard species can continue to coexist.

À l’échelle macroscopique, à savoir celle du paysage, la couverture végétale des milieux arides apparaît comme fortement hétérogène. Cette organisation spatiale des peuplements est habituellement attribuée aux processus de facilitation et de compétition qui opèrent à l’échelle microscopique des individus végétaux. Le qualificatif d’auto-organisées fut donc attribué à ces végétations qui se structurent en l’absence d’hétérogénéité préexistante du milieu physique. L’auto-organisation de la végétation fut particulièrement bien étudiée dans le cas des structures périodiques connues dès les années '50 sous le nom de brousses tigrées. Depuis les années '90, un pas en avant dans la compréhension de ce phénomène fut accompli grâce au développement de modèles mécanistes de la dynamique de la phytomasse et des ressources, émanant du cadre théorique de l'auto-organisation des structures dissipatives. Ces modèles se rejoignent sur un ensemble de prédictions robustes et vérifiables concernant la formation, le maintien et la modulation par l'environnement des structures macroscopiques. Durant le même laps de temps, notre niveau d’analyse a connu une expansion sans précédent, à la fois dans le temps et dans l’espace, grâce au développement de l’imagerie satellitaire et des outils d’analyse spatiale. Nous nous trouvons dès lors à un moment charnière pour la validation macroscopique des théories d’auto-organisation des végétations en milieu aride. Le présent travail s'articule en quatre études, chacune traitant d'une prédiction différente. Nous avons mis en évidence les principales variables responsables de la formation des structures et de leur modulation en termes d’échelle et de géométrie. Enfin avons démontré la mobilité des structures sous l’effet d’une pente de terrain.