Surface runoff is one of the most important problems which occur with moving sprinkler irrigation systems: it is particularly severe in centre pivot systems operated at low pressure. The consequences of surface runoff are waste of water, lower irrigation efficiency, soil erosion and removal of fertilizers from the field. An obvious indicator of the potential for runoff to occur during sprinkler irrigation is the appearance of surface ponding. Indeed, results from a stationary "time to ponding" test (using a minimum set of three constant water application rates) carried out on the farm, is commonly used to determine the irrigation rate in moving systems. This practice sometimes leads to the occurrence of runoff under moving systems, particularly centre pivot systems. / The primary aim of the investigation was to explore the phenomenon of soil surface ponding in stationary "time to ponding" tests (using constant water application rate) and in moving sprinkler irrigation systems (using variable water application rate), and to discover the relationship between these two sets of conditions, in order to improve the design and managements of these systems and avoid runoff. / A vital component of the investigation was the development of a laboratory rig which incorporated certain characteristics and properties, including: A special soil test bed containing 355mm depth of a loamy sand soil, together with a system continuously measuring and monitoring soil moisture content. The rig also included heating and suction systems to reduce and establish target soil moisture conditions before each test, and an efficient drainage system. Ponding was identified in 15 circular depressions on the soil surface. A water application simulator capable of being operated in both stationary and moving modes at different speeds, applying different constant and variable irrigation rates to the soil test bed with very small droplets. The nature of the supply closely approximated that of field installations. A continuous water application measurement device capable of measuring instantaneous water application rate and pattern as well as irrigation depth applied to the soil test bed. / Certain parameters, of necessity, were fixed for the investigation: these included the soil, the type of variable application pattern (parabolic), the range of speeds of the moving simulator (10% to 100% of maximum speed which was 345mm/minute) and the range of initial soil moistures (3% up to field capacity). Initial tests were carried out to determine a suitable water application rate: this was set as 103mm/h (average). The main set of tests was carried out using this average application rate under constant ("time to ponding") and variable ("onset of ponding") irrigation conditions at different soil moisture contents. / The main outcome of the research was that the maximum irrigation depth that can be applied by a moving system (variable pattern) without the appearance of ponding for any set value of initial soil moisture, is significantly less than the maximum irrigation depth which must be applied to produce ponding in a stationary system (constant pattern), operated with the same initial soil moisture and same average application rate. Therefore, the results obtained from a “time to ponding” test, if applied directly, overestimate the optimum water application rate and also the maximum irrigation depth which can be applied in moving irrigation systems, if they are to operate efficiently. / A relationship was established between the two sets of outcomes for corresponding soil and water application rate and pattern conditions. The apparatus and the method can be used for further research to discover similar relationships for different soil types and different water application rates and patterns in order to provide a general model. This model can be used to modify the optimum water application rate (obtained directly from stationary "time to ponding" tests) and, also, the maximum irrigation depth (through choice of speed appropriate to the initial soil moisture) in moving sprinkler irrigation systems, particularly in centre pivot systems. / Thesis (PhDCivilEngineering)--University of South Australia, 2005.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 232-241). Also available via the Internet

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:50:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guirra_appm_me_jabo.pdf: 278924 bytes, checksum: 904126f5d8e8dc9fa0c2d2c6db8f43da (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A maioria dos catálogos técnicos dos fabricantes não especifica, para as diferentes posições do defletor e pressões de serviço, o perfil radial de distribuição de água de seus aspersores, limitando-se à apresentação de valores de vazão e raio de alcance. Devido a ausência das informações (posição do defletor x pressão de serviço x espaçamento), neste trabalho teve-se como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do aspersor NaanDanJain, com bocal de 3,5 mm de diâmetro (cor azul), modelo 435 ½” M, operando com as pressões de 100, 200, 300 e 400 kPa, em cinco posições do defletor de ajuste (30º; 21,4º; 12,8º; 4,2º e 0º). Para a determinação dos parâmetros avaliados utilizou-se o método da malha, e com o auxílio do aplicativo computacional CATCH 3D calculou-se a sobreposição das lâminas de água com oito espaçamentos. A simulação da uniformidade de aplicação de água (CUC e CUD) apresentou melhores resultados para o espaçamento 6 x 6 m nas pressões de 200, 300 e 400 kPa. A utilização da pressão de 100 kPa resultou em menor uniformidade de aplicação para todos os espaçamentos ensaiados, sendo recomendadas pressões superiores a 100 kPa. As diferentes pressões e ângulos do defletor influenciaram o raio de alcance, o perfil de distribuição e a uniformidade de distribuição de água. As diversas combinações de ângulo do defletor e pressão de serviço possibilitaram a utilização do aspersor em diferentes condições operacionais / The most of manufacturer technical catalogs do not specify, to the different deflector position and work pressure, the water distribution radial profile of its sprinklers, limiting only the flow values and reach ray values presentation. Due to the lack of information (deflector position vs. work pressure vs. spacing) in this work it was evaluated the performance of the sprinkler NaanDanJain, nozzle with diameter 3.5 mm (blue), model 435 ½” M, working under pressure of 100, 200, 300, and 400 kPa in five deflector adjustment positions (30°, 21.4°, 21.8°, 4.2°, and 0°). To determine the evaluated parameters the mesh method was used, and with the computational application CATCH 3D the water depht overlap was calculated with eight replications. The water application uniformity simulation (CUC and CUD) presented better results to the 6 x 6 m spacing in the 200, 300, and 400 kPa pressures. The 100 kPa pressure use resulted in a lower spraying uniformity to all the evaluated spacing, being, this way, recommended pressures higher than 100 kPa. The different pressures and deflector angles influenced the operation range, the distribution profile, and the water distribution uniformity. The several deflector angle and work pressure combinations allowed use the sprinkle in different operational conditions

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-10-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:39:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moura_rs_me_ilha.pdf: 363425 bytes, checksum: 48c43d19cdd6885b5be63fdcc650f9fb (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Os manejos de água e de nitrogênio são importantes para atender adequadamente as necessidades da planta de arroz. Em região com verão chuvoso, o manejo de água é função do regime das precipitações e das irrigações, as quais são realizadas para suprir os períodos de deficiência hídrica. Em relação à necessidade por nitrogênio, o mesmo pode ser suprido com aplicação no solo na forma mineral e, também pela utilização de bactérias capazes de fixar o nitrogênio atmosférico ou a combinação dos dois métodos. Por isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de lâminas de água, inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura, utilizando como fonte nitrogenada o sulfato de amônio, no desenvolvimento, componentes de produção, produtividade e qualidade industrial de grãos de arroz de terras altas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 5, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na combinação de lâminas de água (irrigado + precipitação pluvial e não irrigado + precipitação pluvial), da inoculação das sementes (não inoculado e inoculado) e da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 kg ha-1 de N). A altura de plantas foi influenciada pelo manejo de água e pelas doses de nitrogênio testadas, mas não ocorreu acamamento de plantas. O manejo de água também influenciou o número de panículas m-2, a fertilidade dos colmos e das espiguetas, teor de nitrogênio na planta, nos grãos e na folha, massa de 100 grãos, massa hectolítrica e produtividade de grãos, além de reduzir o número de dias para o florescimento e a duração do ciclo da cultura. A inoculação das sementes com A. brasilense aumentou o número de colmos e número de panículas por metro quadrado. As doses de N testadas não interferiram na produtividade do arroz de terras altas / The water and nitrogen management are important to adequately meet the needs of the rice plant. In the region with a rainy summer, the water management is a function of rainfall and irrigation which are made to meet periods of water stress. The nitrogen can be supplied with application to soil in mineral form and the use of bacteria capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen or combination of two methods. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the water levels, seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses, in cover, in the development, production components, productivity and quality of grain of upland rice. A randomized block design was used in a 2 x 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with four repetitions. The treatments consisted in water levels (irrigation + rainfall and no irrigation + rainfall), seeds inoculation (uninoculated and inoculated) and nitrogen fertilization in cover (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 N). The high plants was influenced by water management and nitrogen doses tested, but there was no bedding plants. The water management also influenced number of panicles per square meter, the fertility of stems and spikelets, nitrogen content in plant, grains and leaf, mass of 100 grains, hectoliter weight and grain yield, and reduce the number of the days to flowering and duration of the crop cycle. The seeds inoculation with A. brasilense increased the number of stems and number of panicles per square meter. The nitrogen doses were tested did not interfere in yield of upland rice

Master of Science / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Danny H. Rogers / Recent innovations in the irrigation industry indicate a transition to more water efficient and uniform systems. This transition is necessary to preserve limited aquifer resources used by irrigation systems in the U.S. Great Plains where center pivot irrigation has become the dominant irrigation method. New in-canopy sprinkler packages have allowed these center pivot systems to operate more efficiently and uniformly, however, these in-canopy sprinklers hang low in the canopy and have the potential to become entangled in crop biomass and detach from the center pivot. Detached in-canopy sprinklers can impact the uniformity of the irrigation system resulting in decreased crop yields by disrupting the designed flow and pressure requirements of the sprinkler package. Therefore, it is crucial that producers detect and replace missing in-canopy sprinklers immediately. The current method to detect missing in-canopy sprinklers is manual inspection along the center pivot which uses significant time and labor. A monitoring system to alert the user of any detachments can eliminate unnecessary exploration and direct the user to the specific location of the detached in-canopy sprinkler. A prototype in-canopy sprinkler monitoring system was designed to monitor in-canopy sprinklers on a center pivot irrigation system and alerts the user when and where an in-canopy sprinkler becomes detached from the center pivot span. The system utilizes three major components to accomplish this task: a master controller node, a series of sprinkler nodes, and a digital compass node. The master controller node requests the status of in-canopy sprinklers from each connected sprinkler node, which constantly monitors its connected in-canopy sprinkler, and if a sprinkler is found to be missing alerts the user via an SMS text message sent to their cell phone that the in-canopy sprinkler is missing and can be found at specific geographic coordinates. The master controller node calculates the geographic coordinates of the detached in-canopy sprinkler by requesting the current compass bearing angle of the center pivot span from the digital compass node. This angle, combined with the known coordinates of the pivot point of the center pivot system and radius of the detached in-canopy sprinkler from the pivot point can be used to calculate the coordinates of the detached in-canopy sprinkler. To test the performance of the designed system, it was connected to a demonstration center pivot and several trials were performed. The demonstration center pivot consisted of a rotatable span with eight detachable drop hoses and in-canopy sprinklers. Trials performed were designed to test the system’s ability to react to detached in-canopy sprinklers and drop hoses, detect and identify issues that might arise during normal operation, and respond to user’s SMS text messages with the proper system information as part of the user interface. The system successfully passed each set of trials ensuring that this prototype will accurately detect when and where an in-canopy sprinkler becomes detached and promptly alert the user.

No description available.

Myndighetskraven som ställs på tekniska egenskaper vid uppförande av byggnader uppdaterasårligen och blir alltmer skarpare. I Boverkets byggregler 19 infördes automatiskt släcksystem somföreskriftskrav. Tidigare tillämpades de endast under allmänna råd. Syftet med denna rapport är attidentifiera kravbilden för installation av sprinkleranläggning i byggnader i Sverige, främst urmyndighetsperspektiv genom litteraturstudie samt informationsinsamling via intervjuer med diverseerfarna nyckelpersoner med olika bakgrund inom branschen.Kravbilden för installation av sprinkler styrs redan från riksdagsnivån via Plan- och bygglagen. Kravenförtydligas och specificeras mer detaljerat för varje instans fram till Svensk standard där reglernafinjusterats in i detaljer som bland annat aktiveringstid, tryck och vattentäthet. Reglerna ärdimensionerande och anpassad för olika typer av verksamheter samt områden.Myndighetskrav reglerar krav för installation av sprinkler i vissa vård- och omsorgslokaler medanförsäkringsbolagen reglerar villkor för installation av sprinkler i bland annat industrilokaler. Slutsatsenför rapporten är att kravbilden för installation av sprinklersystem skiljer sig mellan myndighetskravoch villkor enligt försäkringsbolagen. Myndighetskraven identifierar risker för människans liv ochhälsa och tar inte hänsyn till egendomsskydd, vilket försäkringsbolagen gör.I denna rapport kartläggs kravbilden för installation av sprinkler utifrån samhället krav från Plan- ochbygglagen till tidigare RUS 120 för att ge en inblick i hur juridiken inverkar på tekniken inombyggbranschen. / For every year, the authority requirements regarding building technology gets more acute andintense. In Boverkets byggregler 19 automatic sprinkler system changed from advice to requirement.Purpose of this report is to identify pretension for installation of automatic sprinkler system inbuildings in Sweden with focus in authority requirements through literatures and interviews.Requirements for installation of automatic sprinkler system are controlled by the parliament byPlanning and Building Act. The requirements clarify and gets clearer for every authority all the way toSvensk standard where the requirements adjust into details and regulates terms like response time,pressure and design density. The requirements are dimensional and customized for different activityand section.Authority requirements settles the pretension for installation of automatic sprinkler system in somebuildings for care in the same time insurance companies settles the pretension for installation ofautomatic sprinkler system in industry buildings. Conclusion for this report is that requirements forinstallation of automatic sprinkler system are different depends on if authority or insurancecompanies settles them. Requirements from authority focus in protection of lives while insurancecompanies focus in property loss. Boverket wants insurance companies to be more responsible foruse of automatic sprinkler system in other buildings than buildings for care.Different requirements from different parts of the society specifies in this report just to let thereader have an insight how jurisprudence affects technology in building industry.

A one-dimensional porous media model has been developed to investigate water based fire suppression. The model is for heat and mass transfer in porous materials subjected to external water sprays and radiant heating. In the model, heat transfer inside the material occurs by conduction, convection, and phase change. Mass transfer occurs by gas phase diffusion and convection in the liquid and gas phases. Convective mass fluxes are driven by pressure gradients according to Darcy’s Law. Boundary conditions that are appropriate for a range of cases are presented. The model was used, along with experiments, to investigate two scenarios relevant to water based suppression: spray wetting and radiant heating. Ceramic fiberboard samples were used as a test material. For the wetting tests, the model is shown to be able to reasonably predict the rate of water absorption into the samples. Radiant heating tests were conducted in the cone calorimeter with pre-wetted samples. For the heating tests, the model is shown to reasonably predict the drying behavior that would directly precede an ignition event.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mazzer_hr_dr_botfca.pdf: 796462 bytes, checksum: 3bfbae5f650a329804ad078348de7493 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma bancada de ensaios para avaliar os microaspersores perante o coeficiente de variação de fabricação dos emissores e ensaiá-los em conformidade com a ABNT segundo o projeto 04:015.08-015 para microaspersores, e fornecer um parâmetro para cálculos de vazões em três sistemas (Tipo Serpentina, Tipo Linha Lateral e Tipo Malha) de irrigação, verificando inclusive a pressão dos emissores. A bancada foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Irrigação e Drenagem da UNESPFCA, em Botucatu-SP e foram utilizados quatro tipos de microaspersores (Amanco não compensante, bocal verde com vazão de 50 L h-1; Azud não compensante, bocal branco de 40 L h-1, Naandan não compensante, bocal cinza de 41 L h-1 e Naandan auto compensante, bocal marrom de 35 L h-1) para a determinação de perdas de carga em cada sistema e cálculo do coeficiente de variação de fabricação de cada um deles. Os resultados apontaram que todos eles estão classificados como bons 4,14%; 2,29%; 2,86%; e 2,84% respectivamente, segundo ABNT. Nessas condições experimentais o sistema que teve a melhor uniformidade de distribuição foi o sistema Tipo Malha, com semelhanças em relação ao sistema Tipo Linha Lateral. / This study was carried to evaluate some micro sprinklers in a testing bench to evaluate the CVf (Coeficiente de variação de fabricação), in acordding to project 04:015.08-015 of ABNT, for micro sprinkler, and simulate three diferent system operate of design micro-irrigation (Tipo Serpentina, Tipo Linha Lateral, and Tipo Malha), to verify the pressure and outflow of micro-sprinkler in each test. This testing bench was developed in Irrigation & Drainage Laboratory of UNESP-FCA, in Botucatu-SP. Four micro sprinkler were used to determine the head loss in each system, and to calculate the variation of each one. The results demonstrated that they were classificate like good as ABNT rules with CVf = 4,14%; 2,29%; 2,86%; and 2,84% respectively, and the best system of uniformity was Tipo Malha that was very similar to Tipo Linha Lateral system.

Orientador: José Renato Zanini / Banca: Marconi Batista Teixeira / Banca: Othon Carlos da Cruz / Resumo: A maioria dos catálogos técnicos dos fabricantes não especifica, para as diferentes posições do defletor e pressões de serviço, o perfil radial de distribuição de água de seus aspersores, limitando-se à apresentação de valores de vazão e raio de alcance. Devido a ausência das informações (posição do defletor x pressão de serviço x espaçamento), neste trabalho teve-se como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do aspersor NaanDanJain, com bocal de 3,5 mm de diâmetro (cor azul), modelo 435 ½" M, operando com as pressões de 100, 200, 300 e 400 kPa, em cinco posições do defletor de ajuste (30º; 21,4º; 12,8º; 4,2º e 0º). Para a determinação dos parâmetros avaliados utilizou-se o método da malha, e com o auxílio do aplicativo computacional CATCH 3D calculou-se a sobreposição das lâminas de água com oito espaçamentos. A simulação da uniformidade de aplicação de água (CUC e CUD) apresentou melhores resultados para o espaçamento 6 x 6 m nas pressões de 200, 300 e 400 kPa. A utilização da pressão de 100 kPa resultou em menor uniformidade de aplicação para todos os espaçamentos ensaiados, sendo recomendadas pressões superiores a 100 kPa. As diferentes pressões e ângulos do defletor influenciaram o raio de alcance, o perfil de distribuição e a uniformidade de distribuição de água. As diversas combinações de ângulo do defletor e pressão de serviço possibilitaram a utilização do aspersor em diferentes condições operacionais / Abstract: The most of manufacturer technical catalogs do not specify, to the different deflector position and work pressure, the water distribution radial profile of its sprinklers, limiting only the flow values and reach ray values presentation. Due to the lack of information (deflector position vs. work pressure vs. spacing) in this work it was evaluated the performance of the sprinkler NaanDanJain, nozzle with diameter 3.5 mm (blue), model 435 ½" M, working under pressure of 100, 200, 300, and 400 kPa in five deflector adjustment positions (30°, 21.4°, 21.8°, 4.2°, and 0°). To determine the evaluated parameters the mesh method was used, and with the computational application CATCH 3D the water depht overlap was calculated with eight replications. The water application uniformity simulation (CUC and CUD) presented better results to the 6 x 6 m spacing in the 200, 300, and 400 kPa pressures. The 100 kPa pressure use resulted in a lower spraying uniformity to all the evaluated spacing, being, this way, recommended pressures higher than 100 kPa. The different pressures and deflector angles influenced the operation range, the distribution profile, and the water distribution uniformity. The several deflector angle and work pressure combinations allowed use the sprinkle in different operational conditions / Mestre