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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Elaboração e análise de confiabilidade de escala de avaliação funcional do subir e descer escada para portadores de distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) / Reliability of the evaluation of going up and down stairs for DMD

Lilian Aparecida Yoshimura Fernandes 05 August 2009 (has links)
Instrumentos descritivos de avaliação funcional para portadores de distrofia muscular de Duchenne são limitados, pois classificam e não qualificam e/ou quantificam o desempenho motor. OBJETIVO: Elaborar escala de avaliação funcional do subir e descer escada para portadores de distrofia muscular de Duchenne e analisar confiabilidade intra e inter-examinadores. MÉTODO: 1. Elaboração de guia de avaliação a partir de revisão da literatura. 2. Avaliação do subir e descer escada de 120 registros filmados de 30 crianças com DMD (5 a 11 anos), utilizando o guia. 3. Elaboração da escala considerando grau de dificuldade. 4. Avaliação por peritos e reajustes para geração da versão final da escala e seu manual. 5. Análise estatística utilizando Índice de Correlação Intra-Classe e Correlação de Kappa Ponderado. RESULTADOS: A escala abrange cinco fases para o subir e quatro para o descer escada. Deve ser aplicada por profissional treinado, conforme normas do manual. Encontrou-se classificação excelente na análise da confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores, com valores da Correlação de Kappa Ponderado (> 0.78) e ICC > (0.89), com p < 0.05 entre todas as fases. CONCLUSÃO: A escala pode ser utilizada como ferramenta de avaliação fisioterapêutica descritiva e quantitativa com excelente repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade / Descriptive instruments of functional evaluation for carriers of duchenne muscular dystrophy are limited, because, they classify and do not qualify and/or quantify the motor performance. OBJECTIVE: To elaborate a scale of functional evaluation of going up and down stairs for DMD carriers and to analyze the realibility intra and inter examiner. METHODS: Elaboration of an evaluation guide from the literature review. 2. Evaluation of 120 registers filmed from 30 children (5 to 11 years) with duchenne muscular dystrophy going up and down stairs, using the guide. 3. Elaboration of the scale considering the degree of difficulty. 4. Evaluation by connoisseurs and readjustments for generation of the final version of the scale and its manual. 5. Statistical analysis using Intra-class Correlation Coefficient and Weighed Kappa. RESULTS: The scale encloses five phases for going up and four for going down stairs. It has to be applied by a trained professional, as norms of the manual. It was found an excellent classification on the reliability analysis intra and inter examiner, with values of Weighed Kappa Coefficient (> 0.78) and ICC > (0.89), with p < 0.05 between all phases. CONCLUSION: The scale can be used as a tool of physical therapy evaluation descriptive and quantitative with excellent repeatability and reproducibility
42

Fatores de degradação ambiental e elementos construtivos na avaliação e monitoramento de escadas no percurso de trilhas no parque estadual turístico do Alto Ribeira / Environmental degradation factors and constructive elements in the assessment and monitoring of stairs in the course of Alto Ribeira Touristic State Park pathways

Kabashima, Yukie 14 June 2011 (has links)
A avaliação e monitoramento de trilhas vêm sendo implantados nos últimos anos nas unidades de conservação brasileiras. No entanto, as escadas, como parte do caminho percorrido pelos usuários não são consideradas. Este tipo de infraestrutura ocorre com maior frequência em terrenos acidentados como onde se encontra o Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), local selecionado para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos descrever e avaliar os fatores que colaboram na degradação dos degraus feitos com troncos de madeira; verificar se essas escadas podem ser avaliadas da mesma forma que o restante da trilha; e com base nos resultados obtidos propor um protocolo preliminar de avaliação e monitoramento deste tipo de estrutura nas trilhas em áreas naturais. Com base nas informações obtidas, procurou-se fornecer subsídio para o manejo de trilhas em áreas naturais, especialmente em unidades de conservação. A coleta de dados detalhados das escadas foi feita em julho de 2010. A análise das informações coletadas em campo mostra que: a) a extensão do segmento de escada influencia na quantidade de afundamentos nos pisos dos degraus; b) a declividade não interfere na intensidade de erosão e empoçamento; c) a ergonomia, apesar de não apresentar correlação com os impactos negativos ao meio, pode interferir na qualidade de experiência e segurança do usuário; d) a insolação interfere na quantidade de poças; e) a presença de cobertura de copas pode auxiliar na minimização de impactos de chuva; f) há a necessidade de melhor capacitação daqueles que trabalham no manejo de trilhas; e g) as escadas necessitam de avaliação e monitoramento diferenciadas do restante da trilha. Para o PETAR, foram selecionados para o protocolo preliminar de avaliação e monitoramento de escadas feitas com troncos de madeira os seguintes indicadores: 1) existência de raízes expostas; 2) rugosidade ou irregularidade do piso que dificulte o caminhamento; 3) presença de trilhas não oficiais e seu motivo; 4) largura do degrau; 5) profundidade do degrau; 6) altura do degrau; 7) distância do segmento de degraus; 8) pontos com maior afundamento no piso do degrau; 9) estruturas de drenagem bloqueadas por queda de vegetação e sedimentação; 10) presença de estrutura de drenagem no topo dos segmentos de escadas; e 11) erosão na base dos degraus. / The trail evaluation and monitoring have been undertaken in detail throughout Brazilian protected areas. However, stairs, as a component of the pathway used by the visitors, are not taken into account. This kind of infrastructure is present more frequently in steeper terrains as where Alto Ribeira Touristic State Park (PETAR) is located, the selected area for this research. The goals of this research were to describe and evaluate the elements that contribute to the wood stair degradation; verify if these stairs can be evaluated in the same way as the rest of the trail; and based on the results suggest a preliminary protocol to evaluate and monitor this kind of structure in natural area trails. Based on the results found, the objective is to contribute to the trail management in natural areas, especially in protected areas. The detailed data on the stairs was collected in July 2010. The analysis of the data demonstrates: a) the depression quantity on the tread was affected by the length of the stair section; b) the intensity of erosion and puddle were not affected by the tread grade; c) despite the fact that ergonomics didnt show correlation with the negative impacts, it can interfere in the quality of user experience and safety; d) the solar exposure influences the quantity of puddles; e) the presence of canopy cover can minimize raindrop impact; f) better training is needed for the staff involved in trail management; and g) the stairs need differentiated evaluation and monitoring from the rest of the trail. The following indicators were selected for the preliminary protocol to evaluate and monitor the PETAR wood stairs: 1) presence of exposed tree roots; 2) tread roughness that makes it difficult to walk; 3) presence of social trails and its causes; 4) step width; 5) step depth; 6) step height; 7) length of the stair section; 8) location of the deeper depression spots in the steps; 9) drainage structures obstructed by fallen vegetation or sedimentation; 10) presence of drainage structure at the top of the stair section; and 11) erosion in the bottom of the steps.
43

EFEITOS DA CAMINHADA PROLONGADA SOBRE A CINEMÁTICA DA LOCOMOÇÃO DE IDOSOS ATIVOS E SEDENTÁRIOS EM ESCADAS / EFFECTS OF PROLONGED WALKING ON KINEMATICS OF STAIRS LOCOMOTION IN ACTIVE AND SEDENTARY ELDERLY

Kunzler, Marcos Roberto 20 January 2015 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aging modifies a number of characteristics associated with mobility in the elderly. These changes can make of usual tasks, such as stair locomotion, a challenge in the elderly. Regular physical exercise is a valid strategy for improving mobility and minimizing functional deficits in the elderly, especially those related to daily tasks. However, a few scientists have considered the acute effects of physical exercise in the elderly. Not saying exercise is bad for the elderly, it is important to consider that acute effect from exercise can change gait patterns and increase risks of tripping and/or falling. In addition, acute effects of walking are important, as we know walking is one of the favorite exercises for the elderly. In this study we analyzed the kinematics of locomotion in the elderly when ascending stairs before and after a session of prolonged walking. Male and female participants aged 60 years old or more have taken part in this study. They were organized in a group of physically active (n=15) and sedentary (n=15). They were evaluated concerning leg preference and gait kinematics in a 3-step stair before and after a treadmill walking trial lasting 30 minutes at comfortable speed. Our main findings suggest that prolonged walking increase the risk for tripping during stair ascendant locomotion in sedentary elderly. Such affirmation is based in the lower trail limb toe clearance and lower gait speed in sedentary compared to active elderly. Our results show that acute effects are more substantial in the sedentary elderly and therefore, strategies to deal with these acute deficits can be of importance to the elderly who starts routines of physical exercise. Although there is greater risk of tripping among sedentary elderly, the gait patterns observed were similar between groups. Future investigations should assess whether a pre-exercise intervention can help in minimizing such acute risks observed. / O envelhecimento altera diversas características relacionadas com a mobilidade em idosos. Tais alterações tornam situações cotidianas, como subir escadas, mais desafiadoras para idosos. O exercício físico regular é uma das estratégias para obter benefícios para manutenção de diversas funções corporais nos idosos, incluindo a capacidade de lidar com essas tarefas cotidianas. No entanto, poucos cientistas têm considerado os efeitos agudos do exercício físico. Longe de sugerir que o exercício possa ser perigoso ao idoso, o cuidado com os efeitos agudos de uma sessão de exercício é importante pois estes podem alterar momentaneamente a tarefa de andar, e aumentar risco de tropeços e quedas. Adicionalmente, os efeitos agudos da caminhada são pertinentes por este ser um dos principais tipos de exercícios que os idosos praticam. Neste trabalho, analisamos a cinemática da locomoção em idosos ativos e sedentários durante a subida em escadas, antes e depois de uma sessão de caminhada prolongada. Participaram do estudo idosos de ambos os sexos, ativos (n=15) e sedentários (n=15) com 60 anos ou mais. Eles foram avaliados quanto à preferência lateral e cinemática da marcha durante a locomoção em uma escada com três degraus, antes e depois de uma caminhada em esteira por 30 minutos, em velocidade confortável. Nossos principais resultados sugerem que a caminhada prolongada aumenta o risco de tropeço na subida de uma escada por idosos sedentários. Tal afirmação é fundamentada pela diminuição na elevação do segundo pé que transpõe os degraus e pela menor velocidade na marcha dos idosos sedentários comparados aos idosos ativos. Nossos resultados sugerem que efeitos agudos do exercício são mais substanciais em idosos sedentários e por isso estratégias para lidar com esses déficits agudos podem ser importantes quando idosos iniciam rotinas de exercício físico. Apesar do maior risco de tropeço em idosos sedentários, os padrões de marcha em escadas foram similares nos dois grupos de idosos. Investigações futuras devem procurar saber se alguma estratégia pré-exercício pode auxiliar na minimização destes déficits agudos.
44

Avaliação da atividade funcional excêntrica em portadores de osteoartrite de joelho

Lessi, Giovanna Camparis 25 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3490.pdf: 1860770 bytes, checksum: 2b84fdccb9b3d7185122250019ec23bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee show loss of functional independence, presenting difficulties in performing tasks that require high demand of the knee joint, such as stair descent. However, it is unclear how muscular and biomechanical changes were present in patients with OA in the early stages. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the kinetics, kinematics and muscle activation in stair descent, in men with early degrees of knee OA and compare with a healthy control group. We evaluated 31 volunteers divided into two groups. Osteoarthritis Group (OAG) with 17 men with knee OA grade I or II (53+6 years) and Control Group (CG) with 14 healthy men (50+6 years). We performed kinematic evaluation of the stair descent in the sagittal plane for evaluation of the knee flexion angles. Moreover, electromyography (EMG) of vastus lateralis (VL) muscle was performed and vertical ground reaction force was measurement. The WOMAC questionnaire was administered to all volunteers. For the statistical analysis, was used the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test for comparisons between groups for all variables (p> 0.05). There were no significant differences between groups for kinematic, kinetic and EMG. For the WOMAC, the differences between groups were significant in all three sections (pain: p = 0.001, stiffiness: p = 0.008 and function: p = 0.0005), OAG have the highest values. In adult men with knee OA grade I or II, the stair decent is preserved in the sagittal plane, indicating that at these stages of the disease the functional adaptations linked to the OA are not expressed. / Portadores de osteoartrite (OA) do joelho apresentam perda da independência funcional, apresentando dificuldades na realização de tarefas que exigem grande demanda da articulação do joelho, como a descida de degraus. Porém ainda não está claro como as alterações musculares e biomecânicas se apresentam em portadores de OA nos graus iniciais. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a cinética, cinemática e a ativação muscular, na descida de degraus, de homens portadores de OA do joelho, nos graus iniciais, e comparar com um grupo controle saudável. Foram avaliados 31 voluntários divididos em dois grupos. Grupo Osteoartrite (GOA) com 17 homens portadores de OA de joelho graus I ou II (53 + 6 anos) e grupo controle (GC) com 14 homens saudáveis (50 + 6 anos). Foi realizada avaliação cinemática da descida de degraus, no plano sagital, para avaliação dos ângulos de flexão do joelho. Além disso, simultaneamente, foi realizada eletromiografia do músculo vasto lateral e mensuração da força vertical de reação do solo. O questionário WOMAC foi aplicado em todos os voluntários. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o teste não paramétrico U-Mann Whitney para as comparações intergrupos, para todas as variáveis (p>0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos para as variáveis cinemáticas, cinéticas e eletromiográficas. Para o questionário WOMAC, as diferenças intergrupos foram significativas nas três seções (dor: p=0,001, rigidez: p=0,008 e função: p=0,0005) tendo o GOA os maiores valores. Assim, em homens adultos portadores de OA no joelho graus I ou II, a tarefa de descida de degraus, avaliada no plano sagital, está preservada, indicando que ainda nesta fase da doença as adaptações funcionais ligadas a estratégias biomecânicas compensatórias não foram manifestadas.
45

Fatores de degradação ambiental e elementos construtivos na avaliação e monitoramento de escadas no percurso de trilhas no parque estadual turístico do Alto Ribeira / Environmental degradation factors and constructive elements in the assessment and monitoring of stairs in the course of Alto Ribeira Touristic State Park pathways

Yukie Kabashima 14 June 2011 (has links)
A avaliação e monitoramento de trilhas vêm sendo implantados nos últimos anos nas unidades de conservação brasileiras. No entanto, as escadas, como parte do caminho percorrido pelos usuários não são consideradas. Este tipo de infraestrutura ocorre com maior frequência em terrenos acidentados como onde se encontra o Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), local selecionado para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos descrever e avaliar os fatores que colaboram na degradação dos degraus feitos com troncos de madeira; verificar se essas escadas podem ser avaliadas da mesma forma que o restante da trilha; e com base nos resultados obtidos propor um protocolo preliminar de avaliação e monitoramento deste tipo de estrutura nas trilhas em áreas naturais. Com base nas informações obtidas, procurou-se fornecer subsídio para o manejo de trilhas em áreas naturais, especialmente em unidades de conservação. A coleta de dados detalhados das escadas foi feita em julho de 2010. A análise das informações coletadas em campo mostra que: a) a extensão do segmento de escada influencia na quantidade de afundamentos nos pisos dos degraus; b) a declividade não interfere na intensidade de erosão e empoçamento; c) a ergonomia, apesar de não apresentar correlação com os impactos negativos ao meio, pode interferir na qualidade de experiência e segurança do usuário; d) a insolação interfere na quantidade de poças; e) a presença de cobertura de copas pode auxiliar na minimização de impactos de chuva; f) há a necessidade de melhor capacitação daqueles que trabalham no manejo de trilhas; e g) as escadas necessitam de avaliação e monitoramento diferenciadas do restante da trilha. Para o PETAR, foram selecionados para o protocolo preliminar de avaliação e monitoramento de escadas feitas com troncos de madeira os seguintes indicadores: 1) existência de raízes expostas; 2) rugosidade ou irregularidade do piso que dificulte o caminhamento; 3) presença de trilhas não oficiais e seu motivo; 4) largura do degrau; 5) profundidade do degrau; 6) altura do degrau; 7) distância do segmento de degraus; 8) pontos com maior afundamento no piso do degrau; 9) estruturas de drenagem bloqueadas por queda de vegetação e sedimentação; 10) presença de estrutura de drenagem no topo dos segmentos de escadas; e 11) erosão na base dos degraus. / The trail evaluation and monitoring have been undertaken in detail throughout Brazilian protected areas. However, stairs, as a component of the pathway used by the visitors, are not taken into account. This kind of infrastructure is present more frequently in steeper terrains as where Alto Ribeira Touristic State Park (PETAR) is located, the selected area for this research. The goals of this research were to describe and evaluate the elements that contribute to the wood stair degradation; verify if these stairs can be evaluated in the same way as the rest of the trail; and based on the results suggest a preliminary protocol to evaluate and monitor this kind of structure in natural area trails. Based on the results found, the objective is to contribute to the trail management in natural areas, especially in protected areas. The detailed data on the stairs was collected in July 2010. The analysis of the data demonstrates: a) the depression quantity on the tread was affected by the length of the stair section; b) the intensity of erosion and puddle were not affected by the tread grade; c) despite the fact that ergonomics didnt show correlation with the negative impacts, it can interfere in the quality of user experience and safety; d) the solar exposure influences the quantity of puddles; e) the presence of canopy cover can minimize raindrop impact; f) better training is needed for the staff involved in trail management; and g) the stairs need differentiated evaluation and monitoring from the rest of the trail. The following indicators were selected for the preliminary protocol to evaluate and monitor the PETAR wood stairs: 1) presence of exposed tree roots; 2) tread roughness that makes it difficult to walk; 3) presence of social trails and its causes; 4) step width; 5) step depth; 6) step height; 7) length of the stair section; 8) location of the deeper depression spots in the steps; 9) drainage structures obstructed by fallen vegetation or sedimentation; 10) presence of drainage structure at the top of the stair section; and 11) erosion in the bottom of the steps.
46

Comparaisons des exigences d’équilibre dynamique lors de la négociation de l’escalier et d’un plan incliné chez les personnes en santé

Oiknine, Natalie 08 1900 (has links)
Inclined planes and stairs are current in the environment and represent a barrier for seniors and people with mobility problems. Slower progression, alteration in gait pattern likely explains the high rate of fall on these surfaces, but their effect on balance is not well known. Our objective was thus to compare the difficulty in maintaining dynamic stability during the ascent and descent of an inclined plane and stairs at natural and slow walking speed in healthy individuals. Ten young healthy participants ascended and descended an inclined plane and stairs, instrumented with force- platforms to record ground reaction forces. Whole-body kinematics was also recorded to determine balance difficulty using the stabilizing and destabilizing forces, center of mass velocity and step length. Analyses of variance were used to compare the effect of surface (inclined plane vs. stairs), direction (ascent vs. descent) and speed (natural vs. slow). The stabilizing force was higher on the inclined plane than on the stairs, with a higher velocity of the center of mass. Stabilizing force was higher and destabilizing force was lower during descent than ascent only in the inclined plane but destabilizing force was lower during ascent than descent on the stairs. Slower gait speed reduced balance difficulty on both surfaces. Step length was shorter in the stairs than on the inclined plane, and particularly during descent, and at slow gait speed. Balance difficulty was higher on the inclined plane than on the stairs and at natural speed than at slow speed. The effect of direction was opposite between surfaces with higher difficulty during descent of the inclined plane, but during ascent of the stairs. Further studies are necessary in older adults or individuals with balance deficits. / La présence d’un escalier ou d’un plan incliné constitue souvent un obstacle sérieux à la réalisation des habitudes de vie des personnes ayant des incapacités physiques et même chez les personnes âgées. L’objectif général de cette étude était de quantifier l’équilibre dynamique lors de la négociation (montée et descente) d’un escalier et d’un plan incliné chez des sujets en santé. Dix sujets en santé ont été recrutés pour participer à l’évaluation. Les participants ont effectué la montée et la descente du plan incliné et de l’escalier à vitesse naturelle puis à vitesse lente. L’évaluation a compris un enregistrement de la cinématique de l’ensemble du corps. L’ensemble des données ont servi à analyser la force déstabilisante, la force stabilisante, la vitesse du centre de masse et la longueur de pas. Des ANOVAs et des tests t de Student ont permis de comparer l’effet de la surface (plan incliné vs. Escalier), de la direction (montée vs. Descente) et de la vitesse (naturelle vs. lente). La force stabilisante était plus élevée sur le plan incliné qu’à l’escalier, avec une vitesse de centre de masse plus élevée. La force stabilisante était plus élevée et la force déstabilisante était plus basse durant la descente en comparaison avec la montée sur le plan incliné. Par contre, à l’escalier, la force déstabilisante était plus basse lors de la montée en comparaison avec la descente. La vitesse de marche lente a réduit la difficulté en termes d’équilibre sur les deux surfaces. Les pas étaient plus courts sur l’escalier en comparaison avec le plan incliné, particulièrement lors de la descente à vitesse naturelle. L’effet de direction était opposé entre les surfaces, avec une difficulté plus élevée durant la descente du plan incliné et durant la montée de l’escalier. Des études approfondies seront nécessaires chez les personnes âgées et les personnes ayant des déficits de la balance.
47

Sportovně rekreační centrum Vsetín, Ohrada / Sports and Relaxation Centre Vsetín, Ohrada

Zifčáková, Tatiana January 2021 (has links)
The topic of this master's thesis is the revitalization of the former Spartakiad stadium. Nowadays it functions as a sports complex Ohrada, which is in neglected condition and not widely used. The area is located at the southern edge of the city Vsetín and is defined by a 1st class road from the northeast, Vsetínská Bečva from the western and agricultural areas from the southern side. Above Bečva, the Bečevná hill rises and together they create a pleasant, out-of-town atmosphere with a great potential. The priority of the proposal was to create an attractive place with a variety of sports and recreational activities for all ages. However, at the beginning it was necessary to somehow insulate the area from the overpass. Therefore a sports and recreation facility was designed at the entrance to the area - it copies the shape of the road and forms an imaginary entrance gate to the zone. A car park was designed under the overpass, so the rest of the area remained exclusively for pedestrians. Sufficient distances among the individual sports grounds are supplemented by recreational areas of greenery. Most playgrounds are designed as multi-purpose, for greater variability of the territory. The buildings have a maximum of two floors and they are located in a way not to disturb the views of the recreational areas. They contain sports facilities as well as a wide range of interior activities. Three materials are used on all the buildings - wood, steel and glass, complemented by neutral white plaster. Therefore, the area operates in a comprehensive and uniform manner.
48

Návrh udržitelné městské struktury - na bázi středověkého města - pro 21.století. / Design of a sustainable urban structure - based on a medieval city - for the 21st century.

Veselá, Lenka January 2021 (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with a new development on the outskirts of Náměšť nad Oslavou in a locality behind the railway. The proposal addresses the possibility of connecting the area to the city, both road and pedestrian. The new development is located in a sloping terrain and complements the missing amenities in the area and adds new public spaces. in the area are designed houses, terraced houses and villa houses. The design respects the character of the place and the existing buildings in Náměšť nad Oslavou.
49

Administrativní dům / Administration Building

Černota, Tomáš January 2016 (has links)
This Diploma thesis is focused on design monolithic concrete construction of multi-storey administrative builiding including its foundation. The slab construction over the first floor is designed like locally supported. Calculation of internal forces is made by computer software called Dlubal RFEM. Results of internal forces are checked by simplified method.
50

Centrum integrovaného záchranného systému / Centre of Integrated Safety System

Soukup, Ondřej January 2013 (has links)
It is a new Centre of the Integrated Rescue System to p No. 375/2 in the cadastral Sand 720755th The project documentation is conducted only for the fire station. that consists of three dilated from buildings. Building for day stay is three-storey, two-storey garage with workshops and drying storey tower. Brick construction system based on the footings. Horizontal structure prestressed panels are at SPIROLL. The roof is flat, single-layer and desk hunter cased. Concrete floors are connected by a staircase in the building for day stay and welded steel in the drying tower.

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