A modificação da paisagem e a fragmentação de habitats são consideradas ameaças à biodiversidade mundial. Áreas cobertas por vegetação primária ainda preservadas e unidades de conservação são insuficientes para garantir a conservação de espécies. Cultivos de florestas homogêneas passaram a ser considerados como possíveis habitats alternativos para espécies florestais e podem contribuir para a conservação da biodiversidade. O Brasil é o país com maior área ocupada com plantio de eucalipto e essa vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Identificar quais fatores influenciam a diversidade da biota nos plantios é importante para a conservação de espécies. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer a composição florística do sub-bosque de plantios de Eucalyptus saligna Sm. e avaliar se o tipo de solo e a idade do plantio influenciam a riqueza e a composiçao da vegetação que ocupa esse ambiente. Para isso foi realizado o levantamento das espécies vegetais que ocorrem nos cultivos localizados em solo argiloso e arenoso, nos quais os indivíduos de E. saligna tinham três e sete anos. Foram avaliados como fatores ambientais características do solo, produção de serapilheira pelas árvores do plantio, abertura do dossel, uso do solo no entorno do cultivo e tamanho do plantio. No total, foram encontradas 218 espécies vegetais. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas apenas com as espécies que estavam presentes em pelo menos duas unidades amostrais. Plantios em solo argiloso apresentaram maior riqueza que no solo arenoso e houve diferença significativa na composição de espécies entre os dois tipos de solo. Grande parte dos fatores ambientais mensurados também foram diferentes entre os solos. Não foi possível verificar diferenças na riqueza, na composição de espécies e nos fatores ambientais entre os plantios de diferentes idades. O tipo de solo pode ser um fator mais limitante do que a idade da floresta plantada para determinar a riqueza e composição das espécies que compõem o sub-bosque dos plantios. Embora a riqueza de espécies no solo arenoso seja menor, esse também é importante para a conservação, porque abriga espécies adaptadas à menor disponibilidade de recursos, que não ocorrem em outros ambientes. O grande número de espécies encontrado no sub-bosque destes plantios indica que eles podem auxiliar na conservação de espécies nativas, mas esse potencial deve ser melhor investigado. São recomendados estudos de outros fatores, como a biologia de espécies importantes ecológica e econômicamente, interações entre animais e plantas e diferentes estratégias de manejo, para investigar de que forma eles afetam a biodiversidade e como eles podem ajudar a avaliar e aumentar o potencial de conservação das florestas industriais. / Landscape change and habitat fragmentaiton are recognized as threats to global biodiversity.Areas with remaining primary vegetation and protected areas are insufficient to ensure species conservation. Forest monocultures are potencial alternative habitats for native species and may contribute to the conservation of biodiversity. Brazil is the country with the largest area occupied with eucalypt plantations, this area is also growing in the last years. Identifying which factors influence the biodiversity on plantations is important to species conservation. The objective of this study was to know the understory species composition in Eucalyptus saligna Sm. plantations and to evaluate the influence of soil type and stand age on species richness and species composition. Surveys of vegetation were performed in stands on clay and sandy soils where the eucalypt trees were three and seven years old. Other soil characteristics, litter production by stand trees, canopy open and land use surrounding stands were evaluated as environmental factors. 218 plant species were found in plantations understory. The stands on clay soil were richer than those on sandy soil. Most of the environmental factors evaluated were also different among stands on different soils type. It was not possible to verify differences on species richness and species composition nor environmental factors between stand ages. Soil type could be a more limiting factor than forest age to determine species richness and species composition on plantations understory. Sandy soils are poorer in species, but they are also important to conservation, since species that happen on sandy soils are adapted to low resources availability and do not occur at other locations. The large number of native species founded in eucalypts plantation understory indicates that these plantations may assist some native species conservation. Nevertheless, further research is needed to understand the conservation potential from eucalypt plantations. It is recommended other studies to be done for a better comprehension and to increase the importance of plantation forests to conservation, mainly studies about biology of key species, interactions between animals and plants and the effect of different management options.

A modificação da paisagem e a fragmentação de habitats são consideradas ameaças à biodiversidade mundial. Áreas cobertas por vegetação primária ainda preservadas e unidades de conservação são insuficientes para garantir a conservação de espécies. Cultivos de florestas homogêneas passaram a ser considerados como possíveis habitats alternativos para espécies florestais e podem contribuir para a conservação da biodiversidade. O Brasil é o país com maior área ocupada com plantio de eucalipto e essa vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Identificar quais fatores influenciam a diversidade da biota nos plantios é importante para a conservação de espécies. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer a composição florística do sub-bosque de plantios de Eucalyptus saligna Sm. e avaliar se o tipo de solo e a idade do plantio influenciam a riqueza e a composiçao da vegetação que ocupa esse ambiente. Para isso foi realizado o levantamento das espécies vegetais que ocorrem nos cultivos localizados em solo argiloso e arenoso, nos quais os indivíduos de E. saligna tinham três e sete anos. Foram avaliados como fatores ambientais características do solo, produção de serapilheira pelas árvores do plantio, abertura do dossel, uso do solo no entorno do cultivo e tamanho do plantio. No total, foram encontradas 218 espécies vegetais. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas apenas com as espécies que estavam presentes em pelo menos duas unidades amostrais. Plantios em solo argiloso apresentaram maior riqueza que no solo arenoso e houve diferença significativa na composição de espécies entre os dois tipos de solo. Grande parte dos fatores ambientais mensurados também foram diferentes entre os solos. Não foi possível verificar diferenças na riqueza, na composição de espécies e nos fatores ambientais entre os plantios de diferentes idades. O tipo de solo pode ser um fator mais limitante do que a idade da floresta plantada para determinar a riqueza e composição das espécies que compõem o sub-bosque dos plantios. Embora a riqueza de espécies no solo arenoso seja menor, esse também é importante para a conservação, porque abriga espécies adaptadas à menor disponibilidade de recursos, que não ocorrem em outros ambientes. O grande número de espécies encontrado no sub-bosque destes plantios indica que eles podem auxiliar na conservação de espécies nativas, mas esse potencial deve ser melhor investigado. São recomendados estudos de outros fatores, como a biologia de espécies importantes ecológica e econômicamente, interações entre animais e plantas e diferentes estratégias de manejo, para investigar de que forma eles afetam a biodiversidade e como eles podem ajudar a avaliar e aumentar o potencial de conservação das florestas industriais. / Landscape change and habitat fragmentaiton are recognized as threats to global biodiversity.Areas with remaining primary vegetation and protected areas are insufficient to ensure species conservation. Forest monocultures are potencial alternative habitats for native species and may contribute to the conservation of biodiversity. Brazil is the country with the largest area occupied with eucalypt plantations, this area is also growing in the last years. Identifying which factors influence the biodiversity on plantations is important to species conservation. The objective of this study was to know the understory species composition in Eucalyptus saligna Sm. plantations and to evaluate the influence of soil type and stand age on species richness and species composition. Surveys of vegetation were performed in stands on clay and sandy soils where the eucalypt trees were three and seven years old. Other soil characteristics, litter production by stand trees, canopy open and land use surrounding stands were evaluated as environmental factors. 218 plant species were found in plantations understory. The stands on clay soil were richer than those on sandy soil. Most of the environmental factors evaluated were also different among stands on different soils type. It was not possible to verify differences on species richness and species composition nor environmental factors between stand ages. Soil type could be a more limiting factor than forest age to determine species richness and species composition on plantations understory. Sandy soils are poorer in species, but they are also important to conservation, since species that happen on sandy soils are adapted to low resources availability and do not occur at other locations. The large number of native species founded in eucalypts plantation understory indicates that these plantations may assist some native species conservation. Nevertheless, further research is needed to understand the conservation potential from eucalypt plantations. It is recommended other studies to be done for a better comprehension and to increase the importance of plantation forests to conservation, mainly studies about biology of key species, interactions between animals and plants and the effect of different management options.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Banca: Falcondes Jose Mendes de Seixas / Banca: Dionizio Paschoareli Junior / Banca: Ernane Antônio Alves Coelho / Banca: José Demisio da Silva / Resumo: Uma das importantes aplicações dos sistemas inversores está associada ao fornecimento de energia elétrica. Com este foco destacam-se o fornecimento para cargas críticas, o fornecimento em áreas desprovidas dos usuais sistemas de transmissão e distribuição e aplicações com multi-fontes primárias de energia, incluindo-se neste caso, as aplicações para geração distribuída, com possibilidade de conectividade com a rede elétrica de distribuição ou, com o paralelismo entre estruturas isoladas. Atualmente, topologias e filosofias de controle que atendam as características das aplicações supracitadas são de interesse técnico e científico. Neste sentido, a possibilidade de paralelismo entre inversores sem interconexão do controle tem se mostrado atrativa à medida que se exigem sistemas distribuídos e adaptáveis às variações paramétricas do circuito. Entretanto, problemas de estabilidade e resposta dinâmica devem ser solucionados para garantir a confiabilidade de tais sistemas. Sendo assim, neste trabalho inicialmente é realizada a modelação em espaço de estados de sistemas compostos por inversores cuja filosofia de controle esteja embasada nas curvas P- e Q-V. Com esta modelação, tornam-se possíveis avaliações de estabilidade e resposta dinâmica através dos autovalores da matriz de estados. Propõe-se assim a busca da estabilidade dos sistemas com melhores respostas dinâmicas através de alterações nos valores da matriz de estados, resultando-se em autovalores que representem parâmetros de desempenho otimizados. Obviamente que alterações na matriz de estados estão associadas a alterações na planta, contudo, alterações em parâmetros físicos não são interessantes, uma vez que não são simples de serem obtidas na prática. Sendo assim, são propostas alterações nas constantes que definem as inclinações das curvas de controle P- e Q-V... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: One of main applications of inverter systems is associated to electrical energy supply. With this focus it emphasizes the supply of energy to critical loads, the supply of energy to areas devoid of the usual transmission and distribution systems of energy and the use of primary energy in multi-fonts applications, including in this case, distributed generation applications with grid connectivity or, parallelism in stand alone applications. Currently, topologies and control philosophies capable to assure the applications characteristics above mentioned are in technical and scientific interests. In this way, the possibility of inverter parallelism with no control interconnection has showed attractive, since distributed systems and adaptable systems to parametric variations are mandatory nowadays. However, stability troubles and inadequate dynamic responses must be solved to ensure reliability of these systems. So, in this work is performed the state space modeling of systems set by inverters whose control philosophy is based on P- and Q-V curves. With this modeling it becomes possible evaluations of stability and dynamic response through state matrix eigenvalues. Thus, it proposes to assure the systems stability and better dynamic responses through changes on state matrix values, resulting in eigenvalues that represent optimized performance parameters. Obviously those variations in state matrix are associated with plant variations, however, physical parameters variations are not interesting, seeing that it is not simple to be obtained in practical situations. In face of this are proposed variations in constants that define the slopes of P- and Q-V curves. These slopes intervene directly on state matrix values and consequently in systems eigenvalues. The variations on constants are not performed randomly, nevertheless based on evolutionary algorithm capable to search values that represent...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Propõe-se aqui uma metodologia de projeto aero-termo-estrutural de motores foguete a propelente sólido. O projeto de um motor foguete deve ser realizado com o objetivo de cumprir requisitos de uma missão. Para cada veículo espacial, com uma nova missão, um novo motor pode ser projetado, necessitando para isso de uma série de ferramentas robustas, capazes de compreender todas as combinações de esforços existentes no funcionamento de um motor, sob condições de altas pressões e temperaturas. A metodologia aqui proposta é testada e validada em bancada de ensaios desenvolvida para este fim. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a metodologia utilizada se aproxima bastante dos resultados teóricos e pode ser ajustada por coeficientes de eficiência com grande facilidade. / It is proposed here an aero-thermo-structural design methodology for solid propellant rocket motors. The design of a rocket motor must be carried out in order to fulfill requirements of a mission. For each new space vehicle, with a new mission, a new motor can be designed, requiring for it a variety of robust tools, able to comprise all combinations of load existing in the operation of a motor under high pressures and temperatures. The methodology proposed here is tested and validated in bank of tests developed for this purpose. The results show that the methodology is very close to the theoretical results and can be adjusted by coefficients of efficiency with great ease.

This study is an investigation into the representation of complexities confronting the concept of the Rainbow Nation as a South African social reality. The study is based on the works of Trevor Noah, one of post-Apartheid South Africa‘s eminent stand-up comedians whose two media works, The Day Walker and Crazy Normal, tackle issues pertaining to the socio-political and economic realities that are prevailing in South Africa. The mass media products continue to receive wide acclaim from both, media circles and audiences from racially diversified societies. They are delivered in a mimetic stereotypical manner that cuts across the length and breadth of the South African society. Trevor Noah‘s comedy uses humour to provide the South African society with an opportunity ―[for brutal honesty] to explore, affirm, deny, and ultimately to change its structure and its values‖ (Turner, 1977:33). Representations made in his comedy, more than providing people with a tonic for laughter, also create for the society momentary instances of thought which transcend the theatre stage in which the humour is delivered. Courtesy of these representations, his comedy infiltrates the people‘s sub-consciousness and engages them on those issues pertaining to race-relations and multicultural tolerance which are more often than not trivialised but are influential in shaping the status quo.

This thesis explores how an Android application that is used in combination with tangible appcessories is capable of facilitating a learning experience for visually impaired students within the specific domain of geometry. This study’s approach illustrates how using an application in combination with a physical appcessory can provide information concerning geometry to the visually impaired. An application, called Invisible Tangible Geometry (ITG), was programmed using Android in conjunction with a 3D printed model. This thesis describes the application, the physical appcessory, as well as early stage user studies. The application enables visually impaired users to explore simple geometric forms displayed on a tablet through sound and vibrotactile feedback. A physical appcessory, that can be manipulated to adopt several forms and is dynamic, is used in addition. Its shape is sensed by the tablet adds an additional tactile layer to the application and experience. Within the thesis a methodological framework, as well as a user-centered design approach was applied. An expert interview and three user engagements with visually impaired individuals serve as early validations of the project and ideas and provide feedback that directs design and development of future work. Current avenues for the future work will include additional interaction modes in the application. For example, the ability to digitize real world forms, and improving the robustness of the tangible appcessory. The plan, for future development, is to establish an autonomous functioning application that enables the visually impaired to be able to explore, participate and interact with geometry smoothly and without the need of aid from others. The correlation of application and appcessory will allow for anything between a quick glance, through feeling the model, and gaining detailed information, by using the application. The application enhances provided information through the use of a model and enriched digital feedback.

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This Master’s Degree project has been performed on behalf of Vanuatu Renewable Energy and Power Association. The purpose of the project was to suggest the design of stand-alone renewable power supply systems on Futuna Island in the Republic of Vanuatu. Futuna is the easternmost island in Vanuatu with a population of about 400 people. The island covers an area of just 13 km2. The proposed sites for power production were the villages of Mission Bay, Matangi, Herald Bay and Iahsoa. In Mission Bay and Matangi the power should be produced by wind turbines and in Herald Bay and Iahsoa, solar modules are proposed. The results of the study showed that some parts of Futuna Island can be suitable for wind power production and wind speeds in the order of 5-7 m/s are suggested. However, wind monitoring on the sites are required to estimate the exact potential. Furthermore, the study showed that there is less uncertainty involved with estimating the power output from the solar modules. In addition, solar power proved to be more reliable and less vulnerable to local variations in weather and topography. Solar modules are therefore considered more appropriate for small scale power production on the island, at least until the wind climate is better known. The results of the study also showed that proper sizing of battery banks and cables are essential to increase the efficiency and lifetime of the systems. If there are insufficient financial resources in the project, it is therefore recommended in the report to use all resources available to properly size the systems in 1-2 villages rather than to inadequately size the systems in all the villages. / Ögruppen Vanuatu är en självständig nation som består av mer än 83 bebodda öar av varierande storlek. Landet ligger mellan Fiji och Australien i Stilla havet och tillhör enligt FN världens fattigaste länder. Av landets befolkning på ungefär 200 000 människor är minst 80 procent självförsörjande bönder. Förutom på några av de större öarna där man byggt ut elnät till viss del finns det i princip ingen produktion av elektrisk energi i landet. Undantaget är några enstaka dieselaggregatsystem och solcellssystem som installerats med hjälp av privata medel och bistånd. Dock är många av dessa mikrosystem beroende av fossilt bränsle som måste importeras och därför är både dyrt och ofta en bristvara då transporten mellan öarna kan vara oberäknelig. Öarnas geografiska isolation och bristen på infrastruktur hindrar utvecklingen av storskalig energiproduktion i landet. För att förbättra denna situation initierade frivilligorganisationen Vanuatu Renewable Energy and Power Association (VANREPA) år 2005 ett projekt med syftet att producera elektrisk energi på öarna Futuna och Aneityum med hjälp av förnybara energikällor. Landet har gott om förnybara energiresurser i form av hög solinstrålning, passadvindar, biobränslen och höga vulkanberg som även möjliggör produktion av vattenkraft. Landet har därför potential att producera relativt billig och miljövänlig energi med hjälp av lokala resurser. Projektet leds av VANREPA’s grundare David Stein, ursprungligen från USA, och finansieras med hjälp av bidrag från EU. Det här examensarbetet har utförts i samarbete med VANREPA, och med David Stein som handledare. Ämnesgranskare på Uppsala universitet har varit Marcus Berg och examinator har varit Kjell Pernestål. Examensarbetet har även utförts som en Minor Field Study i samarbete med Arbetsgruppen för tropisk ekologi (ATE) på Uppsala universitet och med stipendium från Styrelsen för internationellt utvecklingssamarbete (Sida). I tillägg har examensarbetet finansierats med hjälp av ett resestipendium ur Jacob A. Letterstedts resestipendiefond som förvaltas av Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien (KVA). Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att föreslå lämplig design av de fyra förnybara kraftproduktionssystem som planeras i byarna Mission Bay, Matangi, Herald Bay och Iahsoa på Futuna. Den totala befolkningen på ön består av ungefär 400 människor. Det var önskvärt att kraftproduktionssystemen utformades så enkelt som möjligt. Detta för att underlätta att drift och underhåll ska kunna skötas av den lokala befolkningen på ön men även för att minimera projektets kostnader. Eftersom både efterfrågan och produktion av energi kommer att vara relativt låga var det även önskvärt att minimera alla förluster så mycket som möjligt. Dessutom var det önskvärt att systemen designades med möjlighet för expansion då detta endast anses vara ett första steg i att försörja Futuna med elektrisk energi. Komponenter som inkluderades i designen var vindturbiner, solpaneler, batterier och kablar. Ett antal givna förutsättningar begränsade utförandet av examensarbetet. Dels var vindturbinerna och solpanelerna redan införskaffade vid den tidpunkt då författaren påbörjade examensarbetet. Detta innebar att det inte fanns möjlighet att påverka vare sig val av produktionsmetod eller antal produktionsenheter. Dessutom hade byggnaderna för batteribankerna i de fyra byarna redan byggts. Eftersom det var viktigt att hålla förlusterna och kostnaderna på en minimal nivå kunde därför inte heller placeringen av solpanelerna eller vindturbinerna påverkas, då dessa måste placeras så nära batteribankerna och konsumenterna som möjligt. Utförandet av examensarbetet delades in i tre delar. I den första delen gjordes förberedande litteraturstudier i Sverige om småskaliga energisystem i allmänhet och förutsättningarna i Vanuatu i synnerhet. I den andra delen utfördes under sex veckor fältstudier på plats i Vanuatu. Under denna period genomfördes bland annat en fältresa till Futuna, där de fyra platserna föreslagna för kraftproduktion besöktes. Under fältresan samlades relevanta data in, såsom koordinater för platserna i behov av elektrisk energi och topografiska förutsättningarna för sol- och vindkraft på de fyra platserna. Dessutom intervjuades representanter för de fyra byarna för att kartlägga var och till vad elektrisk energi var önskvärd. Under den sista delen av examensarbetet analyserades materialet som samlats in under fältstudierna tillsammans med ämnesgranskaren på Uppsala universitet. Den förväntade kraftproduktionen från solpanelen och vindturbinerna uppskattades med hjälp av data från NASA, då inga vind- eller solmätningar gjorts på plats per idag. På grund av den stora osäkerheten med att använda dessa data är den beräknade kraftproduktionen inte lika exakt som den annars kunnat vara. När den förväntade kraftproduktionen uppskattats beräknades den nödvändiga storleken på batteribankar och kablar. För att inte underdimensionera systemen inkluderades ett visst antal dagar som batteribanken skulle kunna försörja den givna lasten med elektrisk energi om vind eller sol skulle utebli. Dessutom dimensionerades batteribankerna för ett maximalt urladdningsdjup, detta för att förlänga batteriernas liv. Kablarna dimensionerades för att minimera spänningsfall och i gränsfall valdes därför alltid den större kabelstorleken. Både batteribankarna och kablarna dimensionerades även med hänsyn till övriga förluster i systemet. Studien visade att vissa områden på Futuna kan vara lämpade för vindkraftsproduktion. Dock krävs vindmätningar på plats för att kunna uppskatta den exakta potentialen. Osäkerheten med kraftproduktion från solceller är mindre än för vindturbiner. Denna energikälla är också mindre känslig för lokala variationer och kräver mindre kunskap hos lokalbefolkningen för drift och underhåll. Solenergi anses därför vara en bättre lämpad energikälla för småskalig kraftproduktion på ön, åtminstone tills man fått en bättre uppfattning om det rådande vindklimatet. Kostnaden för batterier är en känslig del av energisystemen som tyvärr inte går att komma undan, då kraftproduktionen är för instabil för att försörja lasten direkt. Det är mycket viktigt att batteribankernas kapacitet dimensioneras korrekt, för att undvika kortlivade system. Underdimensionerade batteribanker leder även till mindre effektiva system då en mindre andel av den producerade energin kan användas. Detsamma gäller för dimensioneringen av kablar, eftersom för högt spänningsfall kan leda till att den producerade energin inte når fram till konsumenten. Om tillräckliga finansiella resurser saknas för att slutföra projektet är det därför rekommenderat att snarare satsa på korrekt dimensionerade system i 1-2 byar än ofullständigt dimensionerade system i alla fyra byarna.

Casual sexual relationships are common forms of modern sexual relationships. Researchers are paying increased attention to these relationship types, but have been remiss in ensuring that the definitions of the relationships under investigation match participants’ conceptualizations. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to determine whether definitions and behavioural scripts for casual sexual relationships can be identified. In Study 1, 23 young adults discussed initiation, maintenance, and termination components of various casual sexual relationships in focus groups and developed consensus definitions for each relationship. Each focus group independently identified four casual sexual relationships: One Night Stand, Booty Call, Fuck Buddies, and Friends with Benefits. These four relationships were the focus of subsequent exploration. Building on the qualitative descriptions created in the focus groups, an online survey was used to determine whether relationship definitions and associated script behaviours could be confirmed in a larger sample (N = 885). In Study 2, a restricted age subsample (i.e., 18-29 years) was used to determine if emerging adults endorsed the proposed definitions. A majority of the sample endorsed the definitions for One Night Stand (96%), Booty Call (93%), Fuck Buddies (83%), and Friends with Benefits (87%). A larger proportion of individuals with sexual intercourse experience endorsed the definitions compared to those without sexual intercourse experience, while previous casual sex experience did not affect definition endorsements. Women demonstrated greater precision in identifying the definitions. In Study 3, the full sample of 885 participants was used to identify the specific script behaviours associated with each relationship. Using behaviourally descriptive items (N = 62) derived from Study 1, participants identified 12 script items for One Night Stand, Booty Call, and Friends with Benefits and 10 script items for Fuck Buddies. Individuals with previous sexual intercourse experience were more adept at identifying the specific behavioural script items, while previous casual sex experience did not affect script endorsements. Again, women were particularly adept at identifying the specific script items. Overall, these findings suggest that specific definitions and respective scripts exist for the One Night Stand, Booty Call, Fuck Buddies, and Friends with Benefits relationships. This knowledge appears broad and may be considered as socio-cultural knowledge of young adults. Numerous implications flow from the understanding that young adults implicitly know what behaviours are associated with these popular forms of casual sexual relationships. Researchers need to ensure they use scientifically sound definitions in order to develop a more sophisticated lexicon of (casual sex) relationships and understand how modern sexual relationships fit within the scope of potential relationship options.

A close look at the first literary works in European countries reveals that love stories and the theme of romance took prominence among the authors of the time. French authors are a good example of writers of these love stories. An in-depth study shows that different and/or supporting themes or series of events accompany the main love story in these stories. This trend is supported by Cuddon (1977:758) by emphasizing that in these early writings it was the trend to combine an adventure story aspect with the love story. Lewis (1960:23) supports Cuddon’s view in stating that Chréstien de Troyes was the first writer in France to apply love as a main theme for a love story. Funk and Wagnalls’s New Encyclopedia (1876:344) bears out Cuddon’s idea of combining various series of events (love and moral) in the same writing and explains that a love story should enhance two views of what the writing is about, in this case (a) the love aspect and (b) the moral aspect. The trend of combining themes, where one theme supplements the main theme in the same writing, also exists in Sepedi literature. Examples are Noto-ya-Masogana (Tsebe,1954) and Morweši (Motuku,1969). It will, be important and necessary to explain the love story and the moral story first. Cuddon states that the idea of having a variety of series of events supporting the main theme of the narrative is visible where a love story is a two-in-one narrative, relating love and moral, such as in Sir Gawain and Green Knight (14th C.). This demonstrates the importance of a love story. This fact led Yelland et al (1984:161) to state, in support of the important role of character, that love and moral are evidence of chivalry, such as that found in Morte D’Arthur (Malory,1470). Character or chivalry depicts the impeccable manners of the main characters of the love story. This combination of love and moral can also be seen in Sepedi writing, such as Noto-ya-Masogana (Tsebe,1954), Morweši (Motuku,1969), Tshehlana ya ka (Bosoma,1990) and Sesasedi sa katlego (Kekana,1990). Before proceeding with a discussion on this type of love and moral story, it is important to explain the other types of stories as well. Research by Phala (1999:18) and Abrams (1998:98) describes the idea of character and conduct as what one finds, learns or acquires at home, from the community, society or wherever one finds one’s self. The education acquired in this way gives birth to the basis of character, conduct and behaviour, be it good or bad. This should not be confused with formal school learning, but upbringing which is reinforced by cultural practices, religion and socialization, for example. This influences the complete person, including the soul. A person influenced in this manner becomes complete and can distinguish between good and bad, acceptable and unacceptable, as well as proper and improper, according to place and time. Marggraff (1994:14) stresses this distinction between the two opposing views of good and bad; desirable or acceptable on the one side and undesirable or unacceptable on the other. Groenewald (1994:20) also supports this view of right and wrong, stating that it gives us the understanding that bad, evil and wrong deeds or behaviour displeases the ancestors and can lead to punishment and misfortune for the character concerned. This encourages people to strive towards good deeds. It can, therefore, be concluded that humanity was meant to be and do good. Good deeds, behaviour and conduct are important and should be the goal, as depicted by the main character in the love story. The main character who does wrong things and changes his behaviour to good, is rewarded for being good with happiness, love, success and prosperity in his relationship with his partner. Viewed in this light, the importance of further examining and analyzing the love and moral story will be emphasized. In this type of story, where the main character does wrong things with which the reader does not approve or align himself, the reader’s curiosity will be aroused to read further in order to know what will happen to the main character at the end. Since there is always the anticipated element of punishment and reward for the main character present at the end of these types of love and moral stories, it serves as an attraction and magnet that hold the reader’s interest until the end. It also adds a moral value for the reader. Sepedi authors who write love stories are also on this bandwagon of combining love and moral themes in the same story, such as in Noto-ya-Masogana (Tsebe,1954) and Morweši (Motuku,1969). In order to establish the importance of combining love and moral or behaviour in the same love story, the following have been examined and researched in full: Tsebe’s Noto-ya-Masogana (1954) and Motuku’s Morweši (1969). This will be preceded by taking heed of the research and study results of these works already done by other critics. / Dissertation (MA (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / African Languages / unrestricted