As the popularity for seafood in the United States continues to grow, information about consumer patterns of fishery products will be a valuable aid to various groups in the seafood industry. The primary objective of this dissertation is to provide quantitative information, notably own price, income, and household size elasticity measures, about consumer behavior relating to specific fish and shellfish products. The methodology used in this study is as follows: (1) organize and analyze at-home seafood consumption data for specific finfish and shellfish species by three product forms (canned, fresh and fresh frozen, and other prepared) from the 1981 Seafood Consumption Survey: (i) finfish -- cod, flounder (or sole), haddock, herring, mackerel, perch, pollock, salmon, sardines, snapper, tuna, whiting, total finfish, and (ii) shellfish -- clams, crabs, oysters, scallops, shrimp, and total shellfish; (2) identify and assess the factors that affect household expenditure on these products for home consumption, and (3) compare the results of this research to those from previously published works. Price and coupon value are the dominant factors in explaining the variation of household expenditure on seafood commodities for at-home consumption. All price elasticities are negative and in the inelastic range except for fresh and fresh frozen oysters and canned tuna. These results suggest that for almost all shellfish and finfish species, unit percentage changes in product availability lead to greater than unit percentage changes in product prices. Coupon values, as expected, have significant positive impacts on household expenditures for seafood commodities for at-home consumption. Except for scallops, all shellfish products are normal goods, while the nature of the income effects for finfish products is mixed. Generally, household size elasticities are not only positive but also less than unity. Significant differences exist in household expenditures for fishery products due to geographic region, urbanization, employment status and age of the household manager, race, and season. Finally, households spend significantly less on all categories of canned fishery products, but more on fresh and fresh frozen shellfish, at the supermarket and the grocery store than at other seafood outlets. Occupation and education of the household head and religious affiliation are not generally statistically important factors in explaining the variation in household expenditure on fish and shellfish products. / Ph. D.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In the recent decision in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (C) a claim for the loss of the use of a thing not utilised in the production of income was apparently allowed for the first time in South African law. A number of strict requirements were however set for such a claim. For a considerable time a claim has been recognised in English and German law even where a substitute was not hired and where the article was used for pleasure purposes. It is submitted that this should also be the position in South African law because the loss of the use of a thing per se has an independent value. It is further submitted that the interest on capital value method (as per English law) can be used as starting-point in the determination of quantum. A degree of flexibility is necessary to ensure fairness and equity. / In die onlangse beslissing in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (K) is daar klaarblyklik die eerste maal in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg 'n eis om skadevergoeding weens gebruiksverlies van 'n saak wat nie in die produksie van inkomste gebruik is nie erken. Die hof stel egter 'n aantal streng vereistes vir so 'n eis. 'n Eis word al 'n geruime tyd in die Engelse en Duitse reg erken selfs waar 'n substituut nie gehuur is nie en waar sake bloot vir plesierdoeleindes gebruik is. Daar word submitteer dat dit ook die posisie in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg behoort te wees aangesien gebruiksverlies opsigself 'n selfstandige waarde het. Dit word verder aangevoer dat die rente-op-kapitaalwaarde-metode (soos in die Engelse reg) gebruik kan word as 'n uitgangspunt by kwantumbepaling. Ter wille van redelikheid en billikheid behoort die maatstaf 'n mate van buigsaamheid te he. / Private Law / LL. M.

Tous mes travaux ont été réalisés à l'aide du logiciel stata 11. / La présente thèse étudie la relation entre le niveau de vie, la fécondité des femmes en union et leurs besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Les données qui ont servi aux analyses proviennent des fichiers individuels de deux enquêtes démographiques et de santé (DHS) réalisées en Guinée en 1999 et 2005. Le niveau de vie est mesuré par un indicateur composite créé à partir des caractéristiques du logement et certains biens possédés par le ménage. Nous avons adopté deux stratégies d’analyse : analyses descriptives et multi-variées. Nous avons examiné à cet effet les niveaux et les tendances de ces deux comportements de fécondité dans les grandes villes, petites villes et villes secondaires, en milieu rural et à l’échelle nationale. Des méthodes statistiques appropriées ont été utilisées : (modèle de régression de Poisson et des modèles de régression logistique binaire et multinomiale). Les résultats des analyses descriptives montrent une faible fécondité chez les femmes issues des classes riches par rapport aux femmes pauvres et une diminution de leurs besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Ces relations qui se sont révélées très statistiquement significatives en 1995-1999 quelque soient les milieux de résidence, ont disparu presque dans les analyses multi-variées, après avoir contrôlé certaines caractéristiques socio-économiques, démographiques et culturelles. Dans ces analyses multi-variées, l’éducation de la femme et la pratique contraceptive se sont révélées particulièrement déterminantes pour la fécondité. Par ailleurs, l’éducation de la femme, a été également un facteur important pour les besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Il en est de même pour son âge, sa parité, sa religion, la discussion du couple sur la planification familiale, l’attitude du conjoint vis-à-vis de la planification familiale et de l’exposition aux messages sur la planification familiale qui restent aussi d’importants facteurs des besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Le terme d’interaction groupe d’âge et le nombre d’enfants en vie, s’est avéré, lui aussi fortement significatif indiquant que l’effet de la parité sur les besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale ne prend pas le même sens selon le groupe d’âge auquel appartient la femme. En définitive, nos analyses, nos analyses ont mis en évidence que la relation négative entre le niveau de vie, la fécondité et les besoins non satisfaits se vérifie mais avec des degrés variés selon les milieux de résidence et les périodes d’enquête. Les écarts entre les groupes contigus sont également très faibles. / The goal of this thesis is to study the relationship between the married women standard of living, their fertility and their unmet need for family planning. The data used for the analysis have been taken from two individual demographic survey files (DHS) carried out in Guinea in 1999 and 2005. The standard of living is measured using a composite indicator established from the housing characteristics and some capital goods of the family. We have adopted two strategies of analysis: Descriptive and Multivariate Analysis. Thus, we have studied the levels and tendencies of these two behaviors of fertility in the large cities, small or secondary cities, rural places, and at the national scale. Statistics appropriate methods of regression (Poisson regression method, logistic binary method and multinomial method). The results of descriptive analysis have confirmed a weak fertility in women from rich classes in comparison with poor women and a reduction of their unmet need for family planning. The relationship which proved very statistically significant in 1995-1999 whichever the place of residence was not observed with the multivariate analysis method, after controlling some socioeconomic, demographic and cultural characteristics. In the multivariate analysis, the woman education and her behavior in terms of contraception were particularly important in her fecundity. Moreover, the woman’s education, her age, parity (married status), her religion, the discussion of the couple about the family planning, the husband attitude concerning the family planning constitute some important factors of unmet need for family planning. The term of Interaction age group and number of living children turns out strongly significant, indicating that the parity (man-woman) effect can change according to the age group of the woman.   In fact, our analysis have shown with clearly that the negative relationship between the standard of living, the fertility and the unmet need is confirmed with various degrees according to the place of residence and the survey period. The differences between the closely related groups are too weak.

This study aimed to examine the reasoning among first line managers concerning the law from 2012 which gives older couples the right to continue living together even when only one of them needs special housing for service and care. We used a qualitative method with data collected through individual semi-structured interviews with six care managers in different municipalities in Sweden. The theoretical approach and interpretative framework for the analysis consisted of Michael Lipsky’s theory of street-level bureaucracy, Roine Johansson’s swedish adaption of this theory and Max Weber’s theory about social actions. We found that there was little variation in how the interviewed care managers used the law and the guidelines to support the work in the organisation rather than seeking individually based solutions for the elderly. The main conclusion of our study was that the law concerning the cohabitation guarantee for elderly has made little difference.

Univ., Diss.--Potsdam, 2004.

La présente thèse étudie la relation entre le niveau de vie, la fécondité des femmes en union et leurs besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Les données qui ont servi aux analyses proviennent des fichiers individuels de deux enquêtes démographiques et de santé (DHS) réalisées en Guinée en 1999 et 2005. Le niveau de vie est mesuré par un indicateur composite créé à partir des caractéristiques du logement et certains biens possédés par le ménage. Nous avons adopté deux stratégies d’analyse : analyses descriptives et multi-variées. Nous avons examiné à cet effet les niveaux et les tendances de ces deux comportements de fécondité dans les grandes villes, petites villes et villes secondaires, en milieu rural et à l’échelle nationale. Des méthodes statistiques appropriées ont été utilisées : (modèle de régression de Poisson et des modèles de régression logistique binaire et multinomiale). Les résultats des analyses descriptives montrent une faible fécondité chez les femmes issues des classes riches par rapport aux femmes pauvres et une diminution de leurs besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Ces relations qui se sont révélées très statistiquement significatives en 1995-1999 quelque soient les milieux de résidence, ont disparu presque dans les analyses multi-variées, après avoir contrôlé certaines caractéristiques socio-économiques, démographiques et culturelles. Dans ces analyses multi-variées, l’éducation de la femme et la pratique contraceptive se sont révélées particulièrement déterminantes pour la fécondité. Par ailleurs, l’éducation de la femme, a été également un facteur important pour les besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Il en est de même pour son âge, sa parité, sa religion, la discussion du couple sur la planification familiale, l’attitude du conjoint vis-à-vis de la planification familiale et de l’exposition aux messages sur la planification familiale qui restent aussi d’importants facteurs des besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Le terme d’interaction groupe d’âge et le nombre d’enfants en vie, s’est avéré, lui aussi fortement significatif indiquant que l’effet de la parité sur les besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale ne prend pas le même sens selon le groupe d’âge auquel appartient la femme. En définitive, nos analyses, nos analyses ont mis en évidence que la relation négative entre le niveau de vie, la fécondité et les besoins non satisfaits se vérifie mais avec des degrés variés selon les milieux de résidence et les périodes d’enquête. Les écarts entre les groupes contigus sont également très faibles. / The goal of this thesis is to study the relationship between the married women standard of living, their fertility and their unmet need for family planning. The data used for the analysis have been taken from two individual demographic survey files (DHS) carried out in Guinea in 1999 and 2005. The standard of living is measured using a composite indicator established from the housing characteristics and some capital goods of the family. We have adopted two strategies of analysis: Descriptive and Multivariate Analysis. Thus, we have studied the levels and tendencies of these two behaviors of fertility in the large cities, small or secondary cities, rural places, and at the national scale. Statistics appropriate methods of regression (Poisson regression method, logistic binary method and multinomial method). The results of descriptive analysis have confirmed a weak fertility in women from rich classes in comparison with poor women and a reduction of their unmet need for family planning. The relationship which proved very statistically significant in 1995-1999 whichever the place of residence was not observed with the multivariate analysis method, after controlling some socioeconomic, demographic and cultural characteristics. In the multivariate analysis, the woman education and her behavior in terms of contraception were particularly important in her fecundity. Moreover, the woman’s education, her age, parity (married status), her religion, the discussion of the couple about the family planning, the husband attitude concerning the family planning constitute some important factors of unmet need for family planning. The term of Interaction age group and number of living children turns out strongly significant, indicating that the parity (man-woman) effect can change according to the age group of the woman.   In fact, our analysis have shown with clearly that the negative relationship between the standard of living, the fertility and the unmet need is confirmed with various degrees according to the place of residence and the survey period. The differences between the closely related groups are too weak. / Tous mes travaux ont été réalisés à l'aide du logiciel stata 11.

This study describes the characteristics of informal economy workers and their households. The central reasons for initiating the study were twofold. Firstly, the informal economy has grown in size and it is increasingly recognised as an important component of the economy. Secondly, it is widely agreed that accurate measurement of the informal economy has not been achieved. Thus, the study aimed to describe the informal economy using the most up-to-date national labour force survey as well as assess how accurately the informal economy has been measured with that instrument. The informal economy has developed as a result of globalisation and the technological revolution (amongst other factors) according to researchers. Recognition that workers within the informal economy (and those subject to informalisation within the formal economy) are not achieving fair labour standards has led to efforts to re-conceptualise work. The informal economy is extremely difficult to define and four conceptual models are described in this study. Each of the models agrees that the informal economy operates outside the ambit of formal activities, thus a form of dualism is defined, and that the economy is heterogeneous in character. The models differ in how the informal economy interrelates with the formal economy; the dualist model proposes there is no interaction while the legalist model states that a superior-subordinate relationship exists between the two. Competing models view the informal economy as either survivalist or as a vibrant, productive entity. A notable characteristic of the informal economy is flexibility in working conditions. This study will contribute to debate on the nature and measurement of the informal economy in South Africa. The method used in this study was secondary analysis of the Labour Force Survey. Integrating elements of theory and measurement, it is suggested that the design of the survey instrument reinforces the dualist model. Analysis revealed that different economies - formal and informal - occur and that, although the two are not mutually exclusive, these exhibit markedly different characteristics. The formal worker and his or her household showed significantly better statistics for a range of demographic, social and economic indicators. Formal employees enjoyed better quality employment relationships than informal workers, as demonstrated by higher proportions in permanent employment and longer duration of employment. Measurement of an interrelationship between the formal and informal economies was hampered by the design of the survey instrument, however, there is evidence that a relationship does exist and this was defined as superior-subordinate in nature. The heterogeneous nature of the informal economy was confirmed by example of a wide range of occupations, involving varied levels of skill. Generally, the South African informal economy appears to be survivalist in nature, as demonstrated by high frequencies of workers in occupations of low skill as well as by the general poverty and low standard of living exhibited by the informal workers' household. It was recognised that there are categories of worker who are worse off than the informal worker and this finding, along with the observation that disparities exist between different types of worker within the informal economy itself, raises the question of how useful it is to use the dualist framework for analysis. Informal workers did report higher levels of flexibility, however, it is argued that this would not compensate for poor statistics recorded for nearly all other indicators measured. Based on the analysis above, it is suggested that the informal worker 'formalise' if this path is made possible because it is clear that formal workers achieve a significantly better standard of living. In the long term this goal could be achieved by improving education levels and by facilitating access to the formal economy. In the short to medium term the outlook for the informal worker could be improved by adopting policies that foster improved work conditions, including improved access to medical aid, paid leave, and some form of pension or retirement plan. The study concludes that measurement of the informal economy is more accurate than past attempts, but that further improvement is possible. Given the disparities within the informal work force and the idea that a dualist approach is not the most effective conceptualisation of the labour force, the study calls for a flexible survey instrument that caters for various definitions of the informal worker. The inclusion of additional questions, for example to measure workers' perceptions of exploitation and satisfaction with working conditions, is encouraged. These suggestions would facilitate effective investigation of alternative conceptualisations of the informal economy through means of the survey instrument. / Thesis (M.Dev. Studies)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

Refugee children often experience social exclusion upon arrival in their new host countries. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) obligates States to ensure the social inclusion of all children, including refuges. While all but two countries have ratified the CRC, few have fully implemented it. In this thesis, I tested the hypothesis that the social inclusion of refugee children will be greater in a country that has more fully implemented the CRC (Sweden) than in a country where implementation is weaker (Canada). The results of a policy analysis supported the hypothesis. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of methods to measure the implementation of the CRC, as well as to our understanding of the relationships among human rights, domestic policy and children’s well-being.

Refugee children often experience social exclusion upon arrival in their new host countries. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) obligates States to ensure the social inclusion of all children, including refuges. While all but two countries have ratified the CRC, few have fully implemented it. In this thesis, I tested the hypothesis that the social inclusion of refugee children will be greater in a country that has more fully implemented the CRC (Sweden) than in a country where implementation is weaker (Canada). The results of a policy analysis supported the hypothesis. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of methods to measure the implementation of the CRC, as well as to our understanding of the relationships among human rights, domestic policy and children’s well-being.

Univ., Diss.--Hohenheim, 2004.