This thesis investigates both substantive and procedural issues pertaining to allegations of crimes committed by UN peacekeepers in three African countries, Somalia, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Under the current UN Model Status-of-Forces Agreements, criminal jurisdiction over peacekeepers rests with their sending States. However, although the UN has no criminal jurisdiction, it has been the Office of Internal Oversight Services that has conducted investigations. It is argued that every Status of Force Agreement and every Memorandum of Understanding should contain specific clauses obligating Troop-Contributing Countries to prosecute and the UN to follow-up. If rape, murder, assault, and any other crimes by UN peacekeepers go unpunished, the message sent to the victims is that peacekeepers are above the law. Rape is the most commonly committed crime by peacekeepers, but is usually considered as an isolated act. The procedural issue of prosecuting peacekeepers is investigated in order to establish whether troops can be caught under the ambits of the criminal law of the Host State to hold UN troops criminally accountable for their acts. The laws relative to the elements of each crime and the possible available defences under the three Host States, and the criminal law of South Africa as a Troop-Contributing Country, are discussed. The apparent lack of prosecution is investigated and existing cases of prosecution discussed. Alternatives to the unwillingness by States with criminal jurisdiction under the Status of Forces Agreement or under the Memorandum of Understanding are considered. Considering the current rules related to crimes committed by peacekeepers, the argument put forward is that crimes by peacekeepers must be dealt with completely and transparently though a Convention aiming at barring Troop-Contributing Countries who do not meet their obligations under international law from participating in future operations of peace. This thesis, furthermore, suggests a tripartite court mechanism to fill the lacunae in the law relating to the prosecution of peacekeepers. It considers the issues of reserving jurisdiction over peacekeepers to the Troop-Contributing Countries which are reluctant to prosecute repatriated alleged perpetrators. The victims’ importance in criminal proceedings and their their right to a remedy are highlighted. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.D.

L’importance croissante des fonds d’indemnisation, en droit français et dans les droits étrangers, invite à une étude approfondie de ces instruments alternatifs de compensation de dommages. Une analyse de leur champ d’application et de leur fonctionnement ainsi qu’une identification des objectifs de politique juridique font apparaître deux catégories de dispositifs : d’un côté, les fonds rétrospectifs chargés de gérer les conséquences d’un fait dommageable de grande ampleur survenu dans le passé et ayant fait l’objet d’une médiatisation importante ; de l’autre, les fonds prospectifs destinés à faciliter l’indemnisation de dommages isolés et à pallier des lacunes de la responsabilité civile ou administrative. Malgré des points de convergence, les fonds d’indemnisation se démarquent d’autres techniques d’indemnisation, telles que la Sécurité sociale et les assurances privées. Pour comprendre les raisons qui amènent le législateur à réserver un tel traitement particulier à certaines catégories de dommages, la notion d’indemnisation sociale, développée par la doctrine allemande, servira de point de départ pour construire un modèle explicatif qui appréhende notamment la diversité des régimes relevant d’un fonds d’indemnisation. Une comparaison de la procédure d’indemnisation devant un fonds et d’une action en responsabilité révèle un besoin d’ajustement de la réglementation des fonds pour exploiter au mieux les potentialités de ces instruments, aussi bien sur le terrain de la compensation que sur celui de la prévention des dommages. Une simplification des rapports entre les nombreux fonds et une meilleure articulation avec la responsabilité civile s’imposent pour assurer une intégration cohérente de ces régimes spéciaux dans le droit existant. / The increasing importance of compensation funds in French law and in other legal systems calls for a research study on this topic. The analysis of the scope and legal technique as well as the identification of the political aims behind those alternative compensation schemes reveals two categories: on the one hand, retrospective compensation schemes are introduced to manage the consequences of mass damages; on the other hand, the establishment of prospective funds remedies the gaps in tort law to facilitate the compensation of certain types of individual damages. In spite of similarities with Social security and private insurance, compensation funds form a unique compensation technique and can be held as the key element of social compensation, a concept which has been developed by German scholars and can explain the shifts between private and public compensation schemes as well as the diversity of fund regulations. However, a comparative approach of compensation under a fund regulation and a tort law action before the courts reveals a need for legislative adjustments in order to develop the full potential of alternative compensation schemes. A simplification of conflicts between different compensation funds and a better coordination with tort law actions have to be achieved to insure a coherent integration into the existing legal system.

Développées par la Cour de Justice, les invocabilités des directives européennes définissent les conditions permettant aux personnes juridiques de se prévaloir d'une directive dans leurs rapports juridiques. La Cour de Justice a réussi à introduire ces invocabilités dans les ordres juridiques nationaux, notamment en Italie et en France, en s'appuyant, d'une part, sur des éléments déjà existants dans les ordres juridiques des États membres, tels que la technique de l'interprétation conforme et le principe de la responsabilité de la puissance publique, en les faisant évoluer dans le sens européen. D'autre part, la Cour a aussi créé des outils nouveaux et, finalement, révolutionnaires, tels que les invocabilités de substitution et d'exclusion de la norme nationale incompatible avec une directive européenne. La mise en oeuvre de ces invocabilités a eu des répercussions importantes sur le rôle des juridictions nationales, qui ont vu l'ensemble de leurs missions s'étendre. La sphère juridique des particuliers a également été influencée, de façon imprévisible et, parfois, préjudiciable. / Developed by the European Court of Justice, the invocability of EU directives defines the conditions allowing legal subjects to exercise the rights conferred by a directive in their legal relationships. The ECJ has managed to introduce different types of invocability into the member States national legal orders, and notably in Italy and France, by, on the one hand using some pre-existing elements of the national legal orders, such as consistent interpretation and the principle of State liability, and making them evolve in a European way. And, on the other hand the ECJ has also created new and, finally, revolutionary tools, such as invocability of substitution and invocability of exclusion of the national law incompatible with a EU directive. The implementation of these different types of invocability has had a deep impact on the role of national courts, who have seen their mandate extended. The legal sphere of legal subjects had also been influenced, in unpredictable and sometimes detrimental ways.

This thesis investigates both substantive and procedural issues pertaining to allegations of crimes committed by UN peacekeepers in three African countries, Somalia, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Under the current UN Model Status-of-Forces Agreements, criminal jurisdiction over peacekeepers rests with their sending States. However, although the UN has no criminal jurisdiction, it has been the Office of Internal Oversight Services that has conducted investigations. It is argued that every Status of Force Agreement and every Memorandum of Understanding should contain specific clauses obligating Troop-Contributing Countries to prosecute and the UN to follow-up. If rape, murder, assault, and any other crimes by UN peacekeepers go unpunished, the message sent to the victims is that peacekeepers are above the law. Rape is the most commonly committed crime by peacekeepers, but is usually considered as an isolated act. The procedural issue of prosecuting peacekeepers is investigated in order to establish whether troops can be caught under the ambits of the criminal law of the Host State to hold UN troops criminally accountable for their acts. The laws relative to the elements of each crime and the possible available defences under the three Host States, and the criminal law of South Africa as a Troop-Contributing Country, are discussed. The apparent lack of prosecution is investigated and existing cases of prosecution discussed. Alternatives to the unwillingness by States with criminal jurisdiction under the Status of Forces Agreement or under the Memorandum of Understanding are considered. Considering the current rules related to crimes committed by peacekeepers, the argument put forward is that crimes by peacekeepers must be dealt with completely and transparently though a Convention aiming at barring Troop-Contributing Countries who do not meet their obligations under international law from participating in future operations of peace. This thesis, furthermore, suggests a tripartite court mechanism to fill the lacunae in the law relating to the prosecution of peacekeepers. It considers the issues of reserving jurisdiction over peacekeepers to the Troop-Contributing Countries which are reluctant to prosecute repatriated alleged perpetrators. The victims’ importance in criminal proceedings and their their right to a remedy are highlighted. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D.

Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2017-02-18T12:04:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Emília Carvalho Ribeiro (maria.ribeiro@ucsal.br) on 2017-02-22T18:16:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T18:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-18 / Com base na linha de pesquisa, analisa-se a contaminação por chumbo em Santo Amaro da Purificação na Bahia, decorrente da poluição causada pela indústria COBRAC – Companhia Brasileira de Chumbo e as conseqüências para a saúde dos trabalhadores e da população residente no entorno desta. Enfoca-se, ainda, o passivo ambiental representado por cerca de quinhentas toneladas de escória de chumbo deixadas para trás, após o fechamento da fábrica, em 1993. Aborda-se a questão da responsabilidade da empresa poluidora no sentido de reparar os danos causados ao meio ambiente, aos trabalhadores e à população, bem como, procurase demonstrar a responsabilidade subsidiária do Estado, para responder pelos prejuízos, em caso de negligência no uso dos meios legais para punir os poluidores forçando-os a repararem os danos causados. Em seguida, demonstra-se as formas de responsabilidade civil e a atuação da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos nos casos em que atuou condenando o estado brasileiro quando este foi negligente ao deixar de punir os infratores dos direitos ínsitos à personalidade humana. Posteriormente se faz, uma análise dos processos ajuizados pelas vítimas e da resposta dada pelo Poder Judiciário e pelo Estado. Em síntese, busca-se mostrar as formas de solução postas pelo direito pátrio e internacional, no sentido de reparar os sofrimentos das vítimas pela contaminação por chumbo. / It intends to analyze cases of victims of lead contamination in Santo Amaro, Bahia, caused by the company pollution COBRAC – Brazilian Company Lead and the effects to the health of workers and living population around the Industry. Also shows the environmental damages caused by five hundred tons of lead slag, left behind after the shutdown of the industry in 1993 and its consequences for the environment and the health of the population. It addresses the responsibility of polluting company to repair the damage caused to the environment, to workers and to the population, and, at the same time, tries to demonstrate the State subsidiary responsibility to respond for those damages, in case of negligence in the use of legal means to punish polluters for the damage, forcing them to repair it. Next, shows the kinds of liability and participation of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the cases that condemned the Brazilian State, when it was negligent to punish the infractors of the human personality rights. Finally, analyzes the lawsuits brought by the lead contamination victims and what response was given by the Judiciary and the State. In synthesis, it is intended to show the ways of solutions in national and international law, in the direction to repair the sufferings of the victims of lead contamination

v anglickém jazyce - English abstract Protection of Right to Fair Trial in Relation to Preliminary Ruling Proceedings Right to fair trial is one of fundamental human rights, which enables individuals to effectively invoke their rights and freedoms before a lawful, impartial and independent court. In Europe, the protection of this right is guaranteed at a multi-layer level, whose layers interact: first layer is formed by constitutional orders of individual States, second layer by institutions of European Union, in particular the Court of Justice of the European Union, and a third one, that of the European Court for Human Rights. In the European Union, the Treaties have introduced the mechanism of preliminary ruling with the aim of preserving unity within the Union and of ensuring coherent interpretation and application of European law by the courts of the Member States. Preliminary ruling proceedings ensure effective cooperation between national courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Art. 267 TFEU provides for an obligation to request a preliminary ruling for national courts of last instance (if none of the CILFIT case law conditions is met). Breach of this obligation may entail violation of right to fair trial at all three layers of human rights protection in Europe. Each European...