Using a unique dataset comprising information for (up to) 153 firms in the machine building sector in Belarus, we investigate the determinants of firm growth for an economy where state ownership of enterprises is widespread. We use panel data models based on generalizations of Gibrat's law, total factor productivity estimates and matching methods to assess the differences in firm growth between private and state-contolled firms. Our results indicate that labor hoarding and soft budget constraints play a particularly important role in explaining differences in performance between these two groups of firms.

The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the State Enterprise Act. The main aim is to describe the life of state enterprise from its foundation to its termination and to point out the major legal issues. My desire was to recommend some improvements to legal regulation of the state enterprise. My thesis is divided into several chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the state enterprise. The first theoretical chapter examines the question whether the state enterprise is a legal entity on the background of civil doctrine. The next chapter deals with the foundation process of the state enterprise. Who is authorized to create the state enterprise and what are the essential elements of the charter of foundation. It describes the process of signing into the Commercial Register and its legal impact. This thesis also provides a view to the relationship between the authorized representatives and the state enterprise. It shall answer the questions about the powers of governing bodies and their liability. The next part is devoted to the administration of state-owned property by the state enterprise. It examines the right of state to obtain the profit made by state enterprise. This chapter also deals with the public procurement related to the state enterprise. The last theoretical chapter...

The primary focus of this thesis is a state-owned enterprise, its basic characteristics, the State-Owned Enterprise Act as its principal source of legislation and its status given by some other laws. The state-owned enterprise is a state organization and a specific organizational legal form of business through which the state carries out management of its property, carries on a business and thereby fulfills the purpose for which state-owned enterprise was founded. Specificity is manifested mainly by its property itself, the relationship to that property, the way of establishment and by performance of quasi-shareholders' rights. The main attribute of state-owned enterprises and state organizations in general is incapacity of possession of property rights. Inability of ownership does not only contrast with the ability to bind, but also raises questions concerning the legal personality. The relationship to the property has been expressed by rather vague "right to manage", which has not been used yet. The state-owned enterprise is regulated mainly by the State-Owned Enterprise Act. This regulation, though very brief in scope, has the ambition to be comprehensive legislation for state-owned enterprises. Nevertheless it is not sufficient for the treatment of all possible legal relations arising from the...

This study examines how board diversity and characteristics of directors affect the financial and non-financial performance of Swedish state-owned enterprises (SOEs). SOEs are characterized by state ownership, goal complexity, governmental funding and control and are therefore typical examples of hybrid organizations that purse both commercial and political logics. The board of directors (BODs) of SOEs as representatives of the shareholder serve as corporate governance mechanism to control and monitor the organization to achieve financial and non-financial targets. Further, the boards should compose of directors with the appropriate competence and experience as well as integrity and ethical values to govern the challenges for hybrid organizations.Therefore, information of the BODs on Swedish SOEs are conducted regarding their educational background, professional experience, multiple appointments, tenure, gender diversity and age diversity, as well as the amount of state representatives. Financial performance was measured by using Return on Assets and Return on Equity, while non-financial performance was measured as the fulfillment of non-financial goals and the amount of reported and disclosed GRI standards. Our eight research hypothesizes are all based on prior research on corporate governance concerning board diversity and firm performance in both private as well as public organizations. Moreover, institutional logics and upper echelons theory are used to explain the effects of the diversity characteristics on corporate performance. All hypothesizes were rejected due to insignificant relationship. Even though a significant relationship was indicated between professional experience of the directors and financial performance, the hypothesis was rejected, since the relationship was the opposite of the expected.One of the reasons for these results can be that institutional logics and competing goals prevent the BODs from focus too strong on either financial or non-financial targets.

La Chine vit, depuis une vingtaine d’années, une mutation politico-économique sans précédent où les entreprises d’État chinoises (EEC) jouent un rôle de premier plan. L’objet de la recherche s’est fixé sur la proposition d’un modèle capable d’améliorer l’appréhension de la performance des EEC. La problématique consiste donc à cerner les caractéristiques des EEC et leurs besoins afin de proposer un modèle adapté.Pour cela, nous avons étudié en détail les mutations politiques, économiques et juridiques affectant les EEC ainsi que l’introduction des concepts et modèles de management occidentaux à travers la littérature chinoise. Ensuite, nous avons fait ressortir les facteurs de performance à travers la littérature, les rapports officiels du gouvernement à partir d’une étude de contenu et d’une enquête quantitative par questionnaires utilisant l’analyse factorielle.Cela a abouti à un cahier des charges, fondement de notre proposition d’un tableau de bord stratégique durable, fondé sur le modèle des parties prenantes et capable d’intégrer les notions de développement durable, de RSE et d’aménagement du territoire. / China has experienced over the last twenty years unprecedented political and economic changes in which state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have played a major role.The purpose of the research focusses on proposing a model capable of improving the understanding of the performance of SOEs. The issue is then to identify the characteristics and the needs of SOEs in order to proposed a model adapted to them.For that purpose we have studied the political, economic and legal changes which have affected SOEs as well as the introduction of Western management concepts and models through the Chinese literature. Then we have outlined the factors of performance through the literature, governmental official reports thanks to a study of content and a quantitative survey thanks to questionnaires using factorial analysis.This has led to specifications, the basis of our proposal of a sustainable strategic dashboard founded on the stakeholder model and capable of integrating the notions of sustainable development, corporate social responsibility and territorial planning.

Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) has emerged as the premier policy instrument to redress the socio-economic inequalities created by the apartheid system in South Africa. BEE has evolved from a rudimentary concept that was casually coined outside government in the 1990s to being the policy instrument du jour of the post 1994 democratic dispensation. BEE has received critical attention culminating in its institutionalization through a BEE Council, an Act of Parliament, and a policy framework to facilitate its implementation. The institutionalization of this concept across government policy and practice settings, including, in particular, the government’s drive to restructure its enterprises, has accentuated BEE’s important role in the government’s reconstruction and development agenda. However, the evolution of BEE has not been a smooth journey. Its capacity and direction to respond to dire socio-economic demands has raised a deluge of questions and remarks, often negative, from many fronts. The purpose of this study is to critically examine the extent to which BEE produces the targeted results through its implementation via the restructuring of state owned enterprises (SOEs). What is also of significance is that the restructuring of SOEs and the implementation of BEE is occurring against a backdrop of a conspicuous neo-liberal drive. Whilst setting the scene with a theoretical background to the South African economy before and after 1994, the practical focus of this study is limited to the implementation of BEE using Eskom, an SOE, as a case study. Just as this study indicates a successful implementation of BEE through Eskom, questions remain as to how much widespread the benefits have been amongst the targeted previously marginalized black majority.

A governança corporativa é composta por diferentes mecanismos que visam minimizar os problemas advindos da relação de agência, estabelecida a partir da separação entre a propriedade e o controle das empresas. Nessa relação, os proprietários, ou principais, passaram a delegar a autoridade para a tomada de decisão aos gestores, ou agentes. No entanto, à medida que os interesses próprios dos gestores entram em conflito com os interesses dos proprietários das empresas, se faz necessária a implementação de mecanismos para monitorar tais agentes, a fim de garantir a tomada de decisão adequada para os negócios. No caso das empresas de controle estatal, além dos conflitos de agência, existem os problemas advindos da pressão política exercida sobre a administração, além dos conflitos no estabelecimento dos objetivos de tais empresas. Nesse sentido, as incertezas que cercam as estatais poderiam ser minimizadas através das boas práticas de governança corporativa, que promoveriam maior monitoramento e transparência. Portanto, a governança corporativa promove a tomada de melhores decisões, o uso de controles mais adequados, além da diminuição do custo de capital. Sendo assim, tais fatores poderiam impactar positivamente o desempenho das empresas que adotarem boas práticas de governança corporativa. Em face das especificidades das empresas estatais, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se existe relação significativa entre o nível de governança corporativa das sociedades de economia mista brasileiras e o desempenho e valor, durante o período de 2002 a 2017. Foi utilizado o índice de governança corporativa (IGOV) proposto por Silveira (2004) como base para mensurar o nível de governança corporativa das estatais. O desempenho foi mensurado pelos indicadores retorno sobre o patrimônio líquido (ROE) e retorno sobre o ativo (ROA), enquanto o valor foi aproximado pelo q de Tobin. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise descritiva e análise de regressão múltipla pelo procedimento de Efeitos Fixos e Aleatórios, além de um método mais robusto - Método dos Momentos Generalizado (GMM) - para minimizar potenciais problemas de endogeneidade neste tipo de estudo. A estimação de um modelo mais robusto indica que há relação positiva, embora não significativa, entre o nível de governança corporativa e o valor das empresas; e relação negativa, porém não significativa, entre o nível de governança corporativa e o desempenho das sociedades de economia mista. / Corporate governance considers different mechanisms that aim to minimize the problems derived from the agency relationship. The separation between ownership and control has made the owners - or principal - delegate the authority for decision-making to managers - the agents - establishing an agency relationship. However, as managers\' own interests begin to conflict with the owner\'s interests, it is necessary to implement mechanisms to monitor these agents, in order to assure a proper decision-making system for the firm. For state-owned enterprises, in addition to agency conflicts, there are problems arising from both the political pressure over the management and the process of establishing the firm\'s objectives. In this sense, the uncertainties surrounding state-owned enterprises could be minimized with good corporate governance practices, which would promote greater monitoring and transparency. Therefore, corporate governance offers better decisions, more appropriate controls and a reduced cost of capital. Such factors could impact positively the performance of firms that adopt good corporate governance practices. Considering the specificities of state-owned enterprises, this study has investigated if there is a significant relationship between the level of corporate governance of listed Brazilian state-owned firms and its performance and firm value, from 2002 to 2017. The corporate governance index (IGOV) proposed by Silveira (2004) was be used as the basis for measuring the level of corporate governance. Performance was measured by Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Assets (ROA) indicators while firm value was measured by Tobin\'s q. The data was analyzed through descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis by the Fixed and Random Effects procedures. The Generalized Method of Moments was also considered in a dynamic model, since it provides a more robust estimation to minimize bias of endogeneity in this type of study. The results from the GMM estimator indicate a positive and not significant relation between the level of corporate governance and firm value, and a negative and not significant relation between the level of corporate governance and performance for Brazilian state-owned enterprises.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and explain the organization of Greek broadcasting, and particularly its relationship to the state and politics. The study begins with the introduction of state-owned radio in 1936 and ends with the abolition of the state monopoly and the introduction of private local radio by a Socialist government in 1987. Through a mainly chronological structure the study examines the development of Greek radio and television set against major developments in the sphere of politics from the inter-war period until the late 1980s. These developments include the establishment of a quasi-fascist dictatorship in 1936, the Right-Left cleavage of the 1940s and the nature of parliamentary regime which was established as a result of the Communist defeat in the civil war (1946-1949). Subsequently, the study deals with the imposition of the dictatorial regime in 1967 and examines the contradictions which led to its eventual downfall in 1974. Finally, the thesis covers the transition of the country to democracy, the nature of the democratic regime, the party system and the major aspects of policy of both the Conservative governments (1974-1981) and the Socialists (1981-1987). Placed within the framework of the debate about the role of broadcasting in liberal democracies, the thesis examines the applicability of two antithetical models, the 'fourth estate' and the 'dominance' models to the Greek broadcasting system from 1936 to 1987. Neither is found to be satisfactory. Our study of government-broadcasting relations since the introduction of radio demonstrates that the broadcast media have always been subordinate to partisan political control and that neither the editorial autonomy nor the political independence of Greek broadcasters, on which the 'fourth estate' model is based, have ever been safeguarded by Greek politicians. The 'dominance' model, on the other hand, to the extent that it considers the mass media as an instrument of the dominant classes fails to describe accurately the role of Greek broadcasting institutions and of the state which controls them within Greek society. Due to the uneven and belated industrial development of the country, the state has acquired a dominant position in social and economic life by distributing resources and safeguarding the vital Interests of various social groups. Political parties have always relied on the mechanisms of the state to consolidate their power. Broadcasting institutions have therefore been used by those holding executive power as a legitimating mechanism of their policies. Preoccupied as they were with the political output of radio and television, Greek politicians never pursued the development of a public service ethos In Greek broadcasting.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese analisará a distribuição das águas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro considerando os elementos sociais, jurídicos, políticos, e seus reflexos no direito urbano e ambiental. Nesse aspecto referenciará as medidas de regulação e de organização da estrutura urbana, desde a formação da cidade até os dias atuais, assim como as consequências da exclusão e da ausência das políticas urbanas equitativas. No início, as ocupações irregulares, se distantes do centro e dos bairros elitizados, não despertavam maiores demandas do poder público, porém com o aumento das periferias e as ocupações próximas aos bairros formais, inúmeras medidas adotadas optaram pela remoção, contenção e a destruição dos espaços sem apresentar uma solução, agravando os problemas urbanos. Tais problemas, reconhecidamente sociais, passam a ser denominados urbanos e ambientais, gerando uma complexa criminalização dos moradores das periferias. As intervenções nos espaços são legalizadas pelo instrumento jurídico, as residências suburbanas são classificadas como ilegais e, por consequência, os recursos que deveriam atender a todos na cidade são direcionados apenas para cidade legalizada, criando a celeuma da desigualdade. Assim, amontoados em barracos precários, sem abastecimento de água, energia, esgoto e coleta de lixo, as periferias multiplicam as diversas formas de violência, uma vez que o direito não socorre esses moradores que, abandonados pela lei, vivem a escassez das águas e a especulação dos serviços ilegais de abastecimento. A crise do abastecimento não é causada pelas populações mais empobrecidas, mas pelo mercado que se apropria da maior parte desses recursos, dentro do sistema de uma lógica capitalista, e exclui aqueles que não podem pagar pelo abastecimento regular. Nesse sentido, este trabalho entende que o direito, ainda que tenha se tornado regulatório pode assumir um caráter revolucionário e transformador em que o direito das águas seja um direito da comunidade, por isso, um bem público não estatal, por fim objetiva esse trabalho estudar as leis das águas dentro do paradigma da solidariedade hídrica. / This thesis will evaluate de water distribution in the city of Rio de Janeiro, accounting for its social, juridical and political aspects, as well as its impacts on urban and environmental laws. The actions regarding the urban structure organization, starting in the initial constitution of the city, will be referenced in this analysis. In the formation of the city, many irregular occupations, specially when distant from the more rich neighborhoods, did not induce the offering of public services. With irregular occupations growing closer to the rich areas, the option was then the contention and destruction of occupations, but without presenting an alternate solution, which in turn aggravated the urban conflicts. Those social problems are then misclassified as urban and environmental problems and a criminalization of the inhabitants of those areas occur. The interventions on these areas are backed by a law that classifies the suburban residences as illegal. The public apparatus, directed exclusively to the legalized city, exacerbates the inequalities. Consequently, the peripheral areas lack appropriate housing, water supply, electricity, sewage and garbage collection, and are the location of multiple forms of violence that emanates from the fact that the law system does not protect them against scant water supply and the speculation associated to the illegal services of supplying water. The water supply crisis is not caused by the impoverished population, but the by capitalist market, that restricts the access to those services only to those that can pay for it. In this work we defend that the Law, even though it has been constructed with a regulatory nature, can become revolutionary and transforming when attributes the right to the water to the community, transforming water into a public good, but not state owned. This work will discuss the laws that regulate water in the hidrical solidarity paradigm.

O Direito Internacional da Concorrência é o ramo do direito que protege o exercício da liberdade de concorrência. Liberdade esta que, com o desenvolvimento do mundo globalizado, vem sendo atacada pelas multinacionais, causando prejuízo às economias tanto locais quanto internacionais, assim como aos consumidores, se fazendo necessária a intervenção estatal para regulação desses conflitos. Entretanto, emerge um novo conflito quando o Estado detém o controle acionário de uma empresa, como é o caso das empresas estatais. Tal panorama vem se agravando e causando conflitos concorrenciais no cenário global. A China, país em que tradicionalmente o governo detinha controle de todas as empresas nele constituídas, após a abertura de mercado, vem adotando constantes reformas de políticas de mercado com o viés de introduzir a alta tecnologia e expandir as relações comerciais com os demais países do mundo. Hodiernamente, após as reformas comerciais e estruturais das empresas estatais, a China determinou que setores-chave considerados importantes para segurança econômica chinesa serão de controle estatal, isto é, com monopólio estatal. Isto posto, a presente investigação procurou verificar se as empresas estatais chinesas estariam abusando de sua posição dominante para além das fronteiras e infringindo, sobretudo, a própria legislação concorrencial da China, cuja promulgação fora exigida pelos demais membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio. A investigação se dividiu em três partes essenciais: primeiro sobre as transformações econômicas, mercantis, sociais e jurídicas chinesas, principalmente no período posterior ao século XX; na segunda parte, se tratou do direito concorrencial na China, confrontando-o com as empresas estatais; e no último capítulo, foram verificados casos administrativos e judiciais perante os órgãos de regulamentação concorrencial. Pretendeu-se, pelo método dedutivo de pesquisa, verificar se a dicotomia formada entre a proteção governamental às empresas estatais fere a liberdade de um mercado competitivo. Buscou-se, assim, verificar se a atividade das empresas estatais chinesas ocupou fatia relevante de mercado a ponto de abusar da sua posição dominante e se é a China um palco para a aplicação de penalidades, visando à ordem e à liberdade concorrencial. Conclui-se que ocorre tratamento desigual na imposição de penalidades por práticas de abuso de posição dominante quando se tratam de empresas estrangeiras e empresas estatais chinesas. Denotou-se por meio da análise casuística que os esforços dos órgãos de fiscalização concorrencial chineses no combate a práticas anticoncorrenciais são alcançados, até o presente momento, quando versam sobre empresas estrangeiras, enquanto que as empresas estatais recebem tratamento dessemelhante e permissivo às práticas monopolistas. / The International Competition Law is the law that protects the freedom of competition. Freedom of which, with the development of the globalized world, comes under attack by multinationals, causing damage to the economies both local and international, as well as consumers, making it necessary the state intervention to regulate these conflicts. However, emerges into a new conflict when the state holds a controlling stake of the company, such as state-owned enterprises. This scenario has been growing worse and causing conflicts competitive on the global stage. China, which traditionally held control of all companies set up in it, after the opening of the market, has been adopting constant market policy reforms with the bias to introduce high technology and expanding trade relations with other countries worldwide. In our times, after trade and structural reforms of state-owned enterprises, China has determined that key sectors of the economy considered important to China's economic security will be of state control. Accordingly, the present investigation sought to ascertain whether chinese state-owned enterprises were abusing their dominant position beyond the borders and in particular violating China's own competition law, which was demanded by the other members of the World Trade Organization The investigation was divided into three essential parts: first on the chinese economic, mercantile, social and legal transformations, mainly in the period after the twentieth century; on the second part, it dealt with competition law in China, confronting it with state enterprises; and in the last chapter, administrative and judicial cases were verified before the regulatory bodies of competition. It was intended, by the deductive method of research, to verify if the dichotomy formed between governmental protection of state-owned enterprises hurts the freedom of a competitive market. It was therefore sought to ascertain whether the activity of Chinese state-owned enterprises occupied a relevant market share to the extent of abusing its dominant position and whether China is a stage for the application of penalties for order and competitive freedom. It is concluded that there is unequal treatment in the imposition of consequences for abuse of dominant positions when dealing with foreign companies and chinese state-owned enterprises. The case-by-case analysis has shown that the efforts of Chinese competition authorities in the fight against anticompetitive practices have so far been reached when dealing with foreign companies, while state-owned enterprises are treated differently and permissively from monopoly practices.