Högskolan i Gävle har en mängd av utbildningar som har anknytning till geodetisk mätning. Sedan tidigare finns det en uppsättning lägesbestämda punkter i Högskoleområdet som används inom dessa utbildningar där mätning förekommer. Punkterna har etablerats i olika omgångar, oberoende av varandra, och därför kan de inte kallas för ett stomnät. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att etablera ett stomnät i plan vid Högskolan i Gävle i referenssystemet SWEREF 99 16 30. Stomnätet bör hålla en hög kvalitet för att vara användbart inom all geodetisk mätning som Högskolan ägnar sig åt. Etableringen av stomnätet har delats upp i två delar. Den första delen består av planering, genomförande och efterberäkning av statiska GNSS-mätningar och den andra delen består av planering, genomförande och efterberäkning av terrestra mätningar (mätning med totalstation). Etablering av stomnät utförs ofta i två steg där mätning med Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) används för att lägesbestämma ett antal utgångspunkter som ska omsluta resten av stomnätet. Statisk GNSS-mätning utfördes med Trimble R12i på 9 stabila markeringar runt Högskolan under tre mätsessioner. Baslinjeberäkning och nätutjämning utfördes i 4 olika scenarier för att se hur beräkningen av koordinater påverkades av olika val av frekvens och användning av fasta kontrollpunkter (SWEPOS referensstationer).  För planering av terrester mätning och för att uppnå antalet rekommenderade sikter mellan punkter i stomnätet utfördes en rekognosering av Högskoleområdet, i kombination med simulering i datorprogrammet SBG Geo. Tillfälliga punkter markerades ut för att förbättra stomnätets geometri och uppnå kraven i HMK – Stommätning (2021) för stomnätets kontrollerbarhet. Stommätningen utfördes med satsmätning med totalstationen Trimble S5 1’. I efterberäkningen undersöktes vilken anslutningsmetod som var mest lämplig med avseende på skattade standardosäkerheter för utgångspunkter och nypunkter. Resultatet blev ett stomnät med totalt 36 markerade punkter. Viktsenhetens standardosäkerhet för stomnätet blev 0,2055 och kontrollerbarheten 0,6 efter en unitär transformation, och en skattad standardosäkerhet för nypunkter på millimeternivå. Kvadratisk medelavvikelse mellan utgångspunkter inmätta med GNSS-teknik och nypunkter inmätta med terrester teknik blev 4,39 mm. / The University of Gävle has a range of courses related to geodetic surveying. There is already a set of points with coordinates in the university area, which are used in courses where geodetic surveying occurs. The points have been established at different times, independently of each other, and therefore cannot be called a geodetic control network. The purpose of this thesis is to establish a control network in 2D at the University of Gävle, in the reference system SWEREF 99 16 30. The control network should be of high quality to be useful in all geodetic surveying that the university engages in. The establishment of the control network has been divided into two parts, the first part consists of planning, implementation and post-processing of static GNSS measurements, and the second part consists of planning, implementation and post-processing of terrestrial measurements. The establishment of a geodetic control network is often carried out in two steps where measurement with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is used to determine the position of a number of starting points that will surround the rest of the control network. Static GNSS measurements was performed with Trimble R12i on 9 stable markings around the university during three sessions. Baseline calculation and network adjustment were performed in 4 different scenarios to see how the calculation of coordinates was affected by different choices of frequency and use of fixed control points (SWEPOS reference stations). For planning of the terrestrial measurements, and to achieve the recommended number of sights between points in the control network, a simulation in the computer program SBG Geo. Temporary points were marked out to improve the geometry of the control network and meet the requirements in HMK – Stommätning (2021) for the controllability of the control network. The terrestrial measurements were carried out by surveying with total station Trimble S5 1’. In post-processing, the alternatives for connecting the control network to SWEREF 99 16 30 was investigated with regard to estimated standard uncertainties for starting points and new points. The result is a geodetic control network with a total of 36 marked points. The standard error of unit weight for the control network resulted in 0.21 after a unitary transformation, and the estimated standard uncertainty for new points was at the millimeter level. The average deviation between starting points measured with static GNSS and new points measured with terrestrial technology was about 4 mm.

Technical debt (TD) is a by-product of short-term optimisation that results in long-term disadvantages. Because every system gets more complicated while it is evolving, technical debt can emerge naturally. The impact of technical debt is great on the financial cost of development, management, and deployment, it also has an impact on the time needed to maintain the project. As technical debt affects all parts of a development cycle for any project, it is believed that it is a major aspect of measuring the long-term quality of a software project. It is still not clear what aspect of a project impact and build upon the existing measure of technical debt. Hence this experiment, the ultimate task is to try and estimate the generalisation error in predicting technical debt using software metrics, and adaptive learning methodology. As software metrics are considered to be absolute regardless of how they are estimated. The software metrics were compiled from an established data set; Qualitas.classCorpus, and the notions of technical debt were collected from three different Staticanalysis tools; SonarQube, Codiga, and CodeClimate.The adaptive learning methodology uses multiple parameters and multiple machine learning models, to remove any form of bias regarding the estimation. The outcome suggests that it is not feasible to predict technical debt for small-sized projects using software-level metrics for now, but for bigger projects, it can be a good idea to have a rough estimation in terms of the number of hours needed to maintain the project.

Bakgrund: Tio till tjugo procent av akuta skador på ligamenten kring fotleden resulterar ikronisk fotledsinstabilitet, vilket innebär en instabilitetskänsla, stukningstendens, smärta ochsvullnad i fotleden. Det är värdefullt att som fysioterapeut ha kunskap om vilkenrehabiliteringsmetod som förbättrar balans i syfte att öka stabiliteten i foten. Syfte: Sammanställa litteraturen och bedöma det vetenskapliga underlaget gällande effektenpå balansen hos individer med kronisk fotledsinstabilitet genom träning med balansbräda.Detta ställs upp i två sammanvägningar: balansbräda jämfört med styrketräning, ochbalansbräda jämfört med ingen behandling. Metod: En systematisk litteratursökning efter randomiserade kontrollerade studier utfördes idatabaserna PubMed, Uppsala universitetsbibliotek, samt Cochrane Library. Totaltinkluderades åtta studier med sammanlagt 286 deltagare. Samtliga studier kvalitetsgranskadesenligt PEDro-skalan, och GRADEstud användes för bedömning av det sammanvägdaresultatets tillförlitlighet. Resultat: Signifikant förbättring av balans kopplat till styrketräning samt balansträning medbalansbräda, men liten fördel för en kombination för de båda kopplat till statisk balans. Kvalitetsgranskning enligt PEDro visade på att sex studier hade en måttlig kvalité och tvåstudier hade hög kvalité. Utifrån evidensbedömningen anses det föreligga en lågtillförlitlighet till det vetenskapliga underlaget för styrketräning med motståndsband förfotleden samt balansträning med balansbräda. Konklusion: Både styrketräning för relevant muskulatur och balansträning med balansbrädaförbättrar balansen efter ett ≥4 veckor långt protokoll med ≥3 träningssessioner/vecka.Evidensen talar för att båda rehabiliteringsmetoder ger liknande utfall, men fler studierbehövs för att bekräfta resultatet då de sammanvägda resultaten har låg tillförlitlighet. / Background: Ten to twenty percent of acute ankle injuries result in chronic ankle instability,which results in instability in the foot, distorsion tendency, and pain and swelling around theankle. Thus it´s valuable for physiotherapists to have knowledge regarding whichrehabilitation methods yield the most positive effect on balance in order to increase stabilityin the foot. Purpose: To compile the literature and assess the evidence regarding the effects on balanceof people diagnosed with chronic ankle instability through rehabilitation with awobble-board. This is set up in two comparisons: wobble-board compared tostrength-training, and wobble-board compared to no treatment. Method: A systematic literature search for randomized controlled trials was done inPubMed, Uppsala University Library, and CochraneLibrary. A total of eight studies wereincluded in this review, with a total of 286 participants. Study quality was judged by using the PEDro-scale, and GRADEstud was used to assess the reliability of the combined results. Results: Significant improvement in balance related to resistance training and balancetraining with wobble-board, with a small advantage to training with a combination of the twowhen measuring static balance. Quality according to PEDro showed six studies of moderatequality and two studies of high quality. Grading of the evidence is deemed insufficient whenit comes to training with resistance bands and training with a wobble-board. Conclusion: Both strength-training for the relevant muscles and balance-training using thewobble-board improves the balance after a ≥4 week-long protocol with ≥3 sessions/week.The evidence shows that both methods give similar results, however further research isrequired to confirm the results because the reliability of the combined results was deemedinsufficient.

Static analysis is a technique to automatically audit code without having to execute or manually read through it. It is highly effective and can scan large amounts of code or text very quickly. This thesis uses static analysis to find potential threats within a software's extension modules. These extensions are developed by third parties and should not be allowed to access information belonging to other extensions. However, due to the structure of the software there is no easy way to restrict this and still keep the software's functionality intact. The use of a static analysis tool could detect such threats by analyzing the code of an extension before it is published online, and therefore keep all current functionality intact. As the software is based on a lesser known language and there is a specific threat by way of information disclosure, a new static analysis tool has to be developed. To achieve this, a combination of language specific functionality and features available in C++ are combined to create an extendable tool which has the capability to detect cross-extension data access.

In recent years, repetitive traumatic brain injuries have been linked to the progressive neurodegenerative disorder termed chronic traumatic encephalopathy. However, the mechanical characteristics of brain tissue exposed to repetitive loading still lack understanding. This research evaluated the response of porcine brain tissue undergoing cyclic, compressive loading in reference to three impact parameters: cycle number (N25, N50, N100, N150, and N200), strain level (15, 30, and 40%), and strain rate (0.00625, 0.025, 0.10, and 1.0/s). Following mechanical testing, tissue samples were processed for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Stress values, hysteresis energy, and decreases in hysteresis energy for all parameters were compared. The data suggest that microstructural brain tissue damage is highly dependent on strain level and cycle number, whereas strain rate did not appear to cause permanent damage in the quasi-static range applied. The onset of permanent microstructural tissue damage may relate to movement of fluid molecules within the tissue.

Thyristor switched capacitors (TSCs) have found an ever increasing role in the operation of flexible AC transmission systems or FACTS. The ability of these static var compensators to regulate the voltage by consuming or supplying reactive power quickly is not only viable for transmission but is an effective measure for increasing power quality at a distribution level. The proposed design uses a variable number of logically switched capacitors to supply reactive generation per reactive demand. The design ensures that the capacitors are safely switched into service, reactive demand is accurately calculated, and the TSC will respond quickly to changes in demand. While providing fast and safe operation, the conceptual design is also flexible enough to allow for optimization of the TSC to meet the demands of specific loads.

The number of protein containing therapeutic drugs is growing day by day. Lack of proper storage conditions can cause protein degradation or aggregation. The osmotic second virial coefficient, B22, is a thermodynamic parameter, which can predict protein interaction with other proteins and solvent molecules. B22 has been successfully used as predictor of crystallization conditions for a protein in the solution, and in this study an attempt has been made to relate B22 as a predictor of stability of the protein. Static light scattering was used to measure B22 in our studies. B22 and the solubility of three proteins were measured in several excipient solutions. George et al. in 1997 related the osmotic second virial coefficient with the solubility of protein in a solution. In this study we have attempted to relate solubility with B22 and stability of lysozyme, human serum albumin, and ovalbumin in buffer solutions containing various excipients.

The details of an experimental investigation focusing on obtaining the static and vibration characteristics of a full-scale carbon composite wing and fuselage structural assemblies of an ultralight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) are presented. The UAV has a total empty weight of 155-lb and an overall length of approximately 20.6t. A three-tier whiffletree system and the tail fixture were designed and used to load the wing and the fuselage in a manner consistent with a high-g flight condition. A shaker-table approach was used for the wing vibration testing, whereas the modal characteristics of the fuselage structure were determined for a freeree configuration. The static responses of the both structures under simulated loading conditions as well as their dynamic properties such as the natural frequency, damping coefficient and associated mode shapes were obtained. The design and implementation of the static and vibration tests along with the experimental results are presented in this thesis.

No description available.

No description available.