Apesar da complexidade envolvendo a compreensão dos processos hidrossedimentológicos, o conhecimento da quantidade de sedimentos transportados pelos rios é importante para o planejamento e aproveitamento dos recursos hídricos e não deve ser ignorado. Além disso, a quantidade de dados obtidos em monitoramentos é significativa, e o entendimento dessas variáveis requer obrigatoriamente análises estatísticas. Com base na dificuldade em relacionar hidrossedimentologia com estatística, buscou-se com esse trabalho desenvolver uma ferramenta computacional gratuita e de código aberto em Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) integrando métodos de cálculos hidrossedimentológicos e estatísticos. Ela permite que o usuário calcule descarga sólida em suspensão, descarga sólida total, e realize testes estatísticos como, teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov de normalidade dos dados, testes paramétricos F de Fisher-Snedecor e T de Student, além do teste não-paramétrico Wilcoxon. A ferramenta computacional (NH Sediment and Statistic) foi aplicada em dados obtidos em medições de características hidráulicas, da concentração de sedimentos em suspensão, turbidez e temperatura do reservatório da Pequena Central Hidrelétrica de Mogi-Guaçu (SP). Desse modo, a ferramenta utilizada para o suporte às análises hidrossedimentológicas alcançou resultados equivalentes a outros softwares para cada um dos módulos desenvolvidos, se mostrando confiável e de fácil aplicação. Destaca-se, por fim, que a ferramenta pode ser aplicada em outras áreas de estudo permitindo planejamento e gerenciamento completo de recursos hídricos, assim como outras áreas do conhecimento. / Despite the complexity that involves the understanding of hydrosedimentological processes, the knowledge of the amount of sediment transported by rivers is fundamental for the planning and utilization of water resources. The amount of data obtained from the monitoring is significant, and the understanding of such variables requires statistical analyses. This paper addresses the development of a free and open-source computational tool in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) that integrates methods of hydrosedimentological and statistical calculations and relates hydrosedimentology to statistics. Users can calculate solid suspended discharge and total solid discharge and perform important statistical tests, such as Kolmogorov- Smirnov normality test, Fisher-Snedecor and Student T parametric tests, and Wilcoxon non- parametric test. The computational tool (NH Sediment and Statistic) was applied to data obtained from measurements of hydraulic characteristics, suspended sediment concentration, turbidity and reservoir temperature of the Mogi-Guaçu Small Hydroelectric Power Plant. It supports hydrosedimentological analyses and yielded results equivalent to those of other software for each module developed. It also proved reliable and of easy application and provides a friendly interface. It can be applied to other areas of study for a complete planning and management of water resources, as well as other areas of knowledge.

Skogsbränder är svåra att upptäcka i ett tidigt stadie, vilket leder till förödande konsekvenser. Hela 30 % av koldioxiden som atmosfären tar emot kommer från skogsbränder. Flera tusentals människor och djur mister livet eller tvingas lämna sina hem. Det finns idag flera tekniker som med varierande framgång kan upptäcka skogsbränder. I detta arbete skall en alternativ metod för rökdetektering utvecklas och testas. Metoden ska vara möjlig att appliceras på UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) teknik. Arbetet fokuserar på att skilja på brandrök och dimma med högupplöst data. Två algoritmer prövas, SDA (Statistisk distributions algoritm) och KBA (Kunskapsbaserad igenkännings algoritm). Den första testar statistiska distributioner för att hitta unika identifierare för rök. Den andra algoritmen är baserad på kunskapen om rök vad gäller spektrala och morfologiska egenskaper. Röken identifieras med hjälp av form, area och kanter. Algoritmen visade en precision med 90 % i bilder innehållande rök och en feldetektering med 20 % för bilder innehållande dimma. / It is very difficult to discover forest fires in an early stage which can lead to devastat-ing consequences. Today, 30% of the total carbon dioxide that is released in the at-mosphere comes from forest fires. Thousands of human beings and animals are killed or forced to leave their homes every year. There are a variety of techniques today that is being used for discovering forest fires but whom lack in accuracy or has problems with a large amount of false alarms. This paper is an experimental study to try to solve this issue. The proposed method in this paper could be applied on UAV (Unmanned Arial Vehicles). This study will focus on identifying smoke regions from forest fires and removing fog objects which has similar characteristics as smoke. Two algorithms are tested, SDA (Statistical distributions algorithm) and KBA (Knowledge-based identification algorithm). The SDA uses statistic distribution al-gorithm where smoke and fogs characteristics are identified. The second algorithm, KBA, is a knowledge-based algorithm, where the shape, area and edges of the smoke’s characteristics are applied. The algorithm showed a 90 % accuracy for find-ing smoke in images with a false alarm rate of 20 % in images of fog.

Orientador: Washington Barbosa Leite Júnior / Resumo: O depósito de elementos terras raras (ETR) Área Zero localiza-se no município de Araxá, Minas Gerais. Situa-se na porção sul da Faixa Brasília, na Província Ígnea do Alto Paranaíba, inserido no Complexo Alcalino-Carbonatítico do Barreiro. O complexo é uma intrusão circular, com aproximadamente 16 km2 de área. Apresenta-se como uma estrutura dômica associada a uma complexa rede de diques concêntricos e radiais, bem como pequenos veios. A mineralização é resultado do enriquecimento supergênico das rochas carbonatíticas, ricas em ETR. A área de estudos encontra-se na porção norte do complexo, em uma área de 400 m x 200 m, com seu eixo maior orientado segundo a direção E-W. O objetivo do trabalho foi a construção do modelo geológico tridimensional (3D) do depósito associado à quantificação dos recursos através do método de krigagem ordinária. O modelo 3D foi construído através da confecção e análise de 7 seções geológicas utilizando 60 furos de sondagem diamantada. Análises estatísticas foram realizadas para caracterizar e descrever as distribuições dos dados permitindo visualizar o comportamento das variáveis de interesse do depósito. Para executar a krigagem ordinária, o modelo esférico foi ajustado para os variogramas experimentais direcionais. A variografia indicou que a direção de maior continuidade do depósito foi a de 22,5/0 com amplitude de 51 metros. O modelo de blocos foi construído com as dimensões 10 x 10 x 3 m utilizado para a estimativa de recursos por unidades do d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The “Área Zero” deposit is in Araxá city, Minas Gerais. It is located in the southern portion of the Brasilia Belt, in the Igneous Province of Alto Paranaíba, inserted in the Barreiro Alkaline- Carbonatitic Complex. The complex is a circular intrusion with approximately 16 km2. It is a dome structure associated with a complex system of concentric and radial dikes and small veins. The mineralization is a result of the supergene enrichment of carbonatitic rocks, with high levels of rare earth elements (REE). The study area is in the northern portion of the complex, in an area of 400 m by 200 m with its major axis oriented in the East-West (E-W) direction. This study aimed to create a three-dimensional model (3DM) related to the resources quantification from ordinary kriging method. The 3DM was built through the analysis of 7 geological sections with 60 borehole data in E-W direction. Statistical analyses were performed to characterize and describe the data distributions, allowing identify and select the interest variables from the deposit. To carry out ordinary kriging, a spherical model was fitted over experimental directional variograms. Plotting experimental variograms in different directions showed that the direction of greater continuity was 22,5/0 and 51 meters range. To estimate the REE grade, a block model was built with dimensions of 10 x 10 x 3 m to estimate resources by units (residual soil, colluvium/alluvium, kaolin, and saprolite – carbonatite). All the units pres... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:19:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joaquim Honorio Lima.pdf: 515371 bytes, checksum: 8f95a1f08506d7bdd58cee52c06a4a1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The search for alternative water sources for agriculture activities have been an actual concern due to decreasing of available potable water. The agricultural use of secondary treated sewage effluent (STSE) for crops irrigation has been an attractive practice in several soil and climate conditions. However, the changes in soil-plant system after STSE application is not well comprehended in tropical environment, specially under pasture crops. The aim of this work, to model scenarios, including soil-pasture systems subjected to irrigation and rates of nitrogen by mineral fertilization (NMF), aiming mathematics models to understand of the dynamic attributes of the total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (Pavai) soil. The linear regression models (LRM) were used to approach. The variable selection methods of stepwise, forward and backward were used to LRM development and compared to standard method, through the adjusted coefficient of determination and variance influence factor. The models developed using variable selection methods were the most indicated. The CT has most of its concentration explained by the variables block, time, temperature and precipitation. The concentration of NT and P were not explained by the same group of variables in the different scenarios. The organic carbon from Tifton 85 grass and TN from STSE inputs appeared not to be enough to mitigate the TC and TN losses of soil, respectively. The grass was, in adequate conditions for growth and above ground dry mass accumulation, an important Pavai sink and, moreover, the input of P from STSE few changed the concentration of soil Pavai. / A preocupação com a diminuição na oferta de água potável tem implicado na busca por fontes alternativas, particularmente, para atividades agrícolas. A utilização de efluente de tratamento secundário de esgoto (ETSE) na irrigação das culturas tem sido prática comum em diversas situações de clima e solo. Todavia, as mudanças ocorridas no sistema solo-planta mediante o uso de ETSE não são bem compreendidas em situação de ambiente tropical, particularmente, sob pastagens cultivadas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho, modelar cenários, incluindo sistemas solopastagem submetido à irrigação e doses de nitrogênio via fertilizante mineral, mediante uso de regressão linear múltipla (RLM), visando auxiliar no entendimento da dinâmica dos atributos carbono total (CT), nitrogênio total (NT) e fósforo disponível (Pdisp) no solo. Na construção dos modelos de RLM foram utilizados os métodos de seleção de variáveis stepwise, forward e backward e comparados com o método padrão, através dos índices de coeficiente de determinação ajustado e do fator de inflação de variância. Os modelos gerados com seleção de variáveis foram os mais indicados. O CT teve a maior parte de sua concentração explicada pelas variáveis bloco, tempo, temperatura e precipitação. As concentrações de NT e Pdisp não foram explicadas por um mesmo conjunto de variáveis nos diferentes cenários. O aporte de carbono orgânico oriundo do capim-Tifton 85 e do NT oriundo do ETSE parecem não ser suficientes para resultar em reposição das perdas de CT e NT do solo, respectivamente. O capim atuou como um dreno de Pdisp e, o aporte de P oriundo do ETSE pouco influenciou a concentração deste nutriente no solo.

O projeto de engenharia é desenvolvido baseado em um modelo de comportamento da estrutura a ser construída. Por sua vez, este modelo incorpora uma série de hipóteses de trabalho que, durante a fase de construção ou de utilização da obra, podem não ser observadas na sua totalidade. Dentro deste cenário, a retroanálise probabilista mostra-se uma ferramenta poderosa para avaliação contínua das hipóteses de trabalho durante a construção e toda a vida útil da estrutura, uma vez que permite incorporar novas informações ao modelo inicial através de métodos formalizados. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da retroanálise probabilista e sua aplicação prática na atualização do campo de permeabilidades de uma barragem de terra existente, com base em leituras piezométricas. Os resultados do estudo permitiram rever os valores dos parâmetros do modelo adotado, isto é, as permeabilidades dos diversos materiais, sugerindo ao mesmo tempo a aceitação do próprio modelo. Um estudo paramétrico destaca a importância relativa, para a retroanálise probabilista, das diversas variáveis envolvidas, indicando assim áreas em que a investigação complementar é mais necessária. / The engineering project is based upon a model that can predict the behavior of the facility to be constructed. Such model incorporates a series of working hypotheses which may or may not be fully realized during construction or operation. Under such circumstances, probabilistic back-analysis is a powerful tool for continuous evaluation of the working hypotheses, during construction and throughout the lifespan of the structure, given that it provides for the formal updating of the initial model and its parameters on the basis of incoming information. This study presents a review of probabilistic back-analysis and a practical application to the updating of the permeability field of an earth embankment, on the basis of piezometer readings. Results of the study led to updating of the parameters of the adopted model, that is, permeabilities of the several materials, while suggesting acceptance of the model itself. A parametric study reveals the relative importance of the several variables involved in the probabilistic back-analysis, thus indicating areas in which complementary research is mostly needed.

A possibilidade de utilização de várias matérias graxas na produção do biodiesel nacional é um fator diferencial em relação aos outros países e requer um conhecimento mais profundo das particularidades do biodiesel obtido a partir de matérias-primas tão distintas. Neste contexto, se insere a presente pesquisa, em que se buscou estabelecer correlações entre algumas propriedades do biodiesel e a fonte oleaginosa que lhe deu origem. O biodiesel foi obtido a partir da reação de transesterificação etílica de dez diferentes matérias-primas graxas (óleos refinados de soja, arroz, canola, girassol, milho, oliva, cyclus (mistura contendo óleos de canola, milho e girassol); óleos brutos de mamona e murumuru, além de resíduo de fritura), utilizando etanolato de potássio como agente catalítico, em um reator com sistema de refluxo a 70C durante uma hora. Após purificação, foram determinadas algumas propriedades do biodiesel (massa específica, viscosidade, índice de acidez e índice de iodo) e da matéria-prima (massa específica, viscosidade, índice de acidez, índice de iodo e composição) que lhe deu origem. Os resultados obtidos nas caracterizações geraram gráficos de correlações entre os diversos parâmetros e os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo método de correlações canônicas. Para todas as amostras de biodiesel, os valores obtidos nas caracterizações foram compatíveis com as especificações estabelecidas pela ANP para o produto, com exceção do biodiesel de murumuru (índice de acidez elevado e viscosidade baixa) e do biodiesel de mamona (viscosidade e massa específica elevadas). Os dados estatísticos demonstram altas correlações entre o biodiesel (massa específica (87,4%), viscosidade (98,5%) e índice de acidez (82,8%)) e as matérias-primas (massa específica (92,1%) e viscosidade (99,3%)). Além disso, existe uma grande correlação entre o índice de iodo (84,5%) do biodiesel e o índice de iodo (77,2%) e a massa molar dos ésteres na faixa de C16-C18 (MMTG) presentes na matéria-prima (89,1%). Estes resultados estatísticos ratificam as observações analíticas / National biodiesel production using any fatty substance and its availability puts Brazil in a distinct position in relation to others countries and requires a deep knowledge of the obtained biodiesel particularitities. The aim of this research is to establish correlations of some biodiesel properties and fatty raw materials. Biodiesel was obtained from the ethylic transesterification reaction of ten different fatty raw materials (waste frying oil; refined oils: soybean, rice, rapeseed, sunflower, corn, olive, cyclus (a mixture of rapeseed, corn and sunflower oils) and crude oils: mamona and murumuru), using potassium ethanolate as catalytic agent, in a reflux reactor system at 70C for one hour. After purification, some biodiesel physical-chemical properties and raw materials were determined. For all biodiesel samples, the obtained values were in agreement to the specifications established by ANP, except for biodiesel obtained from murumuru (high acid value and low viscosity) and from mamona (high viscosity and density). These data were also used in order to stablish graphical correlations of different parameters. Some of these correlations were confirmed by statistical method of canonical correlations analysis which demonstrate high correlations of the following properties: density (87.4%), viscosity (98.5%) and acid value (82.8%) of biodiesel, and density (92.1%) and viscosity (99.3%) of raw materials. Moreover, the results showed high correlations exist between the iodine value (84.5%) of biodiesel and the iodine value (77.2%) and the molar weight of esters in the C16-C18 range (MMTG) of the raw material (89.1%)

abstract: Image-based process monitoring has recently attracted increasing attention due to the advancement of the sensing technologies. However, existing process monitoring methods fail to fully utilize the spatial information of images due to their complex characteristics including the high dimensionality and complex spatial structures. Recent advancement of the unsupervised deep models such as a generative adversarial network (GAN) and generative adversarial autoencoder (AAE) has enabled to learn the complex spatial structures automatically. Inspired by this advancement, we propose an anomaly detection framework based on the AAE for unsupervised anomaly detection for images. AAE combines the power of GAN with the variational autoencoder, which serves as a nonlinear dimension reduction technique with regularization from the discriminator. Based on this, we propose a monitoring statistic efficiently capturing the change of the image data. The performance of the proposed AAE-based anomaly detection algorithm is validated through a simulation study and real case study for rolling defect detection. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Industrial Engineering 2019

The increasing availability of molecular data means that phylogenetic studies nowadays often use datasets which combine a large number of loci for many different species. This leads to a trade-off. On the one hand more complex models are preferred to account for heterogeneity in evolutionary processes. On the other hand simple models that can answer biological questions of interest that are easy to interpret and can be computed in reasonable time are favoured. This thesis focuses on four cases of phylogenetic analysis which arise from this conflict. - It is shown that edge weight estimates can be non-identifiable if the data are simulated under a mixture model. Even if the underlying process is known the estimation and interpretation may be difficult due to the high variance of the parameters of interest. - Partition models are commonly used to account for heterogeneity in data sets. Novel methods are presented here which allow grouping of genes under similar evolutionary constraints. A data set, containing 14 genes of the chloroplast from 19 anciently diverged species is used to find groups of co-evolving genes. The prospects and limitations of such methods are discussed. - Penalised likelihood estimation is a useful tool for improving the performance of models and allowing for variable selection. A novel approach is presented that uses pairwise dissimilarities to visualise the data as a network. It is further shown how penalised likelihood can be used to decrease the variance of parameter estimates for mixture and partition models, allowing a more reliable analysis. Estimates for the variance and the expected number of parameters of penalised likelihood estimates are derived. - Tree shape statistics are used to describe speciation events in macroevolution. A new tree shape statistic is introduced and the biases of different cluster methods on tree shape statistics are discussed.

Medical cost has received increasing interest recently in Biostatistics and public health. Statistical analysis and inference of life time medical cost have been challenging by the fact that the survival times are censored on some study subjects and their subsequent cost are unknown. Huang (2002) proposed the calibration regression model which is a semiparametric regression tool to study the medical cost associated with covariates. In this thesis, an inference procedure is investigated using empirical likelihood ratio method. The unadjusted and adjusted empirical likelihood confidence regions are constructed for the regression parameters. We compare the proposed empirical likelihood methods with normal approximation based method. Simulation results show that the proposed empirical likelihood ratio method outperforms the normal approximation based method in terms of coverage probability. In particular, the adjusted empirical likelihood is the best one which overcomes the under coverage problem.

As part of the production of certain solid-dosage pharmaceuticals, granulated ingredients are dried in a batch fluidized bed dryer. Currently, the determination of the completion of the drying process is accomplished through measurements of product or outlet air temperatures. No quantitative measurement of hydrodynamic behaviour is employed. Changes in bed hydrodynamics caused by variations in fluidization velocity may lead to increased particle attrition. In addition, excessive desiccation of the granules caused by inaccurate determination of the drying endpoint may lead to an increase in the thermal and mechanical stresses within the granules. The activity of future high-potency or peptide based drug products may be influenced by these effects. Therefore, the quantification of hydrodynamic changes may be a key factor in the tighter control of both fluidization velocity and product moisture, which are critical for maintaining product quality. <p>High-frequency measurements of pressure fluctuations in a batch fluidized bed dryer containing pharmaceutical granulate have been used to provide a global, non-intrusive indication of the hydrodynamic changes occurring throughout the drying process. A chaotic attractor comparison statistical test known as the S-statistic, has been applied to quantify these changes in drying and a related unit operation, fluidized bed granulation. The S-statistic showed a sensitivity to moisture which is not seen with frequency and amplitude analysis. In addition, the S-statistic has been shown to be useful in identifying an undesirable bed state associated with the onset of entrainment in a bed instrumented for the collection of both pressure fluctuation and entrainment data. Thus, the use of the S-statistic analysis of pressure fluctuations may be utilized as a low-cost method for determining product moisture or changes hydrodynamic state during fluidized bed drying. <p>Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) has also been applied in this study to image the flow structure within a batch fluidized bed used for the drying of pharmaceutical granulate. This represents the first time that ECT has been applied to a bed of wet granulate material. This was accomplished through the use of a novel dynamic correction technique which accounts for the significant reduction in electrical permittivity occurring as moisture is lost during the drying process. The correction has been independently verified using x-ray tomography. <p>Investigation of the ECT images taken in the drying bed indicates centralized bubbling behaviour for approximately the first 5 minutes of drying. This behaviour is a result of the high liquid loading of the particles at high moisture. Between moisture contents of 18-wt% and 10-wt%, the tomograms show an annular pattern of bubbling behaviour with a gradual decrease in the cross-sectional area involved in bubbling behaviour. The dynamic analysis of this voidage data with the S-statistic showed that a statistically significant change occurs during this period near the walls of the vessel, while the centre exhibits less variation in dynamic behaviour. The changes identified by the S-statistic analysis of voidage fluctuations near the wall were similar to those seen in the pressure fluctuation measurements. This indicates that the source of the changes identified by both these measurement techniques is a result of the reduction in the fraction of the bed cross-section involved in bubbling behaviour. At bed moisture contents below 5-wt%, rapid divergence was seen in the S-statistic applied to both ECT and pressure fluctuation measurements. This indicates that a rapid change in dynamics occurs near the end of the drying process. This is possibly caused by the entrainment of fines at this time, or the build-up of electrostatic charge. <p>The use of the complimentary pressure fluctuation and ECT measurement techniques have identified changes occurring as a result of the reduction of moisture during the drying process. Both the localized changes in the voidage fluctuations provided by the ECT imaging and the global changes shown by the pressure fluctuation measurements indicate significant changes in the dynamic behaviour caused by the reduction of moisture during the drying process. These measurement techniques could be utilized to provide an on-line indication of changes in hydrodynamic regime. This information may be invaluable for the future optimization of the batch drying process and accurate determination of the drying endpoint.