Purpose of this thesis is wisdom accumulation from current area of energetic use of hydrogen and future systems. In overview is presented possible processes where dominate steam methane reforming. In main part of thesis, steam methane reforming will be analyzed and electrolysis also. Actual results will be discussed. Next part is about energetic use of hydrogen based on thermochemical properties and safety. Used of hydrogen will be divided to areas thermal generation as burner‘s section, electric generation as fuel cell‘s section, mechanical energy as combustion engine’s section and finally chemical transportation of energy. At the end will be made a promising energy systems using hydrogen as fuel which can be applied in a large scale.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23265号 / 人博第980号 / 新制||人||232(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||980(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 寿雄, 教授 田部 勢津久, 教授 中村 敏浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

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This thesis describes a new technique for the preparation of ultrathin Pd based membranes supported on a hollow-fiber α-alumina substrate for H₂ separation. The effectiveness of the membranes is demonstrated in the ethanol steam reforming (EtOH SR) reaction in a membrane reactor (MR) for H₂ production. The membrane preparation technique uses an electric-field to uniformly deposit Pd nanoparticle seeds on a substrate followed by deposition of Pd or Pd-Cu layers on the activated surface by electroless plating (ELP). The well distributed Pd nanoparticles allow for enhanced bonding between the selective layer and the substrate and the formation of gas tight and thermally stable Pd or Pd-Cu layers as thin as 1 µm, which is a record in the field. The best Pd membrane showed H₂ permeance as high as 5.0 × 10⁶ mol m²s⁻¹Pa⁻¹ and stable H²/N₂ selectivity of 9000 - 7000 at 733 K for 5 days. The Pd-Cu alloy membrane showed H₂ permeance of 2.5 × 10⁶ mol m⁻²s⁻¹Pa⁻¹ and H₂/N₂ selectivity of 970 at the same conditions. The reaction studies were carried out with a Co-Na/ZnO catalyst both in a packed bed reactor (PBR) and in a MR equipped with the Pd or Pd-Cu membrane to evaluate the benefits of employing membranes. For all studies, ethanol conversion and hydrogen product yields were significantly higher in the MRs compared to the PBR. Average ethanol conversion enhancement and hydrogen molar flow enhancement were measured to be 12 % and 11 % in the Pd MR and 22 % and 19 % in the Pd-Cu MR, respectively. These enhancements of the conversion and product yield can be attributed to the shift in reaction equilibria by continuous hydrogen removal by the Pd based membranes. The comparative low enhancement in the Pd MR was found to be the result of significant contamination of Pd layer by CO or carbon compounds deposition during the reaction. A one-dimensional modeling of the MR and the PBR was conducted using identical conditions and their performances were compared with the values obtained from the experimental study. The model was developed using a simplified power law and the predicted values matched experimental data with only minor deviations indicating that the model was capturing the essential physicochemical behavior of the system. Enhancements of ethanol conversion and hydrogen yield were observed to increase with rise in space velocity (SV), which could be explained by the increase in H₂ flux through the membranes with SV in the MRs. / Ph. D.

Für PEM-Brennstoffzellen-Mikro-BHKW mit integrierter Dampfreformierung ist die Verwendung von LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) bei fehlender Erdgasinfrastruktur interessant. Grundlage der BHKW-Effizienz ist eine optimale wärmetechnische Verschaltung, durch die u.a. das LPG/H2O-Gemisch effektiv auf die Reaktionstemperatur (700 °C) der Dampfreformierung vorgewärmt wird. In Abhängigkeit von der Verweilzeit, der das Gemisch ausgesetzt wird, können signifikante Mengen ungesättigter Kohlenwasserstoffe (C3H6, C2H4, C2H2) pyrolytisch gebildet werden, C3H6 kann des Weiteren bereits im LPG enthalten sein. Bei der katalytisch unterstützten Dampfreformierung fördert dies die Bildung verschiedenartiger kohlenstoffhaltiger Ablagerungen, wodurch eine vorzeitige Deaktivierung eintritt. In der Arbeit wird das Spaltpotenzial numerisch und experimentell untersucht. Durch Anwendung von Temperatur-Programmierter-Methanisierung und Ramanspektroskopie wird ferner der negative Einfluss bereits geringer C3H6-Anteile an einem Katalysator gezeigt. Aus den Ergebnissen werden abschließend Maßnahmen zur Minimierung kohlenstoffhaltiger Ablagerungen abgeleitet. / The use of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is an alternative for PEM fuel cell micro-CHP systems with integrated steam reforming in the absence of natural gas infrastructure. An optimized thermo technical interconnection is the basis of the CHP efficiency, whereby, among other things, the LPG/H2O-mixture is preheated to the steam reforming reaction temperature (700 °C). Significant amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbons (C3H6, C2H4, C2H2) can be formed pyrolytically depending on the residence time for preheating the mixture; furthermore, C3H6 can be already a component of LPG. These species promote the formation of different carbon containing deposits on the reforming catalyst whereby a premature deactivation occurs. The thesis deals with the investigation of the pyrolysis potential using numerical as well as experimental methods. Furthermore, the negative effect of already low amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbons on a catalyst is shown by using Temperature-Programmed-Methanation and Raman spectroscopy. Finally, actions for avoiding the production of carbon containing deposits are derived from the results.

Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de metodologia para a seleção de catalisadores de maior resistência ao coqueamento para serem aplicados à Tecnologia de Refino e de Petroquímica. Essa metodologia associada a outras determinações ajudará na seleção de catalisadores para as unidades de reforma a vapor e possibilitará maior atividade, estabilidade e menor geração de coque, o que se traduz em otimização do catalisador para a unidade. O catalisador para reforma a vapor é normalmente constituído de uma fase ativa de níquel, promovida ou não com metais refratários, alcalinos e outros, suportado em alumina, aluminato de cálcio ou aluminato de magnésio. Inicialmente os catalisadores foram submetidos ao processo de redução, permitindo uma percentagem e efeito similar, eliminando, portanto a influência da redução dos catalisadores na conversão dos mesmos. O desenvolvimento da metodologia empregou as técnicas termoanalíticas e a associação dessas com outras técnicas físico-quimicas e analíticas, por exemplo, cromatografia gasosa e/ou espectrometria de massa. No planejamento experimental 22 foram determinados e fixados os seguintes fatores para maximizar a formação de coque e, portanto selecionar os catalisadores mais resistentes ao coqueamento: i) massa de amostra: 10 mg; ii) granulometria: 24-48 mesh/Tyler; iii) temperatura do teste: 650°C; iv) razão de aquecimento 20°C.min-1 e tempo de coqueamento de 50 minutos; v) velocidade espacial 220 h-1 e mistura de alimentação (95)CH4/(5) H2 % mol/mol ; e vi) cadinho de Pt°. A análise geral dos resultados sugeriu que a metodologia, com os parâmetros selecionados, pode ser utilizada para a seleção de catalisadores mais resistentes ao coqueamento. No trabalho foram iniciados estudos da cinética do coqueamento, sobre a influência da temperatura no tipo de coque e a avaliação das características do coque nos diferentes catalisadores. / This work consists of the development of a methodology for the selection of catalysts of greater resistance to coking to be applied to the Refining Technology and Petrochemical. This methodology combined with other techniques should help in selection of catalysts for steam reforming units, which have better activity, stability and lower coke production. The catalyst for steam reforming normally is constituted of an active phase of nickel, promoted or not with refractory metals, alkali and others, supported on alumina, calcium aluminate or magnesium aluminate. Initially, the catalysts were subjected to the reduction process to the same degree, eliminating therefore the influence of this effect in their performance. The methodology developed here emploies thermoanalytics techniques and associated to other physical-chemistry and analytical techniques, for example, gas chromatography and / or mass spectrometry. In the experimental 22 planning were certain factors that could influence the results were identified and fixed such as: i) mass of sample: 10 mg; ii) size: 24- 48 mesh / Tyler, iii) test temperature: 650 ° C, iv) rate of heating 20 °C.min-1 And the coking time of 50 minutes, v) space velocity 220 h-1 and mixture of (95)CH4 /(5)H2% mol/mol; and vi) crucible of Pt. The general results suggest that the methodology, with the parameters selected, can be used for the selection of catalysts more resistant to coking. In the work it was initiated studies on the kinetics of coking, influence of temperature on the type of coke and evaluation of the characteristics of coke in different catalysts.

A fundamental understanding of the kinetics and mechanisms of the catalytic reaction steps involved in the process of converting a fuel into hydrogen rich stream suitable for a fuel cell, as well as the electro-catalytic reactions within a fuel cell, is not only conceptually appealing, but could provide a sound basis for the design and development of efficient fuel processor/fuel cell systems. With the quantum chemical calculations on kinetics of elementary catalytic reaction steps becoming rather commonplace, and with increasing information now available in terms of electronic structures, vibration spectra, and kinetic data (activation energy and pre-exponential factors), the stage is set for development of a comprehensive approach. Toward this end, we have developed a framework that can utilize this basic information to develop a comprehensive understanding of catalytic and electrocatalytic reaction networks. The approach is based on the development of Reaction Route (RR) Graphs, which not only represent the reaction pathways pictorially, but are quantitative networks consistent with the Kirchhoff's laws of flow networks, allowing a detailed quantitative analysis by exploiting the analogy with electrical circuits. The result is an unambiguous portrayal of the reaction scheme that lays bare the dominant pathways. Further, the rate-limiting steps are identified rationally with ease, based on comparison of step resistances, as are the dominant pathways via flux analysis. In fact, explicit steady-state overall reaction (OR) rate expression can also be derived in an Ohm's law form, i.e. OR rate = OR motive force/OR resistance of an equivalent electric circuit, which derives directly from the RR graph of its mechanism. This approach is utilized for a detailed analysis of the catalytic and electro-catalytic reaction systems involved in reformer/fuel cell systems. The catalytic reaction systems considered include methanol decomposition, water gas shift, ammonia decomposition, and methane steam reforming, which have been studied mechanistically and kinetically. A detailed analysis of the electro-catalytic reactions in connection to the anode and cathode of fuel cells, i.e. hydrogen electrode reaction and the oxygen reduction reaction, has also been accomplished. These reaction systems have not so far been investigated at this level of detail. The basic underlying principles of the RR graphs and the topological analysis for these reaction systems are discussed.

Hydrogen is considered as an alternative clean energy source due to the depletion of fossil fuels and related environmental problems. Steam reforming of bio-ethanol, has excellent potential for hydrogen production, with CO2 neutrality. Ni, Pd and Pt are the most active metals for steam reforming of ethanol. Improving catalytic activity of supported Ni catalyst by incorporating small amount of Pd or Pt is a successful method for increasing activity and stability of the catalyst. Development of active and stable catalysts with low coke formation and high hydrogen yield attracted major attention of researchers in recent decades. MCM-41 supported bimetallic mesoporous catalytic materials containing well dispersed Ni and Pd nanoballs were synthesized following an impregnation procedure. TEM images and XRD analysis of these materials indicated the formation of nickel and palladium nanoballs of 15-25 nm and 5-8 nm respectively, within the synthesized materials. These materials have quite narrow pore-size distributions in the range of 1-5 nm. In the calcined materials, nickel was in Ni+3 and Ni+2 states, however in the reduced sample most of the nickel was in Nio state, together with some NiO. Formation of NiOx crystals takes place after the calcination step. Impregnation of palladium into Ni/MCM-41 caused a decrease in the reduction temperature of NiO for about 50oC. Activity of the catalytic materials were tested in the reaction of steam reforming of ethanol.all the catalysts showed high conversion and quite high hydrogen yield over 400 oC. PdNi impregnated MCM-41 supported catalysts showed higher conversion of ethanol but lower hydrogen yield than Ni impregnated catalysts due to methane formation in the case of Pd incorporation. However, MCM-41 does not show enough hydrothermal stability for steam reforming of ethanol reaction. SBA-15 has very similar physical properties of MCM-41 with larger pores and high hydrothermal stability. Ceria also has widespread applications in catalysis area with its excellent oxygen buffering capacity. It can be used as catalyst support and also an improving agent for silica supports. Mesoporous silica SBA-15 with ordered pore structure was synthesized following a hydrothermal procedure and then bimetallic Ni-Ce and Pd-Ni-Ce incorporated mesoporous silica catalysts were prepared and tested in steam reforming of ethanol. On the other hand, ceria enriched silica structures i.e cerium/silicate composites were also synthesized. However the syntheses were unsuccessful due to the thermal sintering of ceria. Addition of ceria to the support structure decreased coke formation significantly.. According to the thermal gravimetric analysis studies conducted after ethanol steam reformin reaction at 600 oC, coke formation with Ni-SBA-15 (Ni/Si=0.10) catalyst was 40% and it was 10% with NiCe-SBA-15 (Ni/Si=0.10, Ce/Si=0.50) Activity test results obtained with Ni incorporated silica catalysts in steam reforming of ethanol gave high hydrogen yield over 4 (max. 6) and complete conversion of ethanol at 600 oC. SBA-15 found to be more stable catalyst than MCM-41 in the steam reforming of ethanol reaction. The highest hydrogen yield values were achieved by AlMCM-41 supported Ni-Ce impregnated catalysts. Aluminum in the slica matrix (3% wt.) increased the catalytic activity significantly, by giving acidic properties to the catalyst. Simultaneous and consecutive Ni and Ce impregnation were also examined. AlMCM-41 supported, consecutively Ce and Ni impregnated catalysts with Ce/Si and Ni.Si molar ratio sof 0.10, showed very high catalytic activity (5.8 at the beginning). AlMCM-41 supported catalyst were less stable because of high activity and consequently coke formation.

Although current trends in global warming are of great concern, energy demand is still increasing, resulting in increasing pollutant emissions. To address this issue, we need reliable renewable energy sources, lowered pollutant emissions, and efficient and profitable processes for energy conversion. We also need to improve the use of the energy, produced by existing infrastructure. Consequently, the work presented in this thesis aims at investigating current scientific and technological challenges in energy conversion through biomass gasification and the alternative use of fossil fuels, such as diesel, in the generation of cleaner electricity through auxiliary power units in the transport sector. Production of chemicals, syngas, and renewable fuels is highly dependent on the development and innovation of catalytic processes within these applications. This thesis focuses on the development and optimization of catalytic technologies in these areas. One of the limitations in the commercialization of the biomass gasification technology is the effective catalytic conversion of tars, formed during gasification. Biomass contains high amounts of alkali impurities, which pass on to the producer gas. Therefore, a new material with alkali tolerance is needed. In the scope of this thesis, a new catalyst support, KxWO3 – ZrO2 with high alkali resistance was developed. The dynamic capability of KxWO3 – ZrO2 to store alkali metals in the crystal structure, enhances the capture of alkali metals "in situ". Alkali metals are also important electronic promoters for the active phase, which usually increases the catalysts activity and selectivity for certain products. Experimental results show that conversion of 1-methylnaphathalene over Ni/KxWO3 – ZrO2 increases in the presence of 2 ppm of gas-phase K (Paper I). This support is considered to contribute to the electronic equilibrium within the metal/support interface, when certain amounts of alkali metals are present. The potential use of this support can be extended to applications in which alkali "storage-release" properties are required, i.e. processes with high alkali content in the process flow, to enhance catalyst lifetime and regeneration. In addition, fundamental studies to understand the adsorption geometry of naphthalene with increasing temperature were performed in a single crystal of Ni(111) by STM analyses. Chapter 9 presents preliminary studies on the adsorption geometry of the molecule, as well as DFT calculations of the adsorption energy. In relation to the use of clean energy for transport applications, hydrogen generation through ATR for FC-APUs is presented in Papers II to V. Two promoted RhPt bimetallic catalysts were selected in a previous bench scale study, supported on La2O3:CeO2/d – Al2O3 and MgO : Y2O3/CeO2 – ZrO2. Catalyst evaluation was performed in a fullscale reformer under real operating conditions. Results showed increased catalyst activity after the second monolithic catalyst due to the effect of steam reforming, WGS reaction, and higher catalyst reducibility of the RhxOy species in the CeO2 – ZrO2 mixed oxide, as a result of the improved redox properties. The influence of sulfur and coke formation on diesel reforming was assessed after 40 h on stream. Sulfur poisoning was evaluated for the intrinsic activity related to the total Rh and Pt area observed after exposure to sulfur. Sulfur concentration in the aged catalyst washcoat was observed to decrease in the axial direction of the reformer. Estimations of the amount of sulfur adsorbed were found to be below the theoretical equilibrated coverage on Rh and Pt, thus showing a partial deactivation due to sulfur poisoning. / <p>QC 20150213</p>

Στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετάται η δυνατότητα αναμόρφωσης βιοκαυσίμων με ατμό, και συγκεκριμένα του βιοελαίου και της βιοαιθανόλης, με σκοπό την παραγωγή ρεύματος πλούσιου σε υδρογόνο για την τροφοδοσία κυψελίδων καυσίμου. Η χρήση υδρογόνου σε κυψελίδες καυσίμου αποτελεί μια από τις πλέον υποσχόμενες διεργασίες για την παραγωγή ενέργειας τόσο σε σταθερές όσο και σε κινητές εφαρμογές. Το υδρογόνο ως καύσιμο έχει το πλεονέκτημα ότι δεν παράγει ρυπαντικές ουσίες για την ατμόσφαιρα κατά την παραγωγή ενέργειας, ενώ οι κυψελίδες καυσίμου αποδίδουν πολύ μεγαλύτερη απόδοση σε σχέση με τις συμβατικές μηχανές εσωτερικής καύσης. Όταν δε το υδρογόνο προέρχεται από τη βιομάζα, οι εκπομπές στην ατμόσφαιρα σε CO2 είναι μηδενικές, αφού το ισοζύγιο του άνθρακα παραμένει κλειστό, μη επιβαρύνοντας έτσι το φαινόμενο του θερμοκηπίου. Το βιοέλαιο και η βιοαιθανόλη ανήκουν στην κατηγορία των βιοκαυσίμων, αφού προέρχονται από τη βιομάζα, και συγκεκριμένα παράγονται μέσω της πυρόλυσης και της ζύμωσής της, αντίστοιχα. Η αντίδραση αναμόρφωσής τους με ατμό είναι εφικτή από θερμοδυναμικής απόψεως, ενώ η απόδοση της συγκεκριμένης διεργασίας σε υδρογόνο είναι αρκετά υψηλή. Θερμοδυναμικά, η αντίδραση αναμόρφωσης ευνοείται σε υψηλές θερμοκρασίες και μικρές πιέσεις. Λόγω της πολυπλοκότητας του βιοελαίου, που αποτελεί μίγμα εκατοντάδων οξυγονούχων οργανικών ενώσεων, αρχικά επιλέγονται πρότυπες ενώσεις αντιπροσωπευτικές αυτού. Ως τέτοια επιλέχθηκε το οξικό οξύ που βρίσκεται σε σημαντικά ποσοστά (~10%) στο βιοέλαιο. Δοκιμάστηκαν διάφοροι υποστηριγμένοι καταλύτες μετάλλων για την ενεργότητά τους στην αντίδραση αναμόρφωσης του οξικού οξέος με ατμό. Διάφοροι παράμετροι που επιδρούν στην καταλυτική ενεργότητα και εκλεκτικότητα διερευνήθηκαν υπό συνθήκες αντίδρασης, όπως η σύσταση του καταλύτη (επίδραση της φύσης του μετάλλου και του φορέα), η θερμοκρασία αντίδρασης και ο χρόνος αντίδρασης. Η μεταλλική φάση των καταλυτών αυτών αποτελούνταν από διάφορα μέταλλα, όπως Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru και Ni, τα οποία ήταν διασπαρμένα σε διάφορους φορείς μεταλλικών οξειδίων, όπως Al2O3, La2O3/Al2O3, MgO/Al2O3 και CeO2/Al2O3. Βρέθηκε ότι οι καταλύτες Ru και Ni παρουσιάζουν την υψηλότερη ενεργότητα και εκλεκτικότητα προς παραγωγή υδρογόνου. Ιδιαίτερα, οι καταλύτες Ru που είναι εναποτεθιμένοι σε φορείς La2O3/Al2O3 και MgO/Al2O3 επιδεικνύουν και πολύ καλή σταθερότητα συναρτήσει του χρόνου αντίδρασης. Επιπλέον, υπολογίστηκε ο ρυθμός εναπόθεσης άνθρακα στην καταλυτική επιφάνεια κατά τη διάρκεια της αντίδρασης και βρέθηκε ότι επηρεάζεται ισχυρά από τη φύση του καταλυτικού υλικού. Η διερεύνηση του δικτύου αντιδράσεων που λαμβάνουν χώρα υπό συνθήκες αναμόρφωσης του οξικού οξέος με ατμό, παρουσία καταλυτών νικελίου αλλά και των φορέων Al2O3 και La2O3, έγινε με τη χρήση δυναμικών τεχνικών με φασματογράφο μάζας, αλλά και τεχνικών μόνιμης κατάστασης. Το οξικό οξύ αλληλεπιδρά έντονα με το φορέα Al2O3 και λιγότερο έντονα με το La2O3. Σε ενδιάμεσες θερμοκρασίες, οι κύριες αντιδράσεις που πραγματοποιούνται είναι αυτές της διάσπασης και της κετονοποίησης του οξικού οξέος, ενώ σε υψηλότερες αυτές της αναμόρφωσης του οξικού οξέος και της μετατόπισης του CO. Παρουσία του Ni, η ενεργότητα μετατοπίζεται σημαντικά προς χαμηλότερες θερμοκρασίες. Το νικέλιο προωθεί τις αντιδράσεις αναμόρφωσης και επιβραδύνει το ρυθμό εναπόθεσης άνθρακα στην καταλυτική επιφάνεια. Επίσης, βρέθηκε ότι η εναπόθεση άνθρακα ευνοείται σε χαμηλές θερμοκρασίες, όξινους φορείς και μεγάλους λόγους τροφοδοσίας άνθρακα-ατμού. Αντίστοιχα δυναμικά πειράματα, για τη διερεύνηση του δικτύου αντιδράσεων υπό συνθήκες αντίδρασης, πραγματοποιήθηκαν και σε καταλύτες Ru διασπαρμένους σε φορείς Al2O3 και MgO/Al2O3. Και σε αυτή την περίπτωση, σε ενδιάμεσες θερμοκρασίες ευνοείται η αντίδραση κετονοποίησης και σε μικρότερο βαθμό αυτή της διάσπασης του οξικού οξέος. Παρουσία του ρουθηνίου η ενεργότητα μετατοπίζεται προς χαμηλότερες θερμοκρασίες και παρατηρείται παραγωγή υδρογόνου με υψηλούς ρυθμούς. Το ρουθήνιο προωθεί τις αντιδράσεις αναμόρφωσης και επιβραδύνει το ρυθμό εναπόθεσης άνθρακα στην καταλυτική επιφάνεια. Επίσης, διερευνήθηκε ο ρόλος του MgO στον καταλύτη Ru/MgO/Al2O3 και εάν και πώς η παρουσία του επιδρά θετικά στην ενεργότητα του συγκεκριμένου καταλύτη. Βρέθηκε ότι η αντίδραση των οξειδίων του αλουμινίου και μαγνησίου είναι πλήρης, οδηγώντας στο σχηματισμό ενός σπινελίου μαγνησίου-αλουμινίου. Η αυξημένη ενεργότητα του καταλύτη Ru/MgO/Al2O3, σε σύγκριση με τον Ru/Al2O3, σχετίζεται με το γεγονός ότι το σπινέλιο Mg-Al προσφέρει αυξημένη κινητικότητα των ιόντων Ο- και ΟΗ- (spillover) από το φορέα στο μέταλλο, μειωμένη οξύτητα σε σύγκριση με το φορέα Al2O3, καθώς και αυξημένη ικανότητα στον καταλύτη για προσρόφηση ατμού. Ο καταλύτης 5% Ru/MgO/Al2O3 δοκιμάστηκε και υπό συνθήκες αναμόρφωσης του υδατικού κλάσματος του βιοελαίου, και μάλιστα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δομημένα υποστρώματα, όπως πελλέτες, κεραμικοί μονόλιθοι ή σπόγγοι, έτσι ώστε να αποτελέσματα των συγκεκριμένων πειραμάτων να έχουν άμεση εφαρμογή. Βρέθηκε ότι όλες οι διαφορετικές δομές παρουσιάζουν πολύ καλή ενεργότητα, μετατρέποντας εξ’ ολοκλήρου το βιοέλαιο, καλή εκλεκτικότητα προς παραγωγή υδρογόνου και σταθερή λειτουργία σε σχέση με το χρόνο αντίδρασης. Ωστόσο, ο καταλύτης ρουθηνίου σε πελλέτες βρέθηκε να παρουσιάζει την καλύτερη συμπεριφορά από όλους τους υπόλοιπους. Οι αντιδράσεις αναμόρφωσης και, επομένως, η παραγωγή υδρογόνου ευνοούνται σε υψηλές θερμοκρασίες και μικρές ταχύτητες χώρου. Η εναπόθεση του άνθρακα αποτελεί ένα από τα σημαντικότερα προβλήματα σε αυτού του είδους τις διεργασίες. Μόνο ένα μικρό μέρος του παρεχόμενου άνθρακα εναποτίθεται στην καταλυτική επιφάνεια, κυρίως στη μορφή CHx. Ωστόσο, ο σχηματισμός ανθρακικών εναποθέσεων είναι αρκετά πιο έντονος στα τοιχώματα του αντιδραστήρα πάνω από την καταλυτική κλίνη, λόγω του ομογενούς πολυμερισμού των ασταθών συστατικών του βιοελαίου. Τέλος, διάφοροι καταλύτες ευγενών μετάλλων (Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh) υποστηριζόμενοι σε φορέα Al2O3¬ δοκιμάσθηκαν ως προς την καταλυτική τους ενεργότητα και εκλεκτικότητα υπό συνθήκες αναμόρφωσης αιθανόλης με ατμό, στο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος των 280-450 0C. Βρέθηκε ότι ο Pt και το Pd είναι τα πιο ενεργά από τα μέταλλα που εξετάστηκαν. Η διερεύνηση της επίδρασης του φορέα στην καταλυτική ενεργότητα και εκλεκτικότητα έγινε σε καταλύτες Pt διεσπαρμένους σε διάφορους φορείς μεταλλικών οξειδίων (Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2, YSZ). Οι συγκεκριμένοι καταλύτες δοκιμάστηκαν και για την σταθερότητά τους συναρτήσει του χρόνου αντίδρασης. Ο καταλύτης Pt/Al2O3 βρέθηκε να παρουσιάζει την μεγαλύτερη ενεργότητα και την υψηλότερη εκλεκτικότητα, υπό συνθήκες αντίδρασης, αλλά και πολύ σταθερή λειτουργία με το χρόνο αντίδρασης. Τέλος, παρουσία του συγκεκριμένου καταλύτη διερευνήθηκε το δίκτυο αντιδράσεων που λαμβάνει χώρα σε συνθήκες αναμόρφωσης της αιθανόλης. / In the present study is investigated the process of steam reforming reaction of bio-fuels, such as bio-oil and bio-ethanol, for the production of a gas stream rich to hydrogen, in order to feed fuel cells. Hydrogen, in combination with fuel cells, is being considered as an environmentally friendly source of energy for automotive as well as stationary applications. Hydrogen has the significant advantage of producing no air or other pollutants in its transformation to energy, while fuel cells, which operate primarily on hydrogen, offer enhanced efficiency in power generation. However, real environmental benefits are linked to the ability to produce hydrogen from renewable sources with no net production of greenhouse gasses. A viable renewable source, gaining attention in recent years, is bio-fuels. Bio-oil and bio-ethanol are bio-fuels because they are originated from biomass treatment, and, in particular, via the fast pyrolysis and the fermentation of biomass, respectively. Their steam reforming reaction is entirely feasible from the thermodynamic point of view, while the efficiency of such process in hydrogen production is significantly high. Thermodynamically the reaction of steam reforming is favored at high temperatures and low pressures. Due to the complexity of bio-oil, which is consisted of hundreds of organics oxygenates, model compounds representatives of bio-oil, are initially used. Acetic acid was chosen as a model compound, because it is present in significant amounts in bio-oil (~10%). A variety of supported metal catalysts were tested under conditions of steam reforming of acetic acid. The influence of several parameters on catalytic activity and selectivity were examined, including catalyst composition, i.e. nature of the metal and the carrier, reaction temperature and time on stream. The metallic phase of such catalysts was comprised of various metals, such as Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and Ni, which were supported on metal oxides carriers, such as Al2O3, La2O3/Al2O3, MgO/Al2O3 and CeO2/Al2O3. It was found that Ni-based and Ru-based catalysts present high activity and selectivity toward hydrogen production. Ru catalysts supported on La2O3/Al2O3 and MgO/Al2O3 carriers, showed good long term stability as a function of time on stream. However, Ni catalysts were not as stable as Ru catalysts. The amount of carbon deposited on each catalyst was estimated, and it was found that it depends strongly on the nature of the catalyst. The reaction network under conditions of steam reforming of acetic acid was investigated over Al2O3 and La2O3, and Ni catalyst supported on La2O3/Al2O¬3 carrier, employing transient and steady-state techniques. It was found that acetic acid interacts strongly with the Al¬2O3 carrier and less strongly with La2O3. Decomposition reactions as well as the ketonization reaction take place, especially at intermediate temperatures. Reforming reactions and the WGS reaction occur at higher temperatures. In the presence of Ni, catalytic activity is shifted toward lower temperatures. Nickel promotes steam reforming reactions and retards the rate of carbon deposition onto the catalyst surface. It was also found that carbon formation is affected by reaction temperature, the HAc/H2O ratio, and catalyst composition. Carbon deposition is favoured at low reaction temperatures, at more acidic carriers and at high HAc/H2O ratio. Transient experiments were also conducted for the Ru catalysts supported on Al2O3 and MgO/Al2O3 carriers. It was found that, in this case as well, the ketonization reaction firstly, and decomposition reaction of acetic acid secondly, favoured at intermediate temperatures. In the presence of Ru, catalytic activity is shifted towards lower temperatures and hydrogen production occurs at high rates. Ru catalysts promote the steam reforming reaction and retard the rate of carbon deposition onto the catalytic surface. Also, the role of MgO in catalyst formulation was elucidated. It has been found that the solid-state reaction of alumina with magnesium oxide is complete, forming magnesium aluminate spinel. The enhanced activity of the Ru/MgO/Al2O3 catalyst, as compared to the Ru/Al2O3 one, seems to be associated with the fact that the magnesium aluminate spinel offers enhanced O and/or –OH anion spillover from the carrier onto the metal particles, reduced acidity as compared to the alumina carrier, as well as enhanced ability for H2O adsorption. A series of Ru/MgO/Al2O3 catalysts supported on cordierite monoliths, ceramic foams and γ-Al2O3 pellets were prepared and tested for the production of hydrogen by catalytic steam reforming of the aqueous fraction of bio-oil. All different structural forms of the catalyst exhibited satisfactory activity, converting completely the bio-oil, good selectivity toward hydrogen and satisfactory stability with time on stream. However, the catalyst supported on pellets exhibited the best catalytic performance, among all catalysts investigated. Reforming reactions, and thus hydrogen production, are favoured at high temperatures and low space velocities. Coking is one of the most significant problems encountered in these processes. It was found that only a small part of the incoming carbon is deposited on the catalyst surface, which is mainly present as CHx. However, coke deposition is more intense on the reactor wall above the catalytic bed, due to homogeneous polymerization of unstable ingredients of bio-oil. Finally, a variety a noble metal catalysts (Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh), supported on the Al2O3 carrier were tested with respect to their catalytic activity and selectivity under conditions of steam reforming of ethanol, in the temperature range of 280-450 0C. It was found that Pt and Pd are the most active metal among all catalysts tested. The effect of the carrier nature was investigated for Pt catalysts supported on a variety of metal oxide carriers, such as Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2 and YSZ. These catalysts were also tested for their stability as a function of time on stream. The Pt/Al2O3 catalyst presents the highest activity and selectivity among all catalysts tested, as well as very stable performance with time on stream. Finally, the reaction network under conditions of ethanol reforming, in the presence of the specific catalyst, was investigated.