京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第24693号 / 人博第1066号 / 新制||人||250(附属図書館) / 2022||人博||1066(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 寿雄, 教授 田部 勢津久, 教授 中村 敏浩, 教授 寺村 謙太郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

This dissertation describes the preparation of a novel inorganic membrane for hydrogen permeation and its application in a membrane reactor for the study of the methane steam reforming reaction. The investigations include both experimental studies of the membrane permeation mechanism and theoretical modeling of mass transfer through the membrane and simulation of the membrane reactor with 1-D and 2-D models. A hydrothermally stable and hydrogen selective membrane composed of silica and alumina was successfully prepared on a macroporous alumina support by chemical vapor deposition in an inert atmosphere at high temperature. Before the deposition of the silica-alumina composite, multiple graded layers of alumina were coated on the alumina support with a mean pore size of 100 nm by the sequential application of three boehmite sols with gradually decreasing sol particle sizes of 630, 200 and 40 nm, respectively. The resulting supported composite alumina-silica membrane had high permeability for hydrogen in the order of 10-7 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 at 873 K with a H2 /CH4 selectivity of 940 and exhibited much higher stability to water vapor at the high temperature of 873 K. In addition, the same unusual permeance order of Heï¼ H2ï¼ Ne previously observed for the pure silica membrane was also observed for the alumina-silica membrane, indicating that the silica structure did not change much after introduction of the alumina. The permeation of hydrogen and helium through vitreous glass and silica membranes was modeled using ab initio density functional calculations. Comparison of the calculated activation energies to those reported for vitreous glass (20—40 kJ mol -1) indicated the presence of 5- and 6-membered siloxane rings, consistent with the accepted structure of glass as a disordered form of cristobalite. The experimental studies of the steam reforming of methane were examined at various temperatures (773-923 K) and pressures (1-20 atm) with a commercial Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst in a hydrogen selective silica-alumina membrane reactor and compared with a packed bed reactor. One-dimensional and two-dimensional modeling of the membrane rector and the packed bed reactor were performed at the same conditions and their performances were compared with the values obtained in the experimental study. Improved methane conversions and hydrogen yields were obtained in the membrane reactor compared to the packed bed reactor at all temperatures and pressures. From the two modeling studies, it was also found out that the two-dimensional model performed better in the membrane reactor case especially at higher pressures. / Ph. D.

This work focuses on methane and ethanol conversion to hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in order to increase the selectivity of the desired product (H₂) and reduce carbon monoxide emission and coke formation. Two kinds of active phase were used (copper and ruthenium) and impregnated on calcined hydrotalcites CoₓMg₆₋ₓAl₂ in order to be evaluated in the methane and ethanol steam reforming reactions. For both reactions, the influence of several factors was evaluated in order to adjust the reaction parameters. It has been shown that catalysts performances for the reforming reactions depend on the content of cobalt and magnesium. High cobalt content enhanced the catalytic activity. 1Ru/Co₆Al₂ catalyst presented the highest activity and stability in the methane steam reforming reaction among the other industrial and prepared catalysts even under a low GHSV and with no hydrogen pretreatment. Reduced ruthenium and cobalt were detected after the reaction by XRD. EPR technique was able to detect negligible amount of two kinds of carbonaceous species formed during the reaction : coke and carbon. On the other hand, 5Cu/Co₆Al₂ catalyst revealed the highest hydrogen productivity in the ethanol steam reforming reaction. However, it suffers from coke formation that deactivated the catalysts after few hours. 5Cu/Co₂Mg₄Al₂ catalyst showed a much lower quantity of carbonaceous species with no deactivating during 50 hours due to the basic character of the magnesium oxide phase present in the support.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2931.pdf: 6814472 bytes, checksum: 46c69cfcaa07e8f2ab4e1d803b03916a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Colloidal Nanoparticles of Platinum (Pt-NPs) were obtained by reducing hexacloroplatinic acid with ethylene glycol in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as protective agent of the particles. Two methods of synthesis were performed which differed by the ratio PVP / Pt used. The synthesis of nanoparticles was accompanied by measures in the UV-visible from of which it was possible to determine the end of the reaction. The Pt-NPs were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) that determined the average diameter of particles (~ 2.0 nm). After the synthesis, the Pt-NPs were incorporated into the supports of alumina and alumina promoted with cerium and cerium-zirconium which were prepared by sol-gel method. Supporters with nanoparticles incorporated were then subjected to heat treatment have sought the formation of stable catalysts and without the presence of protective polymer, as this could affect the activity of the catalyst by covering the active sites. Through X-ray diffraction and TEM images it was possible to monitor the stability of samples after heat treatment and the samples that were synthesized with higher PVP were more stable. Measures of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy in situ allowed the characterization of the samples in the reaction atmosphere. Through the analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was observed morphological changes in the particles caused by the increase in temperature showing that there is an increase in the number of atoms of low coordination when samples are heated which favors the reaction of steam reforming of methane. Through studies of X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) in the edges L2 and L3 of Pt was possible to monitor how the electron density of the catalysts varies in reaction conditions. Moreover, the catalysts were also tested catalysts. Measures of dispersion were obtained by the reaction of dehydrogenation of cyclohexane and catalysts made of alumina promoted with cerium and cerium-zirconium displayed less dispersion due to the coating caused by the support. The catalysts in which the particles were synthesized with a higher amount of PVP, because of its stability, were subjected to the reaction of steam reforming of methane and proved active. This reaction was used to calculate the value of the apparent activation energy. The catalysts containing promoters were more active than the catalyst only alumina thus showing the role of support in this reaction. Therefore, this system has proved very interesting to study the catalytic properties in reactions sensitive to the structure since the nanoparticles present are monodispersed and the catalyst is stable under reaction conditions allowing the study of structural and electronic properties. / Nanopartículas coloidais de platina (NPs-Pt) foram obtidas por meio da redução do ácido hexacloroplatínico por etilenoglicol na presença de polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) como agente protetor das partículas. Dois métodos de síntese foram realizados os quais se diferiram pela razão PVP/Pt empregada. As sínteses das NPs-Pt foram acompanhadas por medidas no UVvisível através das quais foi possível determinar o fim da reação. As NPs-Pt foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) que determinou o diâmetro médio das partículas (~2,0 nm). Após a síntese as NPs-Pt foram incorporadas à suportes de alumina e alumina promovida com cério e cério-zircônio os quais foram preparados pelo método sol-gel. Os suportes com as nanopartículas incorporadas foram então submetidos a tratamentos térmicos com o objetivo de levar à formação de catalisadores estáveis e sem a presença do polímero protetor. Através de difração de raios X e imagens de TEM foi possível acompanhar a estabilidade das amostras após o tratamento térmico tendo sido as amostras sintetizadas com maior quantidade de PVP mais estáveis. Medidas de espectroscopia de estrutura fina de absorção de raios X (XAFS) in situ permitiram a caracterização da amostra em atmosfera de reação. Através da análise da região estendida após a borda, EXAFS, foi possível observar mudanças morfológicas nas partículas ocasionadas pelo aumento da temperatura mostrando que há um aumento no número de átomos de baixa coordenação quando as amostras são aquecidas o que favorece a reação de reforma a vapor do metano. Através de estudos da região próxima às bordas L2 e L3 da Pt (XANES) foi possível acompanhar como a densidade eletrônica dos catalisadores variou em condições de reação. Por fim, os catalisadores foram submetidos a ensaios catalíticos. Medidas de dispersão foram obtidas através da reação de desidrogenação do ciclohexano tendo os catalisadores preparados com alumina promovida com Ce e Ce-Zr apresentado uma menor dispersão devido ao recobrimento ocasionado pelo suporte. Devido à sua estabilidade, os catalisadores obtidos a partir das nanopartículas sintetizadas com maior razão PVP/Pt, foram submetidos à reação de reforma a vapor do metano e se mostraram ativos. Essa reação foi utilizada para calcular o valor da energia de ativação aparente. Os catalisadores contendo promotores foram mais ativos, mostrando assim o papel do suporte nessa reação. Portanto, essa abordagem se mostrou bastante interessante para o estudo das propriedades catalíticas em reações sensíveis à estrutura devido à estreita distribuição de tamanhos das nanopartículas e sua estabilidade em condições de reação permitindo o estudo detalhado de suas propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas

Purpose of this thesis is wisdom accumulation from current area of energetic use of hydrogen and future systems. In overview is presented possible processes where dominate steam methane reforming. In main part of thesis, steam methane reforming will be analyzed and electrolysis also. Actual results will be discussed. Next part is about energetic use of hydrogen based on thermochemical properties and safety. Used of hydrogen will be divided to areas thermal generation as burner‘s section, electric generation as fuel cell‘s section, mechanical energy as combustion engine’s section and finally chemical transportation of energy. At the end will be made a promising energy systems using hydrogen as fuel which can be applied in a large scale.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23265号 / 人博第980号 / 新制||人||232(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||980(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 寿雄, 教授 田部 勢津久, 教授 中村 敏浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Ce travail a porté sur la conversion du méthane et de l'éthanol en hydrogène par le procédé du vaporeformage en utilisant de nouvelles formulations de catalyseurs afin d'augmenter la sélectivité en produit désiré (hydrogène), de réduire la production du monoxyde de carbone (Co) et défavoriser la formation de coke. Deux familles de phases actives, à base de cuivre et de ruthénium supportés par les hydrotalcites calcinées CoₓMg₆₋ₓAl₂, ont été évaluées dans ces réactions. Pour les deux réactions, l'influence de plusieurs facteurs a été évaluée afin d'ajuster les paramètres de la réaction. Il a été démontré que les performances des catalyseurs pour les réactions du vaporeformage dépendent de la teneur en cobalt et en magnésium.Une grande teneur en cobalt améliore la réactivité catalytique. Le catalyseur 1Ru/Co₆Al₂ a présenté la plus forte activité et stabilité dans la réaction du vaporeformage du méthane parmi les autres catalyseurs industriels et préparés. Les espèces réduites de ruthénium et du cobalt ont été détectées après la réaction par DRX. La technique RPE était capable de détecter des quantités négligeables de deux types d'espèces carbonées formées lors de la réaction : du coke et du carbone. D'autre part, le catalyseur 5Cu/Co₆Al₂ a révélé la productivité la plus élevée en hydrogène dans la réaction du vaporeformage de l'éthanol. Cependant, il se désactive après quelques heures à cause de la formation du coke. Le catalyseur 5Cu/Co₂Mg₄Al₂ a montré une quantité beaucoup plus faible d'espèces carbonées sans désactiver pendant 50 heures en raison du caractère basique de la phase de l'oxyde du magnésium présente dans le support. / This work focuses on methane and ethanol conversion to hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in order to increase the selectivity of the desired product (H₂) and reduce carbon monoxide emission and coke formation. Two kinds of active phase were used (copper and ruthenium) and impregnated on calcined hydrotalcites CoₓMg₆₋ₓAl₂ in order to be evaluated in the methane and ethanol steam reforming reactions. For both reactions, the influence of several factors was evaluated in order to adjust the reaction parameters. It has been shown that catalysts performances for the reforming reactions depend on the content of cobalt and magnesium. High cobalt content enhanced the catalytic activity. 1Ru/Co₆Al₂ catalyst presented the highest activity and stability in the methane steam reforming reaction among the other industrial and prepared catalysts even under a low GHSV and with no hydrogen pretreatment. Reduced ruthenium and cobalt were detected after the reaction by XRD. EPR technique was able to detect negligible amount of two kinds of carbonaceous species formed during the reaction : coke and carbon. On the other hand, 5Cu/Co₆Al₂ catalyst revealed the highest hydrogen productivity in the ethanol steam reforming reaction. However, it suffers from coke formation that deactivated the catalysts after few hours. 5Cu/Co₂Mg₄Al₂ catalyst showed a much lower quantity of carbonaceous species with no deactivating during 50 hours due to the basic character of the magnesium oxide phase present in the support.

Η τεχνολογία κυψελίδων καυσίμου στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη είναι αρκετά ελκυστική για την συμπαραγωγή αερίου σύνθεσης και ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Το κυριότερο μειονέκτημα είναι η εναπόθεση άνθρακα στο ανοδικό ηλεκτρόδιο λόγω της διασπαστικής ρόφησης του CH4. Σε μια θεωρητική μελέτη, οι Besenbacher et al συμπέραναν ότι η παρουσία μικρής ποσότητας Αu σε υποστηριγμένο καταλύτη Ni οδηγεί σε σημαντική μείωση την εναπόθεση άνθρακα. Σε αντίστοιχα συμπεράσματα κατέληξαν και οι Τριανταφυλλόπουλος και Νεοφυτίδης μελετώντας τα είδη του άνθρακα που δημιουργούνται πάνω στο Ni(1%at Au)-YSZ κατά την διασπαστική ρόφηση του μεθανίου. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε η ηλεκτροχημική δραστικότητα διμεταλλικών ηλεκτροδίων Ni(Au1%at)-YSZ και Ni(Ag1%at)-YSZ για την μερική οξείδωση του μεθανίου καθώς και για την εσωτερική αναμόρφωση του μεθανίου με ατμό σε κυψελίδες καυσίμου στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη. Τα ηλεκτρόδια παρασκευάστηκαν με τη μέθοδο της επιτόπου πυρανάφλεξης (in situ combustion synthesis, μέθοδος σχετικά χαμηλής θερμοκρασίας που δημιουργεί νανοδομημένα ηλεκτρόδια) και μελετήθηκαν ως προς την ηλεκτροκαταλυτική συμπεριφορά τους για την εσωτερική αναμόρφωση του μεθανίου με ατμό. Τα πειράματα θερμοσταθμικής ανάλυσης, τα κινητικά πειράματα καθώς και οι ηλεκτροχημικές μετρήσεις που πραγματοποιήθηκαν, συντέλεσαν το καθένα με το τρόπο του, στην εξαγωγή του γενικότερου συμπεράσματος ότι τα διμεταλλικά ηλεκτρόδια Ni(Au1%at)-YSZ και Ni(Ag1%at)-YSZ είναι πολύ πιο σταθερά και ανθεκτικά στην εναπόθεση άνθρακα από το ‘συμβατικό’ ηλεκτρόδιο Ni-YSZ υπό τις συνθήκες της εσωτερικής αναμόρφωσης μεθανίου με ατμό που μελετήθηκαν. Τα ανοδικά αυτά ηλεκτρόδια επομένως φαίνεται να αποτελούν ενδιαφέρουσες επιλογές για χρήση στις κυψελίδες καυσίμου στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη που λειτουργούν με μεθάνιο ακόμη και σε αρκετά υψηλές θερμοκρασίες (μέχρι και 1173K) για τα NiAu-YSZ, ή σε χαμηλότερες (έως 973-1023K) για τα NiAg-YSZ. / The technology of solid oxide fuel cells seems quite attractive for the cogeneration of synthesis gas and electrical energy. A major bottleneck that has delayed the widespread use of this technology has always been the anode’s contamination with carbon due to the dissociative adsorption of methane. In a theoretical study, Besenbacher et al concluded that small quantities of Au on a supported Ni catalyst can minimize carbon deposition. Triantafyllopoulos and Neophytides reached similar results while studying the carbon adspecies that are formed on a Ni(1%at Au)-YSZ electrocatalyst during the dissociative adsorption of methane. The present study focused on the electrochemical activity of Ni(Au1%at)-YSZ and Ni(Ag1%at)-YSZ bimetallic electrodes under internal steam reforming conditions of methane in solid oxide fuel cells. The bimetallic electrodes were prepared by the combustion synthesis method, which is a relatively low temperature procedure that produces nanostructured electrodes, and their electrochemical behavior was investigated under internal steam reforming conditions. The thermogravimetric analysis, the electrochemical experiments as well as the kinetic measurements that were conducted, each one of them helped in reaching the general conclusion that the Ni(Au1%at)-YSZ and Ni(Ag1%at)-YSZ bimetallic electrodes are much more stable and carbon tolerant than the conventional Ni-YSZ electrode, at least under the steam reforming conditions of methane that they were studied. So these anodic electrodes seem to be interesting candidates for use in solid oxide fuel cells that operate with methane feed even at high temperatures (such as 1173K) for the NiAu-YSZ anodes, or at lower temperatures (up to 973-1023K) for the NiAg-YSZ anodes.