Kiekvienas žmogus save tapatina su tam tikra grupe (socialine, etnine, konfesine). Sava grupė suvokiama priešpriešinant ją kitai, svetimai grupei. Suvokimą supaprastina bendražmogiškas pasaulio pažinimo būdas: suvokiami objektai kategorizuojami ir kiekvienai kategorijai priskiriami tam tikri stereotipiniai įsitikinimai. Sava etninė grupė suvokiama lyginant savo tautą su kitų tautų apibendrintais vaizdiniais – etniniais stereotipais. Priklausymas tam tikrai grupei ypač svarbus paauglystės laikotarpiu, kas įtakoja savęs ir kitų vertinimą. Lietuvai tapus ES nare ir atsivėrus sienoms vis dažniau susiduriama su kitų tautų atstovais, kyla įvairių incidentų dėl stereotipinių kitataučių bei pačių lietuvių vertinimo. Tyrimo objektas. Paauglių stereotipinių vertinimų ypatumai kitataučių atžvilgiu. Tyrimo tikslas. Atskleisti paauglių stereotipinio vertinimo ypatumus kitataučių atžvilgiu. Tyrimo metodika. Norint išsiaiškinti paauglių stereotipinio vertinimo ypatumus kitataučių atžvilgiu, buvo atliktas kiekybinis tyrimas, kuris vyko keturiose Panevėžio rajono vidurinėse mokyklose. Iš viso dalyvavo 250 paauglių, besimokančių 6-oje ir 12-oje klasėse. Tyrimo tikslui pasiekti bei hipotezei patvirtinti / paneigti naudojama anketinė apklausa, literatūros šaltinių analizė. Etniniai stereotipai mokslinėje literatūroje dažnai apibrėžiami kaip neadekvatūs realybei, perdėti apibendrinimai apie tam tikrų grupių narių elgesį ir kitus bruožus. ... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Each person identifies himself with a group (social, ethnic, confessional). Own group is realised by contraposition of the othe group, the forin one. The perception of universal knowledge of the world easier way: perceived objects are categorized and each category includes a number of stereotypical beliefs. Due to their ethnic group is perceived in relation to their own people to other people's aggregated images - ethnic stereotypes. Belonging to a certain group is particularly important during adolescence, which affects self and other assessments. Because of Lithuania joined the EU and the opening of borders is increasingly the case with other nations, there were some incidents on the stereotype of an international character Lithuanian own assessment. Investigation object. Teen stereotypical characteristics of assessments in respect of an international character. Objectives. To reveal the characteristics of adolescent stereotyped assessment in respect of an international character. Ivestigation methods. In order to clarify the assessment of adolescent stereotyped features of an international character, there was a quantitative survey, which took place in four secondary schools in the district of Panevezys. A total of 250 adolescents studying in the 6th and 12th grades participated in survey. The study purpose and hypothesis approve / deny use of a questionnaire survey, literature analysis. Ethnic stereotypes in the scientific literature are often defined as... [to full text]

Jämlikhet är något som ligger i tiden. Hur jämlikhetsmedvetna är egentligen dagens medier? Vi har på uppdrag av Värmlandslandsting gjort en jämlikhetanalys av deras personaltidning, Intryck. En tidning som når samtliga anställda inom organisationen. Vi har gjort en text- och bildanalys med utgångspunkt från ett analysverktyg vi kallar för jämlikhetstrappan. Vårt syfte har varit att urskilja stereotyper och om tidningen använder sig av sitt befintliga underlag för att göra tidningen så jämlik som möjligt. Vi använder oss av dagordningsteorin för att belysa på vilket sätt media och stereotyper kan påverka samhällets tankar och normer. Det olika stereotyper vi innefattar i jämlikhetsanalysen är genus, klass och mångfald. I mångfald innefattar vi ålder, etniciteter och personer med funktionshinder. Resultatet vi har urskilt är att tidningen vid en första anblick ger en bild av att vara jämlik. De lyfter upp jämlikhet vilket utifrån dagordningsteorin bidrar till att de skapas en opinion om ämnet. Vid en djupare analys kan vi se att tidningen använder sig av stereotyper, då särskilt när det handlar om genus och klass. Vi har genom analysen kunnat konstatera att det sättet tidningen använder sig av stereotyper både bidrar till att upprätthålla dem och förstärka dem men också i vissa fall till att försvaga dem. Dock är det svårt att bryta stereotyper då försöket att bryta en stereotyp snarare kan leda till att det blir undantaget som bekräftar stereotypen. / With equality constantly present on the agenda today, how equality conscious is today’s media? At the request of Värmland County Council we have made an equality-analysis of their staff paper, Intryck, which reaches all employees within the organization. On the basis of our analysis method we call the equality-stairs, we have analyzed text and images with the purpose to identify stereotypes and to see if existing data is used to make the paper as equal as possible. We use the theory of agenda setting to illustrate how the media and stereotypes can affect society's thoughts and norms. The various stereotypes we include in the analysis are gender, class and diversity. In diversity, we include age, ethnicities and people with disabilities. The result we have discerned is that the paper at first glance gives an image of being equal. They highlight the topic of equality and based on the theory of agenda setting we could see that they contribute to the creation of a public opinion on the subject. But with further analysis we could see that the magazine uses stereotypes when doing so, especially when it comes to gender and class. Through our analysis we came to the conclusion that the way stereotypes are used, the paper contributes to maintain and strengthen them but in some cases also challenge them. But it seems like the attempt to break stereotypes can sometimes become the exception that confirms the rule.

This essay discusses how female and male characters are represented in the novel Peter & Wendy by J.M Barrie from 1911 and the Disney version Peter Pan from 1953. Jane Sunderland’s models on social gender are used as a substructure to help clarify how the characters are portrayed as individuals, in relation to other characters and through their own actions and speech acts. The essay shows that there is a major difference in how male characters are portrayed compared to the female characters and that every character of the story lives up to what seems to be socially constructed gender roles.

This study is a postcolonial literary analysis of Miika Nousiainen’s novel Hallonbåtsflyktingen from 2007. The aim is to analyse how Sweden and Finland, along with the Swedish and Finnish characters, are portrayed in the novel. Through a close norm-critical reading and with postcolonial theory as a basis, the content and characters in the novel have been analysed. The result shows that the Finnish characters are portrayed in stereotyped patterns and described in general forms. A dichotomy of “us” and “the others” is created in the novel. The Finnish characters and Finnish culture are described negatively and constantly contrasted with positive descriptions of Sweden and Swedes. If literature teaching in school gives pupils knowledge and skills in postcolonial reading of literature, they may learn to identify and analyse negative portrayals. This might makes it possible to break down their assumptions and prejudices, and instead they become critical individuals who act in a global context. By comparing how different nationalities and cultures are presented, pupils can potentially begin to reflect on themselves and their picture of the Other.

The purpose of this study was to explore how stereotypes affect physical performance in older adults. A multigroup pretest post test design was utilized to determine whether implicit activation of positive or negative stereotypes has an effect on physical performance. Ninety six community dwelling older adults 65 years of age or older were included in the sample. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: exposure to positive stereotypes of aging, exposure to negative stereotypes of aging, or a control condition. In order to simulate how older adults are exposed to stereotypes in real world settings, participants were primed with objects representing aging stereotypes. Gait speed, standing balance, and lower extremity muscle performance were tested before and after exposure to stereotypes. Results of MANCOVA analysis, using self-relevance as a covariate, revealed no significant differences between those exposed to positive stereotypes, negative stereotypes, or the neutral condition. Physical performance is not affected by exposure to implicit stereotypes of aging in a more real world setting. In real world settings, there are multiple factors, like motivation and self-focus, competing for the control of behavior which are not present in the lab. These psychosocial factors may lessen the effect of stereotype activation on physical performance

With a focus on gender expectations, this qualitative study analyses how Bellatrix Lestrange and Dolores Umbridge in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series represent evil. Through close reading the first and the final three books of the series using the feminist criticism perspective performativity, the aim of this study is to highlight how the evil women in the series are portrayed in comparison to both good characters of both sexes as well as evil men. The results show that while the evil women represent evil in the ways that they break their gender expectations, the good men also represent goodness in the way that they break their gender expectations. Thus, they are not evil because they deviate from these expectations, but because the gendered traits these women embody are connected to evil and, in turn, help make the reader perceive them as such.

This research examines the relationship between British accents and their stereotypes. It looks specifically at the ratings of British and American subjects for a variety of British regional and standard accents, and examines them in contrast with observed stereotypes about these accents. The purpose of this paper is to compare the reactions of British and American participants in order to understand whether the stereotypes associated with these accents are purely socially constructed by British society, or whether qualities of each accent support these stereotypes. Results found a similar trend in the ratings of both American and British participants, though it is hypothesized that this is due to confounding variables.

My work uses hair as both a subject depicted in drawings, paintings, and prints; as well as a medium for sculpture, installation, and video created with synthetic hair pieces and wigs. I am interested in deconstructing gendered codes of appearance, and visions of the ideal woman and man as objects. I remove all identifiable traits from my characters, apart from their hair which appears to be consuming or erasing them. In doing so, I force the people viewing my work to rely on cultural stereotypes associated with hair to identify my characters. My work is heavily influenced by Drag culture and Camp, for their ability to mock identity, gender, and cultural stereotypes and portray them as something fluid that can be constructed and changed on a daily basis, instead of a biological trait forced upon them at birth. I view my artwork as my own form of Drag.

Television is a mirror of society and in which we hope to see our lives and existence reflected. When the images shown marginalises your reflection through the use of stereotypes and common tropes it is hard to believe this does not affect the world around you and your perception about yourself. Television is vastly researched and this case study will add to it by analysing how lesbian and bisexual relationships are stereotyped through the use of tropes on Western television shows. Semiotics is used to decipher the underlying meanings of stereotypes and tropes; as stereotypes and tropes marginalise groups of people. By using visual analysis to watch episodes, the scenes analysed through qualitative content analysis proved that same-sex relationships are stereotyped through tropes and rarely challenge previous research. Social interaction based on representation theory solidify the perceptions through television images causing further harm to lesbians and bisexuals.

Thesis title: Moral crime and prevention The thesis deals with the issue of moral crime and prevention. It focuses on the existing regulation of these crimes contained in Act No 40/2009 Coll., the Criminal Code, as amended. Furthermore, in this work the current regulation is compared with the previous one, namely the Criminal Code No 140/1961 Coll. The main aim of the thesis is to provide a basic and comprehensive insight into the field of moral crimes, focusing on the characteristics of the changes in the last ten years. Another aim is to outline the stereotypes and myths that have been and are tied to the crime of rape and their analysis. The thesis deals with morality and crime in general in the first chapters. It also focuses on moral crime and its possible causes. This general basis is necessary to understand the rest of the work. The thesis mentions national and foreign sources dealing with moral crime. The most important provisions are highlighted for some international documents, and the work also contains an analysis of the Istanbul Convention which is to be ratified by the Czech Government in the near future. The most extensive part of the thesis deals with both criminological aspects of moral crime and detailed regulation of individual facts of the case of moral offenses. In comparing...