This study evaluated the impact of acculturative stress and negative autostereotypes on the level of self-esteem and achievement motivation among subgroups of Hispanic college students. Subjects were classified by generational level as Second-generation (i.e., foreign-born parents), or Other (i.e., first-generation, foreign-born individuals, and third-generation, foreign-born grandparents;). By country/region of origin, subjects were divided into Central-Americans, Puerto-Ricans, Mexican, Mexican-Americans, and South Americans. Results showed that acculturative stress may facilitate loss of self-esteem particularly in Second-generation individuals, while negative autostereotypic attitudes may actually increase the student's level of motivation for achievement, particularly in Mexican-American individuals. Also, country/region of origin overall influenced negative autostereotypic attitudes.

This study is an investigation into the stereotypes used in advertisements designed to appeal to university students’ sense of having a social identity, taking the situation at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) as being representative of university campuses as, among other things, social and cultural space. The study assumes that a university is a site of cultural negotiation, and as such may be viewed as a place where identities are formed and readjusted to conform to stereotypes popularised by influential social models as portrayed in the media. Moreover, with the process of globalization, which distributes stereotypical images globally, one would assume that advertising at NMMU functions in a similar way to its mode of functioning in most parts of the world. Although such media (advertisements) exist in various forms, the scope of the research for this study was limited to print advertisements. Advertisements relevant to the concerns of this study are found everywhere at South African universities. Today, the latest trend for companies like Mr. Price, Standard Bank, Truworths, Red Bull, and Axe, among others, is to sponsor university events, that way creating the opportunity to advertise their products or services to students. Moreover, the notice boards of South African universities are filled with posters advertising new products in the market. In addition to all this, the general South African goods and services market is flooded with magazines that contain stereotype-promoting advertisements targeting students or, in general, young adults. For the purposes of this study, a ‘stereotype’ is understood as an iconic site of identification which functions as a generalized model for social behaviour. In this sense, a ‘stereotype’ may also be understood as a representation of an ‘ideal self’. The purpose of this study is threefold: firstly, to show how and why students may be vulnerable to the stereotypes identified in terms of Lacan’s theory of the ‘mirror stage’; secondly, to identify and categorize the various stereotypes used in advertising to appeal to the student’s sense of social identity, and thirdly, to show that advertisements can be misleading in so far as stereotyping ignores the specificity of every student’s personal social situation and creates false expectations on the part of the target students.

This thesis explores the stereotypes of Texans portrayed in American entertainment media, and attempts to identify the reasons for both the existence, and persistence of these images. The study includes a brief history of Texas, and background information on the formulation of stereotypes. Cultivation theory is used to explain the process of stereotypes formed through television viewing. Content analysis of the responses from an on line survey involving 52 participants revealed that people outside the state of Texas have strong perceptions about Texans that are consistent with media representations. As the level of television viewership increased, so did the indelibility of the impressions. Those who watch more television were more likely to perceive the image of Texans as negative, and less likely to change their opinions of Texans after visiting the state.

Sexual stereotyping -- United States and Spain -- Attitudes toward homosexuality and gender.

\ / Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Thesis (M. A. (English Studies)) -- University of Limpopo / The primary aim of this study is to examine gender stereotypes and their profound impact on the socialisation of females and males. Further, it analyses the extent to which these stereotypes inform the relations and interactions between males and females and their general deportment. Nervous Conditions (1988) by Tsitsi Dangarembga and The Joys of Motherhood (1994) by Buchi Emecheta are the selected primary fictional texts to be textually examined and analysed. The study focuses on women oppression, discrimination, misogyny, sexism, marginalisation and subjugation that flow from gender socialisation. Furthermore, gender socialisation cultivates in the male a macho sense of self-importance, privilege, entitlement, invincibility and substantive power. Lastly, the study seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge about the topical debate on women emancipation and gender equity transforming patriarchal societies.

This study sought to determine if the use of negative and aggressive reporting descriptors of female political candidates by the media influences the perception of candidate credibility and voter support. Other researchers have found that female politicians are more likely than male politicians to be subjected to negative and aggressive reporting descriptors during political campaigns by the news media. Two hypotheses were addressed in the study. Hypothesis one predicted that negative and aggressive reporting descriptors of female politicians would result in lower perceptions of candidate credibility in terms of competence and character as compared to neutral descriptors of female politicians. Hypothesis two predicted that negative and aggressive reporting descriptors of female politicians would result in reduced voter support as compared to neutral reporting descriptors of female politicians. An experimental design was employed to test the hypotheses. One experimental group was exposed to a five minute radio news program with negative and aggressive reporting descriptors of a female political candidate while the second experimental group was exposed to the same news reports with neutral reporting descriptors. Both hypotheses were tested utilizing a two-tailed t-test. Results showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups on the perception of candidate credibility in terms of competence. The data would indicate that negative and aggressive reporting descriptors have a detrimental effect on female politicians in terms of perceptions of expertise. The data did not show a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of candidate support. The results show that female politicians, who are already less likely to have access to political experience, are further hindered in terms of perceptions of competence by the negative and aggressive reporting descriptors used by the media.

Li Shuk-wan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-203). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.II / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.III / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Statement of Goals --- p.1 / The Feminization of The Occupation --- p.4 / Setting： The Development of Gender Rights in Hong Kong --- p.10 / Literature Review --- p.11 / Methodology --- p.20 / Field Observation --- p.23 / About Skyhawk Air --- p.24 / Questionnaires with the General Public --- p.25 / Media Data --- p.25 / Field and Thesis Languages --- p.26 / Ethical Issues --- p.26 / Outline of Thesis --- p.27 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- "NEGOTIATING ""HUNGJE"" STEREOTYPES IN PUBLIC DISCOURSE" --- p.30 / "Discourse, Ideologies, and the Normalized Public" --- p.30 / Images of Hungje in the Media： The Public/Private Dichotomy --- p.33 / Kind and Caring Mothers --- p.35 / Friendly Neighbors --- p.37 / Agents of Smile --- p.38 / Beauty Icon --- p.41 / Sex Icon --- p.44 / Stereotypical Images of Hungje in Public Discourse --- p.47 / FAs' Responses to Stereotypical Images in Public Discourse --- p.49 / """Hungje and the Public/Private Dichotomy" --- p.50 / """I am a Flight Attendant"" and ""I Work in the Airline Industry """ --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- RECRUITING THE RELEVANT BODY --- p.62 / Experiences of Recruitment --- p.62 / """To See and To Be Seen""" --- p.66 / Phoenix Air Recruitment --- p.68 / The Face --- p.68 / "A ""“Pro ´ح Dress Code" --- p.70 / The Arm-Reach --- p.71 / "The ""Official"" FA Image" --- p.72 / Tiger Air Recruitment --- p.73 / The Arm-Reach --- p.73 / The Standing Posture --- p.73 / The FA Image --- p.74 / The Sitting Posture --- p.75 / "The ""Official"" FA Image" --- p.76 / The Skin --- p.77 / The Hairstyle --- p.78 / Body Gestures --- p.79 / Pre-Employment Briefing --- p.81 / Conclusion --- p.82 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- CREATING AN APPROPRIATE MARKETABLE IMAGE --- p.84 / The Training Course --- p.85 / Image Management at Work --- p.87 / Behavioral Management --- p.88 / Emotional Management --- p.91 / "Teaching the Essence of ""“Heart""" --- p.92 / Quality Control on Workers' Smiles --- p.95 / Smile War: Keeping Smiles in Difficult Times --- p.97 / Body Image Management --- p.103 / Practicing Sexually-Dichotomized Gender Images --- p.104 / Interacting with the Make-up and Dress Codes --- p.111 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- BODY IN SERVICE: INTERACTING WITH CO-WORKERS --- p.123 / Ethnography of FAs' Work Life --- p.123 / Going to Work and Meeting the Public --- p.124 / Pre-Flight Work --- p.126 / Pseudo-Kin System --- p.127 / Pre-Flight Briefing --- p.129 / Leaving for the Ramp and Ground Preparation --- p.130 / Welcome On Board --- p.131 / Rush Hours --- p.132 / Body Contact in the Galley --- p.132 / Other In-Flight Work and FAs' Rest Time --- p.133 / Landing --- p.134 / Interacting with Co-workers --- p.134 / Expected Gender Roles --- p.135 / Embodying the Socialized Gender Responsibilities --- p.144 / Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- EMBODYING GENDER AND ETHNICITY: INTERACTING WITH PASSENGERS --- p.149 / Teaching the Relationship with Passengers --- p.149 / Maintaining a Physical Distance from Passengers --- p.151 / In-Flight Violence --- p.153 / Sexual Harassment --- p.159 / Verbal Harassment --- p.160 / Optical Harassment --- p.160 / Physical Harassment --- p.161 / In-Flight Courtship --- p.164 / Chapter CHAPTER 7. --- CONCLUSION --- p.172 / between work and family： individuality vs. motherhood --- p.176 / "Changing Attitude Towards The Conventional ""“Mother"" Role " --- p.180 / "The ""Traditional"" Gender Concepts " --- p.182 / "Gender Politics Between ""Traditional"" and ""New"" Concepts " --- p.186 / The Future of Gender Relations in Hong Kong --- p.189 / APPENDIX 1. INTERVIEW PROTOCOL FOR FLIGHT ATTENDANTS --- p.191 / APPENDIX 2. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE HONG KONG CHINESE PUBLIC --- p.194 / APPENDIX 3. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE HONG KONG CHINESE PUBLIC (ENGLISH TRANSLATION) --- p.195 / REFERENCE CITED --- p.196

by Chong Lai-Yin, Ho Lai-Wai Thomas Leo, Lee Ching-Lum Bianca. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-141). / Questionnaire in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Rationale of Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Research Objectives --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3. --- Research Scope --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Study Focus --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Advertising Media --- p.8 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1. --- Gender Stereotype --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2. --- Sexual Content in Advertising --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3. --- Chinese Culture --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4. --- Attitude towards Sex of Hong Kong People --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5. --- Advertising Effectiveness --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1 --- Hypotheses --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2 --- Definition --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Methods --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Part One: Content Analysis --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Part Two: Experiment Study --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3.2.1. --- Experiment Data Collection Method --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.1. --- Experiment Objects --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.2. --- Experiment Subjects --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.3. --- Experiment Procedure --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.4. --- Experiment Questionnaire Design --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3.2.2. --- Experiment Data Analysis Method --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.1. --- General Brand Name Recall --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.2. --- Sexual Appeal Ads Recall --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.3. --- Gender Role Stereotyping Ads Recall --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Part Three: Survey --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.3.1. --- Survey Data Collection Method --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.1. --- Survey Objects --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.2. --- Survey Population --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.3. --- Survey Sampling Method --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.4. --- Survey Sample Size --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.5. --- Survey Procedure --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.6. --- Survey Questionnaire Design --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.3.2. --- Survey Data Analysis Method --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.1. --- Sexual Appeal Ads --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.2. --- Gender Role Stereotyping Ads --- p.36 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- CONTENT ANALYSIS RESULTS --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1. --- Gender Role Stereotyping --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- The Family --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- The Ritualization of Subordination --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2. --- Sexual Appeal --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- EXPERIMENT RESULTS --- p.45 / Chapter 5.1. --- Respondent Profile --- p.45 / Chapter 5.1.1. --- Age --- p.45 / Chapter 5.1.2. --- Gender --- p.46 / Chapter 5.1.3. --- Education Level --- p.46 / Chapter 5.2. --- General Brand Name Recall --- p.47 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Overall Recall --- p.47 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- First Recall --- p.49 / Chapter 5.3. --- Sexual Appeal Ads Recall --- p.51 / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Sexual Appeal and Non-Sexual Appeal Ads --- p.51 / Chapter 5.3.2. --- Sexual Appeal Ads Recall by Gender --- p.52 / Chapter 5.4. --- Gender Role Stereotyping Ads Recall --- p.53 / Chapter 5.4.1. --- Gender Role Stereotyping Ads and Non-Gender Role Stereotyping Ads --- p.53 / Chapter 5.4.2. --- Gender Role Stereotyping Ads Recall by Gender --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- SURVEY RESULTS --- p.55 / Chapter 6.1. --- Respondent Profile --- p.55 / Chapter 6.1.1. --- Age --- p.55 / Chapter 6.1.2. --- Gender --- p.56 / Chapter 6.1.3. --- Education Level --- p.56 / Chapter 6.2. --- Sexual Appeal Ads --- p.57 / Chapter 6.2.1. --- Descriptions of Sexual Appeal Ads --- p.57 / Chapter 6.2.1.1. --- Overall Descriptions --- p.57 / Chapter 6.2.1.2. --- Descriptions by Gender --- p.57 / Chapter 6.2.2. --- Attitudes towards Sexual Appeal Ads --- p.58 / Chapter 6.2.2.1. --- Overall Attitudes --- p.58 / Chapter 6.2.2.2. --- Attitudes by Gender --- p.59 / Chapter 6.3. --- Gender Role Stereotyping Ads --- p.65 / Chapter 6.3.1. --- Descriptions of Gender Role Stereotyping Ads --- p.65 / Chapter 6.3.1.1. --- Overall Descriptions --- p.65 / Chapter 6.3.1.2. --- Descriptions by Gender --- p.65 / Chapter 6.3.2. --- Attitudes towards Gender Role Stereotyping Ads --- p.66 / Chapter 6.3.2.1. --- Overall Attitudes --- p.66 / Chapter 6.3.2.2. --- Attitudes by Gender --- p.66 / Chapter 6.4. --- Sexual Appeal and Gender Role Stereotyping Ads Comparison --- p.72 / Chapter 6.4.1. --- Descriptions of Ads --- p.72 / Chapter 6.4.2. --- Attitudes towards Ads --- p.73 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- DISCUSSION --- p.76 / Chapter 7.1. --- The Sample --- p.76 / Chapter 7.2. --- Product Recall --- p.77 / Chapter 7.2.1. --- Unaided Recall --- p.77 / Chapter 7.2.2. --- Recall vs. Gender --- p.78 / Chapter 7.2.3. --- Recall vs. Product --- p.79 / Chapter 7.3. --- Perceptions & Attitudes --- p.80 / Chapter 7.3.1. --- Sexual Appeal --- p.80 / Chapter 7.3.1.1. --- Ad-By-Ad Analysis --- p.81 / Chapter 7.3.1.1.1. --- Ad A1 --- p.81 / Chapter 7.3.1.1.2. --- Ad A2 --- p.82 / Chapter 7.3.1.1.3. --- Ad A3 --- p.82 / Chapter 7.3.1.1.4. --- Ad A4 --- p.83 / Chapter 7.3.2. --- Gender Stereotypes --- p.84 / Chapter 7.3.2.1. --- Ad-By-Ad Analysis --- p.86 / Chapter 7.3.2.1.1. --- Ad Bl --- p.86 / Chapter 7.3.2.1.2. --- Ad B2 --- p.87 / Chapter 7.3.2.1.3. --- Ad B3 --- p.88 / Chapter 7.3.2.1.4. --- Ad B4 --- p.88 / Chapter 7.4. --- Null Hypotheses Review --- p.89 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- LIMITATIONS --- p.91 / Chapter 8.1. --- Literature Research --- p.91 / Chapter 8.2. --- Print Analysis --- p.91 / Chapter 8.3. --- Sample & Representation --- p.92 / Chapter 8.4. --- Advertisement Recall & Perceptions Questionnaire --- p.92 / Chapter 8.5. --- Overall Representation --- p.93 / Chapter CHAPTER 9 --- CONCLUSION --- p.95 / Chapter CHAPTER 10 --- APPENDICES --- p.99 / Chapter 10.1. --- Appendix 1: Hong Kong Magazines 2000/2001 --- p.99 / Chapter 10.2. --- Appendix 2: Photos of Advertisements --- p.103 / Chapter 10.3. --- Appendix 3: Experiment Procedures --- p.117 / Chapter 10.4. --- Appendix 4: Experiment Questionnaire --- p.118 / Chapter 10.5. --- Appendix 5: Survey Questionnaire --- p.121 / Chapter 10.6. --- Appendix 6: Content Analysis Results --- p.123 / Chapter 10.7. --- Appendix 7: Advertisement Database --- p.126 / Chapter CHAPTER 11 --- BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.140 / Chapter 11.1. --- Books --- p.140 / Chapter 11.2. --- Periodicals --- p.140 / Chapter 11.3. --- Websites --- p.141

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Physicians were interviewed and asked about their perspectives on communicating with patients, media, and the ways in which the biomedical and biopsychosocial models function in the practice of medicine. Fisher’s Narrative Paradigm was the primary critical method applied to themes that emerged from the interviews. Those emergent themes included the importance of a team approach to patient care; perspectives on physicians as bad communicators; and successful communication strategies when talking to patients. Physicians rely on nurses and other support staff, but the most important partnership is that between the physician and patient. Narrative fidelity and probability are satisfied by strategies physicians use in communicating with patients: using understandable language when talking to patients; engaging in nonverbal tactics of sitting down with patients, making eye contact with patients, and making appropriate physical contact with them in the form of a handshake or a light touch on the arm. Physicians are frustrated by media’s reporting of preliminary study results that omit details as well as media’s fostering of expectations for quick diagnostic processes and magical cures within the public. Furthermore, physicians see the biomedical and biopsychosocial models becoming increasingly interdependent in the practice of medicine, which carries the story of contemporary medicine further into the realm of partnership, revealing its humanity as well as its fading paternalism.