Desde a década de 50, os cientistas tem utilizado radiação ionizante para esterilizar insetos, que são liberados na natureza para acasalar, mas sem nenhuma descendência. Conhecida como a técnica do inseto estéril (TIE), este método de controle de inseto vem tradicionalmente utilizando radiações ionizantes para esterilizar os insetos, sendo uma técnica que não gera resíduo, e pode agir em sinergia com as demais técnicas dentro do manejo integrado de pragas. O Brasil por vários anos vem lutando contra o aumento de pragas, introduzindo novas táticas e técnicas dentro dos programas de MIP, para driblar a resistência dos produtos químicos, como: diminuir os resíduos dos agrotóxicos; para algumas culturas importantes do o nosso país, temos um largo espectro de pragas ocorrendo do inicio ao fim da colheita, uma delas é a cultura do algodoeiro e dentre as pragas chave dessa cultura, temos algumas lagartas extremamente importantes, entre elas Heliothis virescens e Helicoverpa armigera. Essas espécies são parecidas morfologicamente, sendo a segunda identificada a poucos anos aqui no Brasil. Ainda não há trabalhos no Brasil utilizando TIE como ferramenta adicional para lepidópteros, portanto objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o efeito de doses de radiação gama nas diferentes fases do ciclo evolutivo de Heliothis virescens e Helicoverpa armigera, bem como avaliar a esterilidade na geração P e a capacidade de competição dos insetos irradiados com os não irradiados. A fase pupa foi a que apresentou um melhor resultado, pois com 75 Gy atingiu a esterilidade em Heliothis virecens e 100 Gy esterilizou Helicoverpa armigera, portanto contemplou a fase e a dose escolhida para avaliar a competição entre os insetos irradiados e os insetos normais de ambas as espécies. E tanto Heliothis virecens como Helicoverpa armigera apresentaram um resultado satisfatório, pois os insetos irradiados conseguiram reduzir significativamente a viabilidade dos ovos na proporção de 9: 1: 1 / Since the 1950s, scientists have used ionizing radiation to sterilize insects, which are released in nature to mate, but without any progeny. Known as the sterile insect technique (TIE), this method of insect control has traditionally used ionizing radiation to sterilize insects, a technique that does not generate residues, and can act in synergy with the other techniques within integrated pest management. For several years, Brazil has been fighting against the increase of pests, introducing new tactics and techniques within the IPM programs, to overcome the resistance of chemical products, such as: reducing the residues of agrochemicals; For some important crops of our country, we have a wide spectrum of pests occurring from the beginning to the end of the harvest, one of them is the cotton crop and among the key pests of this crop, we have some extremely important caterpillars, among them Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa armigera These species are morphologically similar, the second being identified a few years ago in Brazil. There are still no studies in Brazil using TIE as an additional tool for Lepidoptera, therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of doses of gamma radiation in the different phases of the evolutionary cycle of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa armigera, as well as to evaluate the sterility in generation P And the ability of insects to irradiate with non-irradiated insects. The pupal phase presented the best result because 75 Gy achieved sterility in Heliothis virecens and 100 Gy sterilized Helicoverpa armigera, therefore it contemplated the phase and dose chosen to evaluate the competition between the irradiated insects and the normal insects of both species. Both Heliothis virecens and Helicoverpa armigera presented a satisfactory result, as the irradiated insects managed to significantly reduce the viability of the eggs in a ratio of 9: 1: 1

Aedes aegypti L. é um dos principais insetos causadores de doenças no mundo, sendo assim, é importante trabalhos envolvendo o seu manejo. O objetivo do projeto foi avaliar os efeitos da radiação gama do Cobalto-60 nas fases do ciclo evolutivo de A. aegypti, visando a aplicação da TIE. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Ambiente do Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/USP) em Piracicaba- SP. A criação do A. aegypti foi mantida nas instalações do laboratório, sob condições de 25±2°C, UR 50-70% e fotofase de 12 horas. A irradiação de todas as fases do ciclo foi realizada em uma fonte de Cobalto-60 tipo Gammacell-220, instalada no CENA/USP, nas seguintes doses: 0 (controle) até 70 Gy sob uma taxa de dose de 0,356 kGy/hora. Quando ovos foram irradiados, avaliou-se viabilidade contando o número médio de larvas L4, pupas e adultos fêmeas e machos emergidos. Foi também avaliado a porcentagem de eclosão em larvas L1 da geração F1. Para larvas irradiadas, avaliaram-se a o número médio de larvas L4, pupas, adultos fêmeas e machos emergidos, porcentagem de eclosão em larvas L1 e larvas L4 F1. Das pupas irradiadas, avaliaram-se a média de eclosão de larvas F1, de larvas L4 F1, porcentagem de pupas F1 e média de adultos machos e fêmeas F1. Em adultos irradiados, avaliaram-se a média de eclosão de larvas F1, larvas L4 F1, pupas F1 e adultos machos e fêmeas F1. Avaliaram-se parâmetros de competitividade e longevidade de machos F1. Os resultados mostraram que as doses esterilizantes para as fases irradiadas: ovo, larva e pupa foram de 15 Gy, 20 Gy e 60 Gy, respectivamente. Já para adultos da geração F,1 as doses de 45 Gy e 50 Gy para macho e fêmea. Para a fase adulta, doses de 40 Gy e 45 Gy foram esterilizantes para machos e fêmeas. No teste de competitividade, a proporção de 10 machos estéreis: 1 macho não irradiado: 1 fêmea não irradiada causou 92,2% de ovos inviáveis, na dose de 50 Gy. A longevidade dos machos foi reduzida em pupas e adultos irradiados com a dose de 40 Gy. / Aedes aegypti L. is one of the main insects that cause diseases in the world. The objective of the project was to evaluate the gamma radiation effects in the phases of the evolutionary cycle of A. aegypti, aiming the application of SIT. The work was performed at the Radiobiology and Environment Laboratory of the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA/ USP) in Piracicaba - SP. The establishment of A. aegypti was kept at the laboratory under conditions of 25 ± 2 ° C, RH 50-70% and photophase of 12 hours. Irradiation of all phases of the evolutionary cycle was performed in a Gammacell-220 type Cobalt-220 source, installed in CENA/ USP, at the following doses: 0 (control) to 70 Gy at a dose rate of 0.356 kGy/ hour. When the eggs were irradiated, the viability was evaluated by counting the mean number of L4 larvae, pupae, and adult females and males emerged. The percentage of hatching of larvae L1 in F1 generation was also evaluated. When larvae were irradiated, the mean number of L4 larvae, pupae, adult and emergent males, larval L1 and L4 F1 larvae were evaluated. From the irradiated pupae, the average of larvae F1, L4 F1 larvae, pupae F1 percentage and average female and male adults F1 were evaluated. From the irradiated adults, mean F1 larvae, L4 F1 larvae, F1 pupae and F1 male and female larvae were evaluated. The parameters of male competitiveness and longevity of F1 males were evaluated. The results showed that the sterilizing doses for a irradiated phases: egg, larva and pupa were 15 Gy, 20 Gy and 60 Gy, respectively. Already for adults of the F1 generation were the doses of 45 Gy and 50 Gy for male and female. For adults doses of 40 Gy and 45 Gy were sterilizing for males and females. For the competitiveness test, the proportion of 10 sterile males: 1 Non-irradiated male: 1 Non-irradiated caused 92.2% unviable eggs, at the dose of 50 Gy. The longevity of males was reduced when pupae and adults were irradiated with a dose of 40 Gy.

No mundo todo, o manejo integrado de moscas-das-frutas é feito com associação do controle biológico aplicado e técnica do inseto estéril. Além da boa eficiência no campo, a associação dessas técnicas é também favorecida pelo fato de ambos os organismos, insetos estéreis e parasitoides, poderem ser produzidos massalmente na mesma fábrica com menor custo. Visando à produção massal do parasitoide de moscas-das-frutas Diachasmimorpha longicaudata e de insetos estéreis para atender a programas de manejo integrado de Ceratitis capitata e Anastrepha fraterculus, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), da Universidade de São Paulo, entre os anos de 2006 a 2012. Durante esse período, metodologias de criação em laboratório foram implementadas e permitiram o desenvolvimento da tecnologia necessária para a produção desses insetos em grande escala no Brasil. Dados de 25 gerações do parasitoide produzido em grande escala em C. capitata tsl-Viena 8 e 51 gerações em A. fraterculus, bem como os efeitos e diferenças desses hospedeiros na qualidade do parasitoide foram analisados. É possível criar o parasitoide D. longicaudata em ambos os hospedeiros, C. capitata linhagem tsl-Viena 8 e A. fraterculus, entretanto essa linhagem de C. capitata não é indicada para produção massal do parasitoide, pois a emergência é muito baixa devido à debilidade do hospedeiro, possivelmente acarretada pelas manipulações genéticas que permitem a sexagem da mosca na fase embrionária. Caso essa seja a linhagem com melhor custo/ benefício disponível, recomenda-se o uso de larvas hospedeiras oriundas de ovos tratados termicamente para a produção do parasitoide. A criação em grande escala de A. fraterculus foi estabelecida com sucesso após o período de domesticação da espécie, obtendo-se larvas de boa qualidade com baixo custo, devido à dieta larval com baixa concentração de ágar e total uso de ingredientes nacionais nas dietas de adultos e larvas, por mais de 50 gerações. O uso de larvas irradiadas de A. fraterculus para a produção de D. longicaudata promove maior emergência do parasitoide, com maior quantidade e melhor qualidade de fêmeas que larvas de C. capitata. / The integrated management of fruit flies is worldwide done with the association of augmentative biological control with parasitoids and the sterile insect technique. Beyond the efficiency in the field, the joint of both techniques is also favored by the easy production of organisms, both parasitoids and sterile insects, in the same facility with low costs. Aiming for the mass production of the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and sterile insects to support integrated management programs for Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha fraterculus, this work was developed at the Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA) of the University of São Paulo, between 2006 and 2012. Along this period, laboratory rearing methods were improved which allowed the development of the required technology for a large scale production of those insects in Brazil. Data of 25 generations of the parasitoid large scale production using C. capitata tsl-Vienna 8 strain and 51 generations using A. fraterculus as hosts are presented. Moreover, the effect and differences between hosts in parasitoid\'s quality were analyzed. The parasitoid D. longicaudata can be large scale produced using both C. capitata tsl- Vienna 8 or A. fraterculus as hosts, but this strain of C. capitata is not recommended for D. longicaudata mass production once the parasitoid emergency is very low due to the host weakness. If this strain is the best cost/benefit available, the use of host larvae originating from heat treated eggs might be considered to parasitoids production. The A. fraterculus large scale rearing was established successfully after the domestication period of the specie, producing a large amount of insects with excellent quality using local ingredients and little agar in the diet composition over 50 generations. A. fraterculus irradiated larvae as host for large scale producing D. longicaudata promotes greater parasitoid emergence with greater female biased sex ratio and better female quality than C.capitata larvae.

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is the major Ca2+ entry pathway in most non-excitable cells maintaining prolonged elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels required for gene transcription. SOCE is activated by the loss of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ through stromal interaction molecules (STIM), ER-membrane associated Ca2+ sensors. In humans, STIM1 and STIM2 share 65% sequence similarity but differentially regulate SOCE. Biophysical studies on the luminal Ca2+-binding region suggests that STIM2 EF-SAM is more stable than STIM1. The NMR structure of Ca2+-loaded STIM2 EF-SAM determined in this work suggests a more stable SAM and a tighter EF-hand and SAM interaction in STIM2 may be account for its higher stability. Chimeric swapping of the EF-hand and SAM domains generates an unstable ES211. Introducing ES211 into cherryFP-STIM1 shows constitutive puncta which activate SOCE independent of ER depletion. The current work demonstrates that the instability of the EF-SAM plays an important role in regulating SOCE initiation.

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is the major Ca2+ entry pathway in most non-excitable cells maintaining prolonged elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels required for gene transcription. SOCE is activated by the loss of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ through stromal interaction molecules (STIM), ER-membrane associated Ca2+ sensors. In humans, STIM1 and STIM2 share 65% sequence similarity but differentially regulate SOCE. Biophysical studies on the luminal Ca2+-binding region suggests that STIM2 EF-SAM is more stable than STIM1. The NMR structure of Ca2+-loaded STIM2 EF-SAM determined in this work suggests a more stable SAM and a tighter EF-hand and SAM interaction in STIM2 may be account for its higher stability. Chimeric swapping of the EF-hand and SAM domains generates an unstable ES211. Introducing ES211 into cherryFP-STIM1 shows constitutive puncta which activate SOCE independent of ER depletion. The current work demonstrates that the instability of the EF-SAM plays an important role in regulating SOCE initiation.

L'expérience STEREO a été proposé afin de donner une réponse sans ambiguïté àl'idée d'un état de neutrino stérile léger ($Delta m^{2}sim 1eV^{2}$) comme l'origine del'anomalie réacteur des antineutrinos. Le but de l'expérience est de confirmer ou de rejetercette hypothèse en recherchant un patron d'oscillation à courte distance (9-11 m) dans lespectre en énergie des $overline{nu_{e}}$'s émis par le réacteur nucléaire de recherchede l'Institut Laue-Langevin à Grenoble (France). A cet effet, le détecteur estcomposé de 2 tonnes du liquide scintillant dopé au Gd et lu par un réseau detubes photomultiplicateurs, et est segmenté en 6 cellules dans la direction depropagation des antineutrinos. Les $overline{nu_{e}}$'s sont détectés par le processusIBD en observant un signal corrélé dans letemps d'un dépôt d'énergie rapide d'un positron et un signal retardé produitpar la capture d'un neutron. La mesure des petites oscillations deformantle spectre d'énergie des antineutrinos nécessite une bonne résolution en énergieet une excellente connaissance de la réponse du détecteur. Ce manuscrit présenteune étude de simulation détaillée basée sur le logiciel Geant4 STEREO, ce quia permis le développement du système de calibration par sources. Ce système aété conçu pour répondre à toutes les exigences physiques de STEREO: calibrerl'échelle de l'énergie et de l'efficacité de capture de neutrons au niveau de 2%,connaître la réponse en énergie dans le spectre d'énergie réacteur antineutrino(1-8 MeV), étudier et la caractériser la réponse et des non-uniformités dudétecteur. A cet effet, on propose un système de calibration consistant en trois sous-systèmes:un sous-système automatisé pour déplacer des sources radioactives autour dudétecteur pour calibrer l'échelle en énergie dans chaque cellule de manièreindépendante. Un second sous-système pour déplacer une source AmBe sous ledétecteur, dont l'objectif est d'inter-calibrerl'efficacité de capture de neutrons entre les cellules. Enfin, un troisième systèmemanuel qui consistent en trois tubes de calibration placés à l'intérieur du liquidescintillante pour évaluer l'efficacité absolue de la capture des neutrons danstrois cellules différentes. La dernièrepartie de ce manuscrit est consacré à l'étude et la caractérisation du bruite de fond gammaet les signaux neutrino attendus. / The STEREO experiment has been proposed to give an unambiguous responseto the hypothesis of a light sterile neutrino state ($Delta m^{2}sim 1 eV^{2}$)as the origin of the reactor antineutrino anomaly. Its goal is to confirm or reject thishypothesis by searching at short distance (9-11 m) for a neutrino oscillation patternin the energy spectrum of the $overline{nu_{e}}$’s emitted by the research nuclear reactorof the Laue-Langevin Institute in Grenoble (France). To this end, the detector iscomposed of 2 tons of Gd-loaded liquid scintillator read out by an array of PMTs, andis segmented in 6 cells in the direction of the $overline{nu_{e}}$’s propagation. Antineutrinosare detected via the IBD process by observing a time correlatedsignal composed of a prompt energy deposit from a positron and a delayed signal produced bythe neutron capture. Measuring small oscillations superimposed on the reactor antineutrinoenergy spectrum requires a good energy resolution and an excellent knowledge ofthe detector response. This manuscript presents a dedicated Geant4 simulation studyof a calibration system based on radioactive sources.This system has been conceived to fulfill all the STEREO physics requirements:calibrating the energy scale and the neutron capture efficiency at the 2 % level,knowing the energy response in the reactor antineutrino energy spectrum (0-8 MeV),and characterizing the detector response in a broader sense (non-uniformities, non-linearity,particle identification, etc). To this end, we proposethree calibration subsystems: one automated subsystem to moveradioactive sources around the detector, whose main role is to calibrate the energy scale in each cellindependently; a second subsystem to inter-calibrate the neutron captureefficiency between cells by moving an AmBe source under the detector; and finally,a third subsystem consisting in three manualcalibration tubes inside the liquid scintillator, necessary to assess the absolute neutron captureefficiency inside three different cells. The final part of this manuscript is devoted tothe study of the selection criteria, and the proposal of methods to reject the expected gammabackground.

Charge les instruments utilisés lors d’une intervention chirurgicale et réalise les opérations depréparation des Dispositifs Médicaux Stériles (DMS). Ces opérations sont tracées par un logiciel detraçabilité du processus. Actuellement, l’unité d’oeuvre tracée correspond au contenant disposantd’un code à barres, mais pas au contenu, c’est-à-dire à l’instrument individuel. Différentestechnologies permettraient d’effectuer cette traçabilité : codes data matrix gravés ou collés outranspondeurs RFID. L’analyse que nous avons conduite a procédé en deux temps : une recherchede l’état de l’art dans le domaine des systèmes de traçabilité et de la gestion des risques, puis uneanalyse fonctionnelle du système de préparation des DMS en déterminant les situations dangereusesà chaque phase. La méthode de gestion des risques choisie est l’Analyse Préliminaire des Risques(APR) qui comporte la définition du système puis l’élaboration de la cartographie des situationsdangereuses puis l’analyse, l’évaluation et le traitement des risques initiaux et résiduels. Pour lamettre en oeuvre nous avons procédé à la définition des échelles de gravité, de vraisemblance, decriticité, d’effort et la définition de la matrice de criticité. Nous avons ensuite réalisé l’analyse desrisques relatifs aux scénarios d’accident associés à chaque situation dangereuse identifiée dans lapremière étape, la construction des cartographies et l’élaboration du catalogue des paramètres desécurité. Cette analyse a permis d’évaluer l’apport de la traçabilité à l’instrument chirurgical dans laréduction des risques d’une UFSC et de déterminer quelle technologie actuelle répond le mieux ànos besoins. / The Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) of a hospital takes care of the surgical instrumentsused during a surgical operation and realizes their sterilization. A software is used to track and traceall the steps of this process. Actually, the tracking unity is the packaging, but not the contents(medical devices). Various technologies could be used to do this traceability: data matrix codes orRFID transponders. We led this analysis in two steps: a research of the state of the art in the field oftraceability system and of the risk management. A functional analysis was done to identify allpotential hazards and accidental events that may lead to an accident related to the sterilizationprocess. The method of risk management used is the Preliminary Hazard Analysis which led todefine and describe the system to be analyzed, to design of the hazard checklist, to define severityclasses, frequency, effort and risk matrix, then build the hazardous situation mapping and the riskmapping for each event and the elaboration of the follow up actions with the catalogue of safetyparameters. This analysis allowed us to estimate the contribution of the traceability of surgicalinstruments in the reduction of the risks of a CSSD and to determine the current technology thatanswers best our needs.

Depuis 2011, la réévaluation de plus d’une vingtaine de mesures de flux de neutrinos de réacteur mesurés à courtes distances suggère la présence d’un déficit de 7 % par rapport aux prédictions. Cette anomalie est statistiquement significative à environ 3 sigmas, tout comme une autre anomalie similaire correspondant à l’observation d’un déficit de neutrinos émis par des sources intenses de désintégrations beta. Ces anomalies peuvent être expliquées soit par un biais dans la prédiction des flux de neutrinos, soit par l’existence d’un nouvel état de neutrino, un neutrino stérile léger, vers lequel les trois neutrinos du modèle standard pourraient osciller. Ce nouveau neutrino, n’interagissant pas par interaction faible, serait uniquement « visible » grâce à ces oscillations. L’objectif de l’expérience STEREO est de répondre à la question de l’existence d'un neutrino stérile avec une masse de l’ordre de 1 eV, en utilisant le flux de neutrinos émis par le réacteur de recherche de l’« Institut Laue-Langevin » (ILL) à Grenoble, en France. Pour cela, le détecteur STEREO est segmenté en 6 cellules afin de mesurer l’hypothétique distorsion du spectre en énergie des neutrinos en fonction de la distance au réacteur (entre 9 et 11m de distance). Après quelques années de construction du détecteur et de préparation, l’expérience STEREO a pu commencer la prise de données en novembre 2016 avec une premier période d’acquisition qui s’est terminée en mars 2017. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans ces deux périodes distinctes de l’expérience STEREO. Une première partie a été consacrée à la caractérisation et la validation de l’électronique tout au long du processus de développement jusqu’à sa conception finale. Dans ce cadre, une méthode de mesure de la linéarité de la réponse en charge des photomultiplicateurs et de leurs embases a été développée avec une précision meilleure que 1 %, pour répondre au exigence de sensibilité à l’hypothèse d’un neutrino stérile. Cette exigence a d'ailleurs été validée par une analyse statistique de l’expérience. Une deuxième partie de la thèse a concerné l’analyse des premières données et plus particulièrement, l’identification des différents types de bruit de fond et la recherche des candidats neutrinos. / Since 2011, the re-evaluation of about twenty neutrino flux measurements at short distance from reactors suggests a deficit of about 7 % with respect to predictions. This anomaly has a 3 sigmas significance, as another similar anomaly which corresponds to the deficit of neutrinos emitted from intense source of beta-decay. These anomalies could be explain either by a bias in the flux prediction or by the existence of a new neutrino state, a light sterile neutrino, possibly mixing with the three neutrino states of the standard model. This new neutrino, with no ordinary weak interaction, could only be “visible” via the neutrino oscillation. The STEREO experiment goal is to answer the question of the sterile neutrino existence with mass around 1 eV, using neutrino flux emitted from the research reactor of the « Institut Laue-Langevin » (ILL) at Grenoble, France. To achieve this, the STEREO detector is segmented in 6 cells to measure a hypothetical distortion of the neutrino energy spectrum at different distances from the reactor (between 9 et 11m). Afters few years of detector construction and preparation, the STEREO experiment has started taking data in November 2016 with a first period over in Mars 2017. This thesis took place during two distinct phases of the STEREO experiment. A first part was dedicated to the characterisation and the validation of the electronics, during all its development process until its final conception. In this context, a method to measure the charge response linearity of photomultipliers and their bases, with a precision better than 1 %, has been developed, in order to fulfill the desired sensitivity to the light sterile neutrino hypothesis. This requirement on the precision has been validated by a statistical analysis of the experiment. The second part of the thesis was devoted to the analysis of the first data and more particularly to the identification of the different kinds of background and to the search of neutrino candidates.

As moscas-das-frutas são consideradas importantes pragas da fruticultura mundial, causando perdas significativas à produção e ao livre trânsito de frutas. Com a preferência por alimentos com baixos níveis de agrotóxicos, pesquisas estão buscando alternativas ecológica, social e econômica viáveis para o controle destas pragas. A Técnica do Inseto estéril (TIE) é uma técnica onde os insetos são criados, esterilizados e liberados em áreas infestadas, reduzindo a fertilidade da população selvagem, além de ser um método não poluente e não agressivo ao ambiente. Com o desenvolvimento de novos estudos da metodologia da TIE, foi introduzida uma nova linhagem mutante a Sensibilidade a Letal Temperatura (tsl) Viena-8, cujas fêmeas são sensíveis à alta temperatura, podendo ser eliminadas já na fase embrionária, no início da criação massal, agregando mais benefícios a este método de controle e/ou supressão de praga. Com diferentes testes de incubação de ovos da linhagem tsl, com temperaturas e tempos combinados e variados, comprovou-se a extrema sensibilidade às mudanças de temperatura. A temperatura ideal para a incubação dos ovos dessa linhagem está entre 24ºC a 26ºC pelo período de 24 a 48 horas. Deve-se tomar o máximo de cuidado com a elevação da temperatura acima de 26ºC durante a manutenção e multiplicação dessa linhagem em condições de laboratório ou massalmente. Acima de 26ºC, há sérios riscos de comprometer a qualidade dos insetos produzidos. O curto período de 6 horas a uma temperatura de 34ºC, já é suficiente para alterar negativamente a proporção de fêmeas de ovos tratados termicamente / The fruit flies are considered important pests of the world horticulture, causing significant loses to the production and the free traffic of fruits. With the preference for foods with low levels of pesticides, researches are looking for alternatives ecological, social and economical viable for the control of these pests. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a technique where the insects are reared, sterilized and release in infested areas, reducing the fertility of the wild population, and is a method no pollutant and no aggressive to the environment. With the development of new studies of the methodology of SIT, a new mutation, Temperature Sensitive Lethal (tsl) Vienna 8, whose females are sensitive to the high temperature, could already be eliminated in the embryonic phase, in the beginning of the mass-rearing, resulting in more benefits to the control/suppression this pests. Different tests of incubation with eggs of tsl strain, with variation of time and temperature was done and proved a very sensitive to temperature changes. The ideal temperature for the incubation of the eggs is among 24ºC to 26ºC by the period from 24 to 48 hours. The maximum of care should be taken with the elevation of the temperature above 26ºC during the maintenance and multiplication in laboratory conditions or mass-rearing. Above this temperature it can commit the quality of the produced insects. The short period of 6 hours with temperature to 34ºC, is enough to change negatively the proportion of females of eggs in the thermal treatment

Desde a década de 50, os cientistas tem utilizado radiação ionizante para esterilizar insetos, que são liberados na natureza para acasalar, mas sem nenhuma descendência. Conhecida como a técnica do inseto estéril (TIE), este método de controle de inseto vem tradicionalmente utilizando radiações ionizantes para esterilizar os insetos, sendo uma técnica que não gera resíduo, e pode agir em sinergia com as demais técnicas dentro do manejo integrado de pragas. O Brasil por vários anos vem lutando contra o aumento de pragas, introduzindo novas táticas e técnicas dentro dos programas de MIP, para driblar a resistência dos produtos químicos, como: diminuir os resíduos dos agrotóxicos; para algumas culturas importantes do o nosso país, temos um largo espectro de pragas ocorrendo do inicio ao fim da colheita, uma delas é a cultura do algodoeiro e dentre as pragas chave dessa cultura, temos algumas lagartas extremamente importantes, entre elas Heliothis virescens e Helicoverpa armigera. Essas espécies são parecidas morfologicamente, sendo a segunda identificada a poucos anos aqui no Brasil. Ainda não há trabalhos no Brasil utilizando TIE como ferramenta adicional para lepidópteros, portanto objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o efeito de doses de radiação gama nas diferentes fases do ciclo evolutivo de Heliothis virescens e Helicoverpa armigera, bem como avaliar a esterilidade na geração P e a capacidade de competição dos insetos irradiados com os não irradiados. A fase pupa foi a que apresentou um melhor resultado, pois com 75 Gy atingiu a esterilidade em Heliothis virecens e 100 Gy esterilizou Helicoverpa armigera, portanto contemplou a fase e a dose escolhida para avaliar a competição entre os insetos irradiados e os insetos normais de ambas as espécies. E tanto Heliothis virecens como Helicoverpa armigera apresentaram um resultado satisfatório, pois os insetos irradiados conseguiram reduzir significativamente a viabilidade dos ovos na proporção de 9: 1: 1 / Since the 1950s, scientists have used ionizing radiation to sterilize insects, which are released in nature to mate, but without any progeny. Known as the sterile insect technique (TIE), this method of insect control has traditionally used ionizing radiation to sterilize insects, a technique that does not generate residues, and can act in synergy with the other techniques within integrated pest management. For several years, Brazil has been fighting against the increase of pests, introducing new tactics and techniques within the IPM programs, to overcome the resistance of chemical products, such as: reducing the residues of agrochemicals; For some important crops of our country, we have a wide spectrum of pests occurring from the beginning to the end of the harvest, one of them is the cotton crop and among the key pests of this crop, we have some extremely important caterpillars, among them Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa armigera These species are morphologically similar, the second being identified a few years ago in Brazil. There are still no studies in Brazil using TIE as an additional tool for Lepidoptera, therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of doses of gamma radiation in the different phases of the evolutionary cycle of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa armigera, as well as to evaluate the sterility in generation P And the ability of insects to irradiate with non-irradiated insects. The pupal phase presented the best result because 75 Gy achieved sterility in Heliothis virecens and 100 Gy sterilized Helicoverpa armigera, therefore it contemplated the phase and dose chosen to evaluate the competition between the irradiated insects and the normal insects of both species. Both Heliothis virecens and Helicoverpa armigera presented a satisfactory result, as the irradiated insects managed to significantly reduce the viability of the eggs in a ratio of 9: 1: 1