Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2552.pdf: 3720513 bytes, checksum: fef1e4e66d1cfc987b00426d1ca179d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-24 / The main concern of this work is related to the development of an aggregate production planning model of a cooperative society of sugar and alcohol milling companies. This mathematical model is based on a hierarquical approach between the annual planning problem of the cooperative and the tactical planning horizon of the sugarcane mills. In the cooperative level the main questions are related to the allocation of production goals to each mill and the management of inventory and dynamic demands. In the milling companies level a process selection model aims at helping the decision makers to determine the quantity of sugarcane crushed, the selection of sugarcane suppliers, the selection of sugarcane transport system suppliers, the selection of industrial process used in the sugar, alcohol, molasses and energy production. Besides that, this work presents an analysis of the impact of uncertainties in the aggregate planning problem parameters, using robust optimization techniques. To solve the linear and mixed integer mathematical problem found in this modeling, we applied a state of the art modelling language with an optimization solver. A case study was developed in a cooperative of sugar and alcohol milling companies located in the state of Alagoas- Brazil and at Santa Clotilde mill, located in the city of Rio Largo-AL. The results of this case study helped us to verify the applicability of the proposed models in the aggregate production planning of the studied organizations. Computational results are presented and analyzed with real data application. / O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver modelos de programação matemática para o planejamento agregado da produção em usinas cooperadas do setor sucroenergético. Os modelos desenvolvidos devem considerar a relação hierárquica existente entre o planejamento anual de toda a cooperativa e o planejamento tático de safra de uma das usinas cooperadas. No nível de decisão da cooperativa o modelo deve indicar a meta de produção de cada usina e definir a política de estocagem e de atendimento da demanda. No nível de decisão da usina o modelo deve sugerir a quantidade de cana-de-açúcar colhida por fornecedor, a quantidade de cana transportada por prestador de serviço, a seleção dos processos de produção de açúcar, álcool, melaço e energia elétrica. Além disso, esta tese explora a aplicação de técnicas de otimização robusta para tratar incertezas inerentes aos parâmetros utilizados no processo decisório da cooperativa e de cada usina. Para resolver os modelos de programação linear e programação inteira mista, utilizou-se uma linguagem de modelagem algébrica e um solver de última geração de programação matemática. Um estudo de caso foi realizado na cooperativa regional dos produtores de açúcar e álcool do estado de Alagoas e na usina cooperada Santa Clotilde, localizada no município de Rio Largo-AL. Neste estudo, foi possível verificar a adequação dos modelos propostos quando aplicados para apoiar decisões envolvidas no planejamento agregado da produção das organizações estudadas. Resultados computacionais são apresentados e analisados, comparando o planejamento executado pelas empresas e os resultados obtidos com a modelagem.

Le problème de dimensionnement et planification d'agents en centre d'appels consiste à déterminer sur une période le nombre d'interlocuteurs requis afin d'atteindre la qualité de service exigée et minimiser les coûts induits. Ce sujet fait l'objet d'un intérêt croissant pour son intérêt théorique mais aussi pour l'impact applicatif qu'il peut avoir. Le but de cette thèse est d'établir des approches en contraintes en probabilités en considérant l'incertitude de la demande.Tout d'abord, la thèse présente un modèle en problème d'optimisation stochastique avec contrainte en probabilité jointe traitant la problématique complète en une étape afin d'obtenir un programme facile à résoudre. Une approche basée sur l'idée de continuité est proposée grâce à des lois de probabilité continues, une nouvelle relation entre les taux d'arrivées et les besoins théoriques et la linéarisation de contraintes. La répartition du risque global est faite pendant le processus d'optimisation, permettant une solution au coût réduit. Ces solutions résultantes respectent le niveau de risque tout en diminuant le coût par rapport à d'autres approches.De plus, le modèle en une étape est étendu pour améliorer sa représentation de la réalité. D'une part, le modèle de file d'attente est amélioré et inclus la patience limitée des clients. D'autre part, une nouvelle expression de l'incertitude est proposée pour prendre la dépendance des périodes en compte.Enfin, une nouvelle représentation de l'incertitude est considérée. L'approche distributionally robust permet de modéliser le problème sous l'hypothèse que la loi de probabilité adéquate est inconnue et fait partie d'un ensemble de lois, défini par une moyenne et une variance données. Le problème est modélisé par une contrainte en probabilité jointe. Le risque à chaque période est définie par une variable à optimiser.Un problème déterministe équivalent est proposé et des approximations linéaires permettent d'obtenir une formulation d'optimisation linéaire. / The staffing and shift-scheduling problems in call centers consist in deciding how many agents handling the calls should be assigned to work during a given period in order to reach the required Quality of Service and minimize the costs. These problems are subject to a growing interest, both for their interesting theoritical formulation and their possible applicative effects. This thesis aims at proposing chance-constrained approaches considering uncertainty on demand forecasts.First, this thesis proposes a model solving the problems in one step through a joint chance-constrained stochastic program, providing a cost-reducing solution. A continuous-based approach leading to an easily-tractable optimization program is formulated with random variables following continuous distributions, a new continuous relation between arrival rates and theoritical real agent numbers and constraint linearizations. The global risk level is dynamically shared among the periods during the optimization process, providing reduced-cost solution. The resulting solutions respect the targeted risk level while reducing the cost compared to other approaches.Moreover, this model is extended so that it provides a better representation of real situations. First, the queuing system model is improved and consider the limited patience of customers. Second, another formulation of uncertainty is proposed so that the period correlation is considered.Finally, another uncertainty representation is proposed. The distributionally robust approach provides a formulation while assuming that the correct probability distribution is unknown and belongs to a set of possible distributions defined by given mean and variance. The problem is formulated with a joint chance constraint. The risk at each period is a decision variable to be optimized. A deterministic equivalent problem is proposed. An easily-tractable mixed-integer linear formulation is obtained through piecewise linearizations.

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit portent sur la conception des lignes de désassemblageen contexte incertain. Une ligne de désassemblage consiste en unesuccession de postes de travail où les tâches sont exécutées séquentiellement au niveau de chaque poste. La conception d'un tel système, de revalorisationdes produits en fin de vie, peut être ramenée à un problème d'optimisation combinatoire.Ce dernier cherche à obtenir une configuration permettant d'optimiser certains objectifs enrespectant des contraintes techniques, économiques et écologiques.Dans un premier temps, nous décrivons les activités principales de la revalorisation des produitsen fin de vie, en particulier le désassemblage. Puis, après présentation des travaux de la littératureportant sur la prise en compte des incertitudes des durées opératoires lors de la conception des lignesde production, nous nous focalisons sur l'étude des incertitudes des durées opératoires des tâches de désassemblage.Ainsi, nous présentons trois modélisations principales avec leurs approches de résolution.La première s'intéresse à la minimisation des arrêts de la ligne causés par les incertitudes des durées des opérationsde désassemblage. La deuxième cherche à garantir un niveau opérationnel de la ligne lié à sa cadence de fonctionnement.Le but de la troisième modélisation est l'intégration des problématiques de conception des ligneset de séquencement des tâches de désassemblage. Enfin, les performances des méthodes de résolutionproposées sont présentées en analysant les résultats d'optimisation sur un ensemble d'instances de taille industrielle. / This thesis is dedicated to the problem of disassembly line design in uncertain context. A disassembly linecan be represented as a succession of workstations where tasks are performed sequentially at each workstation.The design of such a product recovery system can be reduced to a combinatorial optimization problem which seeksa line configuration that optimizes certain objectives under technical, economical and environmental constraints.We begin by describing the principal product recovery activities especially disassembly. Then, after a literaturereview on the design of production lines under uncertainty of task processing times, we focus our study on the consideration of the disassembly task time uncertainties. Hence, we present three main models as well as the associatedsolution approaches. The first one is interested in minimizing the line stoppages caused by the task processing timeuncertainties. The second one seeks to guarantee an operational level closely related with the line speed. The goal of thethird model is to integrate the line design and sequencing problems. At last, the performances of the proposed solutionapproaches are presented by analyzing the optimization results on a set of instances of industrial size.

The diploma thesis deals with mathematical modeling of the resource allocation problem in an energy system with respect to technical parameters of the used resources. The model includes random input variables affecting the amount of demand and constraints related to associated risks. The thesis addresses control of the operation of various types of boilers and also extends the system with a heat storage tank examining its impact on the behavior of the system and achieved results. The optimization model is based on a multi-period two-stage scenario model of stochastic programming and works with simulated data, which combines real data, statistically determined estimates, and the use of logistic regression. The implementation utilizes GAMS software. When comparing the achieved results with the current state, it was found that the heat storage tank has a positive effect on the function of the system as it allows for extended usage of the cheaper unregulated sources by storing surplus heat, and thus helps to reduce the overall costs of the system.

The diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of using the optimization modelling software system GAMS in risk management. According to the assignment, emphasis is placed on a detailed approach to the program for those, who are interested in its use in the field of risk engineering applications. The first part of the thesis contains the knowledge to understand what the GAMS program is and what it is used for. The next part of the work provides instructions on how to download, install, activate the program and what the user interface of the program looks like. Thanks to mathematical programming, it will be explained on a project on the distribution of lung ventilators, what basic approaches may be used in risk modelling in the GAMS program on a deterministic model. The following are more complex wait-and-see models, which contains the probability parameters and here-and-now models, where we work with demand scenarios and verify whether if they meets the requirements of other scenarios or calculate costs for the highest demands. The two-stage model is also one of the here-and-now models, but it is significantly more complex in its size and range of input data, it includes additional price parameters for added or removed pieces of lung ventilators from the order.

[pt] Nesta tese é abordado o problema de planejamento de investimentos para a cadeia de fornecimento de petróleo sob incerteza. Neste contexto, um modelo de programação estocástica de dois estágios é formulado e resolvido. Tal modelo busca representar com precisão as características particulares que são inerentes ao planejamento de investimentos para a infra-estrutura logística de petróleo. A incorporação da incerteza neste contexto inevitavelmente aumenta a complexidade do problema, o qual se torna rapidamente intratável conforme cresce o número de cenários. Tal dificuldade é contornada baseando-se na aproximação por média amostral (AMA) para controlar o número de cenários necessários para atingir um nível pré-especificado de tolerância em relação à qualidade da solução. Além disso, é considerado o desenvolvimento de técnicas que resolvam de maneira eficiente o problema, explorando sua estrutura especial, através de decomposiçãoo por cenários. Seguindo esta ideia, propõe-se duas novas abordagens para decompor o problema de forma que o mesmo possa ser eficientemente resolvido. O primeiro algoritmo é baseado na decomposição estocástica de Benders, a qual é aprimorada usando-se novas técnicas de aceleração propostas. O segundo consiste de um novo algoritmo baseado em decomposição Lagrangeana que foi projetado para lidar com o caso onde temos variáveis inteiras no problema de segundo estágio. A característica inovadora desse algoritmo está relacionada com a estratégia híbrida utilizada para atualizar os multiplicadores de Lagrange, combinando subgradientes, planos de cortes e regiões de confiança. Em ambos os casos as abordagens propostas foram avaliadas considerando um exemplo de grande escala do mundo real e os resultados sugerem que os mesmos apresentam desempenho superior quando comparados com outras técnicas disponíveis na literatura. / [en] In this thesis we investigate the investment planning problem for the petroleum supply chain under demand uncertainty. We formulate and solve a two-stage stochastic programming model that seeks to accurately represent the particular features that are inherent to the investment planning for the petroleum logistics infrastructure. The incorporation of uncertainty in this case inevitably increases the complexity of the problem, which becomes quickly intractable as the number of scenarios grows. We circumvent this drawback by relying on Sample Average Approximation (SAA) to control the number of scenarios required to reach a prespecified level of tolerance regarding solution quality. We also focus on efficiently solving the stochastic programming problem, exploiting its particular structure by means of a scenario-wise decomposition. Following this idea, we propose two novel approaches that focus on decomposing the problem in a way that it could be efficiently solved. The first algorithm is based on stochastic Benders decomposition, which we further improve by using new acceleration techniques proposed in this study. The second is a novel algorithm based on Lagrangean decomposition that was designed to deal with the case where we have integer variables in the second-stage problem. The novel feature in this algorithm is related with the hybrid strategy for updating the Lagrange multipliers, which combines subgradient, cutting-planes and trust region ideas. In both cases, we have assessed the proposed approaches considering a large-scale realworld instances of the problem. Results suggests that they attain superior performance.

Two-stage stochastic programming problem with PDE constraint, specially elliptic equation is formulated. The computational scheme is proposed, whereas the emphasis is put on approximation techniques. We introduce method of approximation of random variables of stochastic problem and utilize suitable numerical methods, finite difference method first, then finite element method. There is also formulated a mathematical programming problem describing a membrane deflection with random load. It is followed by determination of the acceptableness of using stochastic optimization rather than deterministic problem and assess the quality of approximations based on Monte Carlo simulation method and the theory of interval estimates. The resulting mathematical models are implemented and solved in the general algebraic modeling system GAMS. Graphical and numerical results are presented.

The thesis is focused on the optimization of models of transportation and transshipment problem with random demand, additional edges, and dynamic pricing. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces mathematical models of transportation. The software GAMS, which is used for the solution, is all so described. The practical part is a split among chapters and implements the described models by using real data.

The thesis deals with recent problems of waste management in the Czech Republic. In connection with the existing software implementation, the author focuses on the gradual development of advanced mathematical programming models, which generalize existing approaches. The author applies acquired knowledge in the areas of network flows, linear, integer, and stochastic programming. The important role is played by modifications and transformations of the discussed models. They are further used to obtain the experimental results for real-world input data by implementation in GAMS.

Cotutelle avec l'Université de Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, France. Laboratoire d'accueil: Laboratoire de recherche de l'École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile (ENAC), équipe OPTIM, Toulouse, France. / Dans le contexte d'une augmentation soutenue du trafic aérien et d'une faible marge d'expansion des capacités aéroportuaires, la pression s'accroît sur les aéroports les plus fréquentés pour une utilisation optimale de leur infrastructure, telle que les pistes, reconnues comme le goulot d'étranglement des opérations aériennes. De ce besoin opérationnel est né le problème d'ordonnancement des atterrissages d'avions, consistant à trouver pour les avions se présentant à un aéroport la séquence et les heures d'atterrissage optimales par rapport à certains critères (utilisation des pistes, coût total des retards, etc) tout en respectant des contraintes opérationnelles et de sécurité. En réponse à ce besoin également, depuis les années 1990 aux États-Unis et en Europe, des outils d'aide à la décision ont été mis à la disposition des contrôleurs aériens, afin de les assister dans leur tâche d'assurer la sécurité et surtout la performance des flux d'arrivée. Un certain nombre de travaux de recherche se sont focalisés sur le cas déterministe et statique du problème d'atterrissage d'avions. Cependant, le problème plus réaliste, de nature stochastique et dynamique, a reçu une attention moindre dans la littérature. De plus, dans le cadre du projet européen de modernisation des systèmes de gestion de trafic aérien, il a été proposé d’étendre l’horizon opérationnel des outils d’aide à la décision de manière à prendre en compte les avions plus loin de l'aéroport de destination. Cette extension de l'horizon opérationnel promet une meilleure gestion des flux d'arrivées via un ordonnancement précoce plus efficient. Néanmoins, elle est inévitablement accompagnée d'une détérioration de la qualité des données d'entrée, rendant indispensable la prise en compte de leur stochasticité. L’objectif de cette thèse est l’ordonnancement des arrivées d’avions, dans le cadre d'un horizon opérationnel étendu, où les heures effectives d'arrivée des avions sont incertaines. Plus précisément, nous proposons une approche basée sur la programmation stochastique à deux étapes. En première étape, les avions sont pris en considération à 2-3 heures de leur atterrissage prévu à l'aéroport de destination. Il s'agit de les ordonnancer à un point de l'espace aérien aéroportuaire, appelé IAF (Initial Approach Fix). Les heures effectives de passage à ce point sont supposées suivre des distributions de probabilité connues. En pratique, cette incertitude peut engendrer un risque à la bonne séparation des avions nécessitant l'intervention des contrôleurs. Afin de limiter la charge de contrôle conséquente, nous introduisons des contraintes en probabilité traduisant le niveau de tolérance aux risques de sécurité à l'IAF après révélation de l'incertitude. La deuxième étape correspond au passage effectif des avions considérés à l'IAF. Comme l'incertitude est révélée, une décision de recours est prise afin d'ordonnancer les avions au seuil de piste en minimisant un critère de deuxième étape (charge de travail des contrôleurs, coût du retard, etc). La démonstration de faisabilité et une étude numérique de ce problème d'ordonnancement des arrivées d'avions en présence d'incertitude constituent la première contribution de la thèse. La modélisation de ce problème sous la forme d’un problème de programmation stochastique à deux étapes et sa résolution par décomposition de Benders constituent la deuxième contribution. Finalement, la troisième contribution étend le modèle proposé au cas opérationnel, plus réaliste où nous considérons plusieurs points d’approche initiale. / Airport operations are well known to be a bottleneck in the air traffic system, which puts more and more pressure on the world busiest airports to optimally schedule landings, in particular, and also – but to a smaller extent – departures. The Aircraft Landing Problem (ALP) has arisen from this operational need. ALP consists in finding for aircraft heading to a given airport a landing sequence and landing times so as to optimize some given criteria (optimizing runway utilization, minimizing delays, etc) while satisfying operational constraints (safety constraints mainly). As a reply to this operational need, decision support tools have been designed and put on service for air traffic controllers since the early nineties in the US as well as in Europe. A considerable number of publications dealing with ALP focus on the deterministic and static case. However, the aircraft landing problem arising in practice has a dynamic nature riddled with uncertainties. In addition, operational horizon of current decision support tools are to be extended so that aircraft are captured at larger distances from the airport to hopefully start the scheduling process earlier. Such a horizon extension affects the quality of input data which enlarges the uncertainty effect. In this thesis, we aim at scheduling aircraft arrivals under uncertainty. For that purpose, we propose an approach based on two-stage stochastic programming. In the first stage, aircraft are captured at a large distance from the destination airport. They are to be scheduled on the same initial approach fix (IAF), a reference point in the near-to-airport area where aircraft start their approach phase preparing for landing. Actual IAF arrival times are assumed to be random variables with known probability distributions. In practice, such an uncertainty may cause loss of safety separations between aircraft. In such situations, air traffic controllers are expected to intervene to ensure air traffic safety. In order to alleviate the consequent air traffic control workload, chance constraints are introduced so that the safety risks around the IAF are limited to an acceptable level once the uncertainty is revealed. The second stage corresponds to the situation where aircraft are actually close to the IAF. In this stage, the uncertainty is revealed and a recourse decision is made in order to schedule aircraft on the runway threshold so that a second-stage cost function is minimized (e.g., air traffic control workload, delay cost, etc). Our first contribution is a proof of concept of the extended aircraft arrival management under uncertainty and a computational study on optimization parameters and problem characteristics. Modeling this problem as a two-stage stochastic programming model and solving it by a Benders decomposition is our second contribution. Finally, our third contribution focuses on extending our model to the more realistic case, where aircraft in the first stage are scheduled on several IAFs.