This thesis analyses the effects of relative market share and the rate of market growth on the strategic characteristics and financial performance of selected companies quoted on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange over the period 1977 to 198. It is well established that business performance is partially contingent upon relative market share position and the rate of market growth. Together these variables comprise the basis of the Boston Consulting Group approach to portfolio analysis in the form of the Boston Consulting Group Growth/Share Matrix. A methodology was designed to test the validity of this matrix in measuring and predicting corporate behaviour at the business level in South Africa. Selected companies were placed into the matrix and analysed in terms of their strategic attributes (represented by selected financial ratios) and their level of performance (represented by a wide range of financial performance measures). The research findings show that relative market share and the rate of market growth have a significant impact on the strategic attributes and financial performance of South African businesses. Also, certain attributes are closely associated with particular types of performance. Therefore, given a specific performance target, management should ultimately be able to isolate and monitor the relevant strategic attributes in ensuring that the target is achieved. The analysis of contingent models of strategy is still in its infancy, but this study indicates that the field is possessed of great potential.

The graduation thesis "Analysis of stock-exchange data using AI methods" is focused on the use of neural networks while predicating the exchange-rate movements on Change. The theoretical part is divided into three independent units. The Change matters and the related individual terms are described in the first part. In the second part, the two basic approaches to the stock-exchange data analysis are analyzed, these two approaches being the fundamental and technical analysis. The third, and the last, theoretical part forms an individual unit describing the Artificial Intelligence theory. Particularly the issue of the neuronal networks is described in detail. The practical part seeks the use for the chosen neuronal network GAME. It analyses the chosen YMZ9 market. It focuses on the prediction of the exchange-rate movements using the "sliding window" method. The last chapter summarizes the results and it proves that under certain circumstances it is possible to properly use the neuronal networks both for the prediction of the stock-exchange movements and as one of the corner-stones of the profitable trading system.

Bakgrund: 2005 infördes internationella redovisningsstandarder som innebar att många företag skulle redovisa enligt goodwill i enlighet med IAS36 och därmed utföra en årlig nedskrivningsprövning av goodwill. Denna nedgångsprövning av goodwill öppnar upp för subjektiva antagande och bidrar till att företagsledare får en möjlighet att agera opportunistiskt. Tidigare studier pekar på att nedskrivningen av goodwill bland annat kan påverkas av faktorerna big bath, resultatutjämning samt VD-byten, vilket bidrar till frågeställningen: Kan intressenter lita på redovisningen av goodwill? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att genom att undersöka faktorer som kan påverka nedskrivning av goodwill förklarar huruvida intressenter kan lita på företag på Stockholmsbörsens redovisning av goodwill. Syftet är även att förklara huruvida redovisning av goodwillnedskrivning på Stockholmsbörsen uppfyller IASB:s krav på neutralitet. Metod: Studien innefattar en kvantitativ metod med abduktiv ansats. För att uppfylla syftet samlades data in från 90 slumpmässigt utvalda bolag. För att analysera detta användes multivariata regressioner i form av tobit regressionsanalys samt logistisk regressionsanalys. Analyserna utfördes både på urvalet som helhet och då urvalet var indelade utifrån vilken lista på Stockholmsbörsen de tillhört aktuellt år. Detta för att även kunna klargöra huruvida resultatet skiljer sig baserat på vilken lista företagen tillhör. Resultat och slutsatser: Vår studie visar att nedskrivning av goodwill i större utsträckning sker när resultatet är onormalt högt samt då bolag bytt VD under de två senaste räkenskapsåren. Detta betyder att intressenter inte fullt ut kan lita på företagens redovisning av goodwill. Resultatet visar även att ett VD-byte endast påverkar nedskrivning av goodwill bland urvalets minsta företag samt att resultatutjämning förekommer bland urvalets största och minsta företag men inte bland urvalets mellanstora företag. Detta indikerar att stora och små företag kan ha olika incitament att utöva resultatmanipulering. / Background: In 2005, international accounting standards were introduced, which meant that many companies would report goodwill in accordance with IAS36 and thereby perform an annual impairment test of goodwill. This impairment test of goodwill opens for subjective assumptions and contributes to business leaders being able to act opportunistically. Previous studies indicate that the impairment of goodwill can, among other things, be affected by factors like big bath, income smoothing and change of CEO. This contributes to the question: Can stakeholders trust the reporting of goodwill? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to, by examining factors that may affect the impairment of goodwill, explain whether stakeholders can trust companies listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm’s reporting of goodwill. The purpose is also to explain whether the reporting of goodwill impairment on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm meets IASB:s requirements for neutrality. Methodology: The study includes a quantitative method with an abductive approach. To fulfill the purpose, data was collected from 90 randomly selected companies listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. To analyze this, multivariate regressions were used in the form of tobit regression analysis and logistic regression analysis. These analyzes were performed both on the sample but also when the sample was divided based on which list on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm they belonged to in the current year. This was done so that it could also be clarified whether the result differs based on which list the companies belong to. Results and conclusion: Our study shows that goodwill impairment occurs in bigger extent when the results are abnormally high and when companies have changed CEO during the last 2 years. This means that stakeholders cannot fully trust the companies’ reporting of goodwill. The result also show that a change of CEO only affects the impairment of goodwill among the sample’s smallest companies and that income smoothing occurs among the largest and smallest companies in the sample but not among the middle-sized companies in the sample. This indicate that large and small companies may have different incentives to exercise earnings management.

The subject of my Master´s Thesis is the technical analysis. Teoretical part is about the approach of the theoretical issues, description of its individual methods, in the second part I'm concerned with the practical use of technical analysis in trading on the financial market and at the end of the thesis I will evaluate the effect of using the technical analysis in practice, in general also in the specific cases I investigated, I summarize its advantages and disadvantages.

This graduation theses analyse financial evidence of point stock company in years 2003 – 2005 and continue on an investment plan for years 2007 – 2016. The goal of this work is with utlization of financial analysis make a propsal and evaluate potential investment.

The aim of this work is to create an automated trading system for trading currency pairs using technical indicators and technical analysis. The proposed trading system is tested and optimized on historical price data. To verify the robustness of the proposed system was used walk-forward analysis. Automatic trading system also uses rules for position sizing and risk management of open positions. Created system is profitabel on historical price data and also in the walk-forward analysis.

The work deals with an automatic trading system and adaptive training. Is used both technical and automatic fundamental analyses, therefore as inputs to the neural network is used historical data exchanges and text data from reports. It explains the basics of trading, technical analysis and technical terms. The work deals with technical and fundamental analysis. It contains a description of algorithmic nature, program implementation and experiment with developed trading system. The selected strategy is compared to other approaches.

MCom (Cost and Management Accounting) / Department of Accountancy / The relationship between a firm’s investment behaviour, financial constraints and the level of internally generated cash flows has been a subject of extensive discussion in finance literature. The discussion revolves around the effectiveness of investment cash flow sensitivity (ICFS) as a measure of financial constraints with contradicting conclusions. Empirical literature is also not in agreement about the best firm-specific proxy to distinguish firms into financially-constrained versus financially-unconstrained ones and the effect of the 2007 to 2009 global financial crisis on the ICFS of South African firms is still to be determined. There are very limited studies that have investigated ICFS in developing economies. This is important as institutional differences and capital market developments between developed and developing economies justify a separate study of South Africa as a developing economy. This study used data drawn from 131 Johannesburg Stock Exchange listed non-financial firms for the period 2003 to 2016 to establish the most suitable criterion for distinguishing firms into financially constrained versus unconstrained, to determine the effect of the 2007 to 2009 global financial crisis on the ICFS and to determine if ICFS is a good measure of financial constraints. The data for the 131 sampled firms was obtained from the financial statements on the IRESS database. The dataset was split into constrained versus unconstrained firms using three firm specific splitting variables: firm size, cash flow holding and dividends pay-out. The data was further split into panel 1 (2003 to 2006 covering the period before the global crisis); panel 2 (2006 to 2010 covering the period including the global financial crisis period) and panel 3 (2010 to 2016 covering the post global financial crisis period). The study utilised the system generalized moments method (GMM) regression model that yields consistent estimates even with unbalanced panel data sets and the Fixed Effects estimator. The models were both implemented on STATA 15 software. Samples split based on the dividend pay-out showed the highest ICFS for financially-constrained firms before, during and after the global financial crisis period. ICFS is highest during the period including the global financial crisis years compared to samples split using firm size and cash flow holding. The study concludes that dividends pay-out is the best criterion to distinguish firms into financially-constrained versus unconstrained; the global financial crisis constrained all firms; and that ICFS can be a good measure of financial constraints. The main limitation to the study was that it used a small sample size in relation to other international studies. / NRF

This study contributes towards the ever-growing research field of sustainability reporting within the broader context of integrated reporting. Sustainability reporting is the integration of the environmental, social and economic aspects of an organisation in the communication with stakeholders. South Africa’s Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) has taken a leading role in the drive for integrated reporting. The aim of the study was to determine the quality of sustainability reporting for the JSE listed firms post the introduction of listing requirements for integrated reporting. Reports of good quality enable stakeholders to make sound decisions from the reported information. The study was limited to sustainability reporting for JSE listed firms. The theoretical lens for the study is the stakeholder theory developed by Freeman (1984). The study analyses perceptions of sustainability practitioners on quality of sustainability reporting for JSE listed firms for the period of 2009 to 2017. In this study, the focus was to gain rich insights from sustainability practitioners involved in the sustainability reporting value chain of JSE listed firms. This included report preparers, report assurance providers, report users and other report critical reviewers. The recordings of the semistructured interviews undertaken in this study were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a descriptive analysis technique called Tesch’s coding. The researcher reviewed the information, probed and summarised the main themes that emerged from the qualitative research. The study shows that there are no explicit mandatory requirements for integrated reporting and sustainability reporting for JSE listed firms, contrary to the perception of some scholars and practitioners. The publication of integrated and sustainability reports is, however, now business best practice for firms on the JSE. Admittedly, this is partly because of King Codes recommendations of South Africa that promotes integrated reporting. Sustainability reporting has been improving over a nine-year period, but this cannot be solely attributed to the listing requirements. Basic interventions such as listing requirements for integrated reporting on the JSE and the shareholder compacts on South Africa’s State-owned companies, although not explicitly mandatory, have contributed in promoting integrated and sustainability reporting in South Africa. There are many drivers of sustainability reporting for JSE listed firms. These can be categorised as internal and external drivers. The internal drivers can also be regarded as critical success factors for sustainability reporting quality for JSE listed firms. The study revealed the dominance of the two drivers of sustainability reporting, namely stakeholder demands and the role of leadership in shaping sustainability reporting in the South African context. The combination of the two drivers on sustainability reporting for JSE listed firms confirms the assumptions of the stakeholder theory. In the process of determining the trends in reporting and the actual drivers for improved quality in reporting, the cross-cutting theme that emerged was that different organisations are in different stages of their reporting journey. There are early adopters and late adopters. Organisations that choose to be involved in integrated reporting and sustainability reporting experience a real journey of reporting, hence various organisations are at different stages depending when and how they commenced their reporting journey. The researcher coined that process “sustainability reporting life stages”. The study further found that there are many determinants for quality of sustainability reporting for JSE listed firms. The sustainability practitioners perceive quality from the view of the Global Reporting Initiative and Integrated Reporting Council frameworks, thus confirming the entrenchment of the two frameworks in the South African context. The best option assurance mechanism in the form of the Combined Assurance Model was observable in the better reporting sectors on the JSE and State-owned companies. The critical paths for sustainability reporting have been provided, indicating the need for sustainability leadership and stakeholder inclusiveness. / Business Management / D.B.L.

Förmågan att kunna anpassa sig efter rådande omständigheter har aldrig varit mer påtagligt än idag. När Coronapandemin lamslog hela världen 2020 var det mycket i det vardagliga livet som förändrades. Det gick inte att gå ut och äta, träffa sina nära och kära eller planera nästa semester på samma sätt som tidigare. Men det va inte bara enskilda individer som drabbades, många företag fick stänga igen och gick i konkurs. Majoriteten av företagen idag använder sig ett traditionellt sätt för att budgetera och planera för framtiden, man gör budgetar för kommande period och förhåller sig sedan till dessa. Detta sätt att planera och budgetera lyfts fram som kostsamt, tidskrävande och att det försvårar möjligheterna att anpassa sig efter ändrade omständigheter. Men på senare tid har ett alternativ planerings- och budgeteringssätt vuxit fram. Beyond Budgeting är ett alternativ till det traditionella sättet och innebär att man avskaffar dessa traditionella budgetar och använder sig istället av rullande prognoser, benchmarking och balanced scorecard för att bara nämna några styrmedel. Förespråkarna för Beyond Budgeting menar att detta nya sätt att planera och budgetera skulle eliminera de negativa delar som de traditionella metoderna för med sig och att det skulle leda till ökad lönsamhet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur företag på OMXS30 Nasdaq Stockholm som använder Beyond Budgeting och företag som inte använder Beyond Budgeting skiljer sig åt i lönsamhet, genom att undersöka fem nyckeltal. Nyckeltalen som undersöks är vinstmarginal, likviditet, soliditet, kapitalomsättningshastighet och räntabilitet på totalt kapital. I denna studie har en kvantitativ metod tillämpats där sekundärdata i form av årsredovisningar för åren 2017, 2018 och 2019 hämtats för företagen listade på OMXS30 Nasdaq Stockholm. Nyckeltalen vinstmarginal, likviditet, soliditet, kapitalomsättningshastighet och räntabilitet på totalt kapital har sedan valts ut som representativt för lönsamhet. Resultatet för denna studien påvisar att det inte finns någon statistiskt signifikant skillnad i lönsamhet mellan de företag som använder Beyond Budgeting och de företag som inte använder Beyond Budgeting. Studien visar således att det inte finns något samband mellan Beyond Budgeting och lönsamhet. / The ability to adapt to prevailing circumstances has never been more evident than today. When the Corona Pandemic paralyzed the whole world in 2020, much of everyday life changed. It was no longer possible to go out to eat, meet loved ones or plan the next vacation in the same way as before. But it was not just individuals who were affected, many companies had to close and went bankrupt. The majority of companies today use a traditional way of budgeting and planning for the future, they make budgets for the up coming period and then relate to these. This way of planning and budget is often highlighted as costly, time consuming and that it makes it more difficult to adapt to changing circumstances. But recently, an alternative planning and budgeting method has emerged. Beyond Budgeting is an alternative to the traditional way and means that you abolish these traditional budgets and instead use rolling forecasts, benchmarking and balanced scorecard to name just a few instruments. Proponents of Beyond Budgeting believe that this new way of planning and budgeting would eliminate the negative elements that traditional methods bring with them and that it would lead to increased profitability. The purpose of this study is to investigate how companies on OMXS30 Nasdaq Stockholm that use Beyond Budgeting and companies that do not use Beyond Budgeting differ in profitability, by examining five key figures. The key figures examined are profit margin, liquidity, equity / assets ratio, capital turnover rate and return on total capital. In this study, a quantitative method has been applied where secondary data in the form of annual reports for the years 2017, 2018 and 2019 have been retrieved for the companies listed on the OMXS30 Nasdaq Stockholm. The key ratios of profit margin, liquidity, equity ratio, capital turnover rate and return on total capital have then been selected as representative of profitability. The results of this study show that there is no statistically significant difference in profitability between the companies that use Beyond Budgeting and the companies that do not use Beyond Budgeting. The study thus shows that there is no connection between Beyond Budgeting and profitability.