The subject of this thesis is the documentation for construction of kindergarten in Pacov. The building is designed like two-storey wall system from ceramic hollow blocks and ceiling construction is of prestressed ceiling panels. There are four departments, each for 20 children, social hall, kitchen, technical and administrative facilities. The roof is designed as warm flat roof. The building is equipped with ventilated facade from colored aluminum fins. To ensure a healthy environment is designed mechanical ventilation.

The aim of the master's thesis is to design an environmentally advanced gym building. In the first part, the building structure is designed. It is a two-storey building. On the first floor there is a reception, a gym, sanitary facilities for athletes, communication areas, facilities for employees, storage areas and technical facilities. On the second floor there is a cafeteria, gym, sanitary facilities for athletes, tribune, communication areas, toilets, staff facilities and technical facilities. The structural system is a skeleton of monolithic reinforced concrete with infill masonry of aerated concrete. Ceiling structures and staircase are also designed as monolithic reinforced concrete. The building is roofed with trussed steel gable trus-ses, the roof cladding consists of PUR boards with surface trapezoidal sheeting. The perimeter walls are insulated with ETICS system. The second part deals with the building environment technology. Heating, air conditioning, cooling, water management, lighting and a photovoltaic power plant are designed. The third part is an energy study for the design of the heating source. Economic and ecological factors are taken into account. The decisive parameters for the selection of the most optimal solution are the total investment costs over the lifetime, the production of CO2 emissions and the consumption of primary nonrenewable energy. The project is developed using AutoCAD and DEKsoft software.

Wind loads acting on wooden building structures need to be dealt with adequately in order to ensure that neither the serviceability limit state nor the ultimate limit state is exceeded. For the structural designer of tall buildings, avoiding the possibly serious consequences of heavy wind loading while taking account at the same time of the effects of gravitation can be a real challenge. Wind loads are usually no major problem for low buildings, such as one- to two-storey timber structures involving ordinary walls made by nailing or screwing sheets of various types to the frame, but when taller structures are designed and built, serious problems may arise. Since wind speed and thus wind pressure increases with height above the ground and the shear forces transmitted by the walls increase accordingly, storey by storey, considerable efforts can be needed to handle the strong horizontal shear forces that are exerted on the bottom floor in particular. The strong uplift forces that can develop on the wind side of a structure are yet another matter that can be critical. Accordingly, a structure needs to be anchored to the substrate or to the ground by connections that are properly designed. Since the calculated uplift forces depend very much upon the models employed, the choice of models and simplifications in the analysis that are undertaken also need to be considered carefully. The present licentiate thesis addresses questions of how wind loads acting on multi-storey timber buildings can be best dealt with and calculated for in the structural design of such buildings. The conventional use of sheathing either nailed or screwed to a timber framework is considered, together with other methods of stabilizing timber structures. Alternative ways of using solid timber elements for stabilization are also of special interest. The finite element method was employed in simulating the structural behaviour of stabilizing units. A study was carried out of walls in which sheathing was nailed onto a timber frame. Different structural levels were involved, extending from modelling the performance of a single fastener and of the connection of the sheathing to frame, to the use of models of this sort for studying the overall structural behaviour of wall elements that possess a stabilizing function. The results of models used for simulating different load cases for walls agreed reasonably well with experimental test results. The structural properties of the fasteners binding the sheathing to the frame, as well as of the connections between the members of the frame were shown to have a strong effect on the simulated behaviour of shear wall units. Regarding solid wall panels, it was concluded that walls with a high level of both stiffness and strength can be produced by use of such panels, and also that the connections between the solid wall panels can be designed in such a way that the shear forces involved are effectively transmitted from one panel to the next.

Bygg- samt fastighetsbranschen står för cirka 21% av koldioxidutsläppen i Sverige. Detta är ett problem som behöver lösas eftersom Sverige år 2017 antog ett klimatpolitiskt ramverk med målet att år 2045 inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser till atmosfären. Ett ökat byggande i trä är en viktig del av lösningen för att nå målet om klimatneutralitet. Ett fastighetsbolag som håller på att bygga sitt första kontorshus i trä är Vasakronan, som kallas Magasin X. Det finns ett flertal utmaningar med att bygga flervåningshus i trä, dessa är bland annat fukt- och akustikproblem. Trä är ett fuktkänsligt material och om byggnaden skadas av fukt finns det en förhöjd risk för mögel som kan leda till hälsoproblem för framtida brukare av byggnaden. Gällande akustik, kan det bli lyhört, om inte hänsyn tas till materialets låga densitet. Detta examensarbete utfördes i samarbete med Vasakronan och har som syfte att identifiera drivkrafterna med att bygga flervåningshus i trä, identifiera kunskapsbrister samt identifiera förslag på lösningar inom fukt och akustik vid byggande av flervåningshus i trä. I detta examensarbete utfördes intervjuer samt observation som metoder. Observationen utfördes på en erfarenhetsträff angående byggprojektet Magasin X. Vid erfarenhetsträffen avhandlades utmaningar samt lösningar som uppkommit under projektet. Tematisk analys användes som metod för att analysera intervjuerna för att därmed besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar. Följande har identifierats som drivkrafter för att bygga flervåningshus i trä. För det första är det ett material som leder till lägre koldioxidutsläpp jämfört med betong. För det andra är det ett material som är lämpligt för industriellt byggande vilket innebär att det är lätt att tillverka byggdelar i fabrik. För det tredje är det ett material som bidrar med en bättre arbetsmiljö förde som arbetar med att uppföra byggnaden jämfört med vid uppförande av en byggnad av betong och stål. För det fjärde är det ett material som är lätt att kombinera med andra material och använda vid påbyggnader på grund av dess låga densitet. Den främsta anledningen till kunskapsbrister är begränsad erfarenhet att bygga flervåningshus i trä. Förslag på lösningar mot kunskapsbrister är att använda sig av aktiviteter som seminarium för att sprida kunskap inom ämnet, upprätta instruktioner och manualer vid användandet av nya byggmetoder. Dessutom är en lösning att bygga fler flervåningshus i trä för att ansamla erfarenhet och kunskap. Lösningar för att åtgärda fuktproblematik är att använda väderskydd på byggnaden, helklistrad plastfolie och tejp på bjälklaget samt vatten-dammsuga vid regn. Lösningar på akustikproblem är att installera installationsgolv eller installera ett tyngre övergolv med antingen betonggjutning eller spackel med stegljudsmatta. Om möjligt är väderskydd den mest effektiva åtgärden för att minska risken för fukt, dock är det en dyr lösning. Det finns dock andra åtgärder som inte är lika effektiva men billigare, som att använda plastfolie, presenningar och ställningar och tejp för att täcka bjälklag. Gällande akustiken har det dock det inte varit möjligt i denna studie att avgöra vilken akustisk lösningsom är att föredra. En drivkraft till att bygga flervåningshus i trä är att minska klimatpåverkan men för att upprätthålla ett hållbart skogsbruk är det viktigt att inte hugga ner för mycket träd. Därmed kan en hybridstomme vara ett bra alternativ för framtiden. / The construction and real estate industry accounts for a large share of carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden, about 21% of greenhouse gas emissions. This is a problem that needs to be solved because in 2017 Sweden adopted a climate policy framework with the goal that by 2045 there will be no net emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Increased construction in wood is an important part of the solution to achieve the goal of climate neutrality. A real estate company that is building its first wooden office building is Vasakronan, which is called Magasin X. There are several challenges with building multi-storey houses in wood, these include moisture problems and acoustic problems. One factor is the risk of moisture as wood is a moisture-sensitive material and if the building is damaged by moisture, there is an increased risk of mold, which can lead to health problems for future users of the building. If the light density of the material is not considered, it might be inefficiently soundproof. This master thesis was carried out in collaboration with Vasakronan and aims to identify the driving forces in building multi-storey buildings in wood, identify lack of knowledge within building of multi-storey buildings in wood and identify and investigate solutions to solve issues with moisture and acoustics in the construction of multi-storey buildings in wood. In this thesis, interviews and observation were used as a method. The observation was carried out at an experience meeting regarding the construction project Magazine X. At the experience meeting, challenges and solutions that arose during the project were discussed. The thematic analysis was also used as a method for analyzing the interviews in order to answer the research questions. The following have been identified as driving forces for building multi-storey wooden buildings. First, it is a material that leads to lower carbon dioxide emissions compared to building in concrete. Secondly, it is a material that is suitable for industrial construction, which means that it is easy to manufacture building components in a factory. Thirdly, it is a material that contributes to a better working environment for those who work with the construction of the building compared to when constructing a building of concrete and steel. Fourth, it is a material that is easy to combine with other materials and use in extensions due to its low density. The main reason for lack of knowledge is lack of experience in building multi-storey wooden buildings. Suggestions for solutions to knowledge gaps are to use activities such as seminars to spread knowledge in the subject. Solutions to fix moisture problems are to use weather protection on the building, wet guard and tape on the framing of joists and soak up water in the risk of rain. Solutions to acoustic problems are to install installation floors or install a heavier top floor with either concrete casting or putty with sound insulation mat. If possible, weather protection is the most effective measure to reduce the risk of moisture, but it is an expensive solution. However, there are other measures that are not as effective but cheaper, such as using wet guard, tarpaulins and scaffolding and tape to cover framing of joists. It has not been possible to determine which acoustic solution is preferable. A driving force for building multi-storey wooden buildings is to reduce the climate impact, but in order to maintain sustainable forestry, it is important not to cut down too many trees. Thus, a hybrid frame can be a good alternative for the future.

This thesis is a study into the response and seismic safety of three-dimensional multi-storey concrete structures under concurrent orthogonal seismic excitations. It employs the nonlinear time-history method as its analysis tools. Time-history analyses rely heavily on their utilised earthquake records. Accordingly, this study examines the different approaches of selecting earthquake suites and develops a methodology of selecting representative earthquake scenarios. This methodology is credibly implemented in selecting a far- and a near field suites representative of the New Zealand seismic hazard. The study investigates the response of 6-, 9- and 12-storey concrete structures of different n-X-bays × m-Y-bays. Bidirectional responses of these considered structures are examined and consequently the current combination rules are scrutinised. Consequently this study strongly recommends the use of the 40-percent combination rule in lieu of the widely used 30-percent rule; and the use of time-history analysis in lieu of quasi/equivalent static and response modal analysis methods to avoid their strong dependence on combination rules. An intensive study is conducted employing the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) technique to investigate structural demands of interstorey drifts, lateral storey drifts and storey accelerations. The study utilises the developed far-field suite and identifies the 50th and 90th percentile demands. Hence it provides easy-to-use expressions to facilitate rapid calculation of the structural demands and the effects of biaxial interactions. An implementation into the Demand and Capacity Factor Design (DCFD) format is presented that infers confidence in the performance levels of the considered structures. The study also draws attention to the importance of considering storey accelerations as their storey values reach as high as 10 × PGA. A sensitivity study is conducted by repeating the IDA investigation while using the developed near-field suite. Subsequently a comparison between the near- and the far-field results is conducted. The results were markedly similar albeit of less magnitudes until the (seismic hazard) intensity measure IM = Sa(T₁) = 0.4g when the near-field results show sudden flat large increase in demands suggesting a brittle collapse. This is attributed to the higher content of the higher mode frequencies contained in near-field ground motions. Finally, the study examines the (vectorial) radial horizontal shear demands in columns and beam-column joints of the previous far- and near-field studies. The combined radial shear demands in corner, edge and internal columns and joints are evaluated that roughly show a square-root proportional relationship with IM that exhibit somewhat brittle failure at IM ≥ 0.35g. Shears demands in the (4-way) internal columns and the (2-way) corner joints show highest magnitude in their respective class. The results suggest transverse joint shear reinforcement of 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 of the longitudinal reinforcement of the neighbouring beam respectively for corner, edge and internal joints. An implementation of a proposed practical (and simpler) DCFD format shows satisfactory confidence in columns performance in shear up to IM = 0.35g, conversely to joints unsatisfactory performance in shear at the onset of inelastic behaviour (IM > 0.05g).

Abstract Purpose: Important for house manufacturers is to keep track of specific customer preferences and priorities to have products that matches these. If a manufacturer does not have a product that fits the customer priorities, manufacturers will lose customers both before and during the process has started. The goal of the study is to report what house manufacturers should prioritize in the floor plan design of prefabricated two-storey houses. Method: The study has been conducted with a variety of methods. In order to study customer preferences and priorities a survey was made for potential house byers and interviews with house manufacturers sales agents. To get an overview about the changes that are most commonly performed, an analysis of documents on two of Götenehus house models was made. Findings: The results of the study show the kitchen's high priority among potential house buyers. Clearly shows that, above all, the social spaces in the form of kitchen living and dining room is generally very high priority among the general population In Stockholm. The study also shows that these rooms were desired with a relatively large surface area. It was also very unusual for these rooms to get reduced space. Unlike the social spaces, the private spaces hade ha wide range of demands. Above all, the bathroom and the master bedroom had highly prioritized. The other bedrooms were however generally one of house buy’ers lowest priority. In general, the service areas were shown to be the lowest prioritised rooms. The laundry room was desired to be large with great storage units, but were rarely executed as wanted. Implications: The social space, master bedroom and the bathroom has a great importance for customers in Stockholm County. House manufacturers should prioritize these rooms. In contrast, house manufacturers should not prioritize room as office and WC/D. Doing so, house manufacturers can offer customers a product that minimizes the impact on costs by changes. Limitations: The study deals only with prefabricated detached two-storey houses. The study does not include factors such as finance, property space or family constellations. The study was limited to the Stockholm County because of the concentrated market for two-storey house. The gathered information was not extracted prior ten years. / Sammanfattning Syfte: Det är viktigt för hustillverkarna att deras produkteker är anpassade efter hur kundernas önskemål ser ut och hur dessa prioriteras. Ifall produkterna inte uppfyller kundernas värderingar kan det leda till att företaget både tappar kunder innan och under köpprocessen. Målet med studien är därför att redovisa vilka rum hustillverkare bör prioritera vid planlösningsutformning av prefabricerade tvåplanshus. Metod: Studien har utförts med ett flertal metoder. För att kunna studera kundernas önskemål och prioriteringar, utfördes en enkätundersökning mot potentiella husköpare, samt intervjuer med Götenehus säljagenter i Stockholm. För att få en överblick kring vilka ändringar som är mest förekommande utfördes en dokumentanalys på två av Götenehus husmodeller. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att potentiella husköpare prioriterar de sociala utrymmena kök och vardagsrum högst i bostaden. Kunderna har stora önskemål om stora och öppna ytor. Generellt i de privata utrymmena är det önskemål om stora ytor. Däremot prioriterades de privata rummen olika av kunden. Framför allt har badrummet och föräldrasovrummet en hög prioritet medan de övriga sovrummen tillsammans med allrum-met och arbetsrummet prioriterades betydligt lägre. Överlag var serviceutrymmena lågt prioriterade av kunderna. Det fanns önskemål om väl tilltagna ytor i tvättutrymmet men det var inget kunderna var beredda att förändra. Förvaringsmässigt var det endast i föräldrasovrummet som kunderna önskade en klädkammare. I resterande rum som önskan om förvaring fanns, räckte det med en garderobslösning. Konsekvenser: Bostadens sociala utrymmen samt föräldrasovrummet och badrummet har en stor betydelse för kunderna i Stockholms län. Dessa rum bör hustillverkare prioritera vid utformning av planlösningen. Däremot bör hustillverkarna inte prioritera rum som arbetsrummet och WC/D vid utformningen. Görs detta kan hustillverkarna erbjuda kunderna en produkt som minimerar kostnadspåverkande ändringar. Begränsningar: Studien behandlar endast prefabricerade fristående villor i två plan. Studien omfattar inte faktorer som påverkar hur en planlösning utformas som exempelvis ekonomi, tomtyta och familjekonstellationer. Studien begränsades till Stockholms län eftersom denna marknad är stor för tvåplanshus. Studien är tidsavgränsning till 2006 vilket är en 10 årsperiod.

Alors que la démolition tend à s'imposer au sein de l'intervention publique sur le parc HLM des années 1950-1970, ce mode d'action commence aussi à être utilisé en réponse aux problèmes rencontrés par des tours et des barres en copropriété. On peut cependant se demander si les difficultés d'un grand ensemble en copropriété sont assimilables à celles d'un grand ensemble HLM et si la démolition ne prend pas un sens différent dans ce contexte particulier. Pour répondre à ces questions, cette thèse étudie l'une des premières copropriétés des trente glorieuses qui a fait l'objet d'une action publique et de démolitions : Les Bosquets à Clichy-sous-Bois/Montfermeil (93). En explorant l'histoire de cet ensemble immobilier, cette recherche montre que les problèmes qu'il a connus sont propres au statut juridique de la copropriété. Ils sont principalement dus à des difficultés de gestion, liées aux financements publics qui sont à l'origine de sa construction, à la conjoncture immobilière dans laquelle il a été livré et à des malfaçons juridiques. Or, cette dimension propre à la gestion n'a pas été prise en compte au sein de l'intervention publique déployée sur ce site depuis 1981. Celle-ci a transposé à la copropriété les schémas cognitifs et normatifs appliqués aux ensembles HLM de même typologie architecturale et urbaine. Privilégiant la démolition, les restructurations du bâti et la diversification du peuplement, l'action publique a aggravé les déséquilibres de gestion de la copropriété. Le relogement a constitué un nouveau facteur de fragilisation des trajectoires des ménages – en particulier des propriétaires occupants – déjà fortement pénalisés par les difficultés de la copropriété / While demolition of public rental housing projects from the 1960s and 1970s is an obvious public intervention nowadays, we are starting to witness a similar handling of condominium tower blocks. However, one may ask whether similar interventions for these two different housing types lead to different outcomes. To answer these questions, this thesis analyses one of the first condominium project from the Trente Glorieuses period (1945-1975) that was the target of such intervention : Les Bosquets located in Clichy sous Bois/Montfermeil (a Parisian suburb). Looking at the history of that housing complex, this research shows that the problems relate to the legal status of the joint ownership. These problems arose from management difficulties linked to the public financing that has permitted its construction, to the real estate circumstances of its delivery, and to juridical defects. It appears that this management dimension wasn't considered by the public intervention implemented at that site since 1981. Cognitive and normative patterns originally applied to moderate rental estates with similar architectural and urban typology were simply transferred to the condominium. Favouring demolition, redevelopments of the building, and diversification of residents, public interventions have aggravated imbalances in the management of the condominium. Rehousing has also participated in the weakening of the residential itineraries of the households (especially owner occupiers) already strongly penalised by the condominium's difficulties

Plans for construction of the tallest residential timber building has driven the Technical Research Institute of Sweden (SP), Linnaeus University, Växjö and more than ten interested companies to determine an appropriate design for the structure. This thesis presents a part of ongoing research regarding wind-induced vibration control to meet serviceability limit state (SLS) requirements. A parametric study was conducted on a 22-storey timber building with a CLT shear wall system utilizing mass, stiffness and damping as the main parameters in the dynamic domain. Results were assessed according to the Swedish Annex EKS 10 and Eurocode against ISO 10137 and ISO 6897 requirements. Increasing mass, stiffness and/or damping has a favorable impact. Combination scenarios present potential solutions for suppressing wind-induced vibrations as a result of higher efficiency in low-increased levels of mass and damping.

[pt] Os sistemas de cobertura constituem uma parcela considerável dos custos finais de galpões de grandes dimensões. Os carregamentos desse sistema são transferidos para os pilares a partir dos vigamentos principais. Dúvidas sobre qual é a melhor solução para o dimensionamento do vigamento principal podem surgir devido aos grandes vãos que essas estruturas devem cumprir. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo das configurações estruturais e uso de diferentes materiais para o projeto, fabricação e montagem de coberturas de galpões de grandes dimensões. Foram desenvolvidos diversos projetos de uma estrutura modelo onde se variou o tipo de perfil das cordas, o comprimento dos vãos, a geometria da seção transversal da treliça e a inclinação das diagonais. A partir dos resultados obtidos, realizou-se uma análise paramétrica buscando-se a solução que apresenta o menor peso estrutural dos vigamentos principais. A grande vantagem da utilização de treliças multiplanares é o bom comportamento fora do plano que esse tipo de estrutura oferece, podendo reduzir custos com travamentos e elementos secundários. Também foi realizado um estudo determinístico para dar apoio às decisões na escolha da melhor solução para os diversos tipos de galpões de grandes dimensões estudados. Os resultados preliminares obtidos indicam que a solução de cordas tubulares mistas, em partes selecionadas da estrutura, representa uma das soluções mais competitivas para este tipo de estrutura. / [en] Roofing systems constitute a considerable part of the final costs of large single-storey buildings. The loads of this system are transferred to the columns from the girders. During the design process may be raised the question of what may be the best solutions for the roof supporting girders, mainly due to the large spans required. This dissertation presents a study of the structural configurations and the use of different materials for the design, manufacture and assembly of roofs of large single-storey buildings. Several designs of a model structure were developed where the type of profile of the main chords, the length of the spans, the geometry of the cross-section of the truss and the angulation of diagonals were varied. Based on the obtained results, a parametric analysis was performed focused on solutions presenting the lower structural weight of the girders. The great advantage of using multiplanar trusses is the good behavior out of plane that this type of structure offers, which can reduce costs with bracing and secondary elements. A deterministic study was also carried out in order to support decisions in choosing the best solution for the various types of large single-storey buildings studied. The preliminary results obtained indicate that the solution of concrete filled steel tubular chords in selected parts of the structure represents one of the most competitive solutions for this type of construction.

For decades, structural engineers have been using various conventional design approaches for assessing the strength and stability of framed structures for various loads. Today, engineers are still designing without some critical information to insure that their stability assessment yields a safe design for the life of the structure with consideration for extreme loads. Presented in this thesis is new critical information provided from the study of stability analysis and design of steel framed structures accounting for extreme loads associated to load patterns that may be experienced during their lifetime. It is conducted in five main parts. A literature survey is first carried out reviewing the previous research of analyzing frame stability including the consideration of initial geometric imperfections, and also evaluating research of the analysis and design of the increased usage of cold-formed steel (CFS) storage racks. Secondly, the elastic buckling loads for single-storey unbraced steel frames subjected to variable loading is extended to multi-storey unbraced steel frames. The formulations and procedures are developed for the multi-storey unbraced steel frames subjected to variable loading using the storey-based buckling method. Numerical examples are presented as comparisons to the conventional proportional loading approach and to demonstrate the effect of connection rigidity on the maximum and minimum frame-buckling loads. Thirdly, the lateral stiffness of axially loaded columns in unbraced frames accounting for initial geometric imperfections is derived based on the storey-based buckling. A practical method of evaluating column effective length factor with explicit accounting for the initial geometric imperfections is developed and examined using numerical examples. The fourth part is an investigation of the stability for multi-storey unbraced steel frames under variable loading with accounting for initial geometric imperfections. Finally, the stability of CFS storage racks is studied. The effective length factor of CFS storage racks with accounting for the semi-rigid nature of the beam-to-column connections of such structures are evaluated based on experimental data. A parametric study on maximum and minimum frame-buckling loads with or without accounting for initial geometric imperfections is conducted. The proposed stability analysis of multi-storey unbraced frames subjected to variable loading takes into consideration the volatility of live loads during the life span of structures and frame buckling characteristics of the frames under any possible load pattern. From the proposed method, the maximum and minimum frame-buckling loads together with their associated load patterns provides critical information to clearly define the stability capacities of frames under extreme loads. This critical information in concern for the stability of structures is generally not available through a conventional proportional loading analysis. This study of work ends with an appropriate set of conclusions.