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In Taiwan, non-point source (NPS) pollution is one of the major causes of the impairment of surface waters. NPS pollutants, which are associated with stormwater runoff from agricultural land uses can be quite diffuse and difficult to treat. The I-Liao Creek Basin, located in southern Taiwan, flows through approximately 90-km and drains towards the Kaoping River. It is one of the major sub-basin in the Kaoping River watershed, which is the largest and the most intensively used watershed in Taiwan. Field investigation results indicate that the main water pollution sources in the I-Liao Creek Basin are domestic wastewater and NPS pollutants from agricultural activities. In this study, an Integrated Watershed Management Model (IWMM) was applied for simulating the water quality in the I-Liao Creek watershed. The model includes a global atmosphere module, a land module, a human impact module, a canopy module, and a global ocean module. Those modules can be linked and managed by a graphic user-interface. The model was calibrated and verified with field data, and was used to investigate potential NPS pollution management plans. Moreover, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to verify the accuracy of the simulated results of flow and water qualities. Results from this study show that geographical information system (GIS) is an important mean for land-use identification and waste load estimation in the catchment. Linking the information of land utilization with the NPS pollution simulation model may further provide essential information of pollution potential of NPS pollution for all sub-regions in the river basin. Results and experience obtained from this study will be helpful in designing the watershed management and NPS pollution control strategies for other similar river basins.

Expansion och förtätning av städer leder till att såväl areal som andel hårdgjord yta ökar i våra stadsmiljöer. Detta genererar en ökad dagvattenavrinning eftersom regnvattnet inte har samma möjlighet att infiltrera i naturmarker och grönområden. Den ökade mängden dagvatten riskerar att orsaka problem i områden där ledningsnätet dimensionerats för de dagvattenmängder som tidigare varit aktuella. Att utöka ledningsnätets kapacitet är ofta mycket kostsamt och det är därför önskvärt att istället minska belastningen på de befintliga systemen. En allt vanligare metod för detta är att byggnaders takyta bekläds med växter, så kallade gröna tak. De gröna taken har potential att minska den avrunna volymen, fördröja avrinningen och dämpa de maximala flödena. Det råder dock osäkerheter kring hur dessa förmågor påverkas av bland annat olika väderförhållanden och takets vattenmättnadsgrad samt vid olika typer av nederbördshändelser.   Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka möjligheten att simulera avrinningen från gröna tak med hjälp av en befintlig funktion i modelleringsprogrammet SWMM från US Environmental Protection Agency samt med hjälp av Mike Urban från företaget DHI. Ett mål var att sedan använda en av modellerna för att utvärdera hur gröna tak kan påverka belastningen på ett befintligt ledningsnät. Mätdata avseende bland annat nederbörd, avrinning och potentiell avdunstning erhölls från Veg Tech AB och AgroTech A/S. Mätningarna hade utförts vid företagens demonstrationsanläggning i Taastrup, Danmark, och omfattade avrinning från gröna tak med tre olika tjocklekar: 4 cm moss-sedum, 7 cm sedum-ört-gräs och 11 cm sedum-ört-gräs, samt ett hårdgjort referenstak. Inledande dataanalyser av de gröna takens kapacitet visade att takens magasineringskapacitet ökade med en ökad taktjocklek, där de tjockare taken kunde fullständigt magasinera större nederbördshändelser än vad som var fallet för det tunnaste taket. En analys av sambandet mellan nederbördsmängd och avrunnen volym visade ett starkare samband för regn med 60 och 120 minuters varaktighet än vad som var fallet för kortare varaktigheter.   Jämförelser av resultaten hos de båda modelleringsprogrammen visade på olika styrkor och svagheter och ingen av programvarorna gav en i alla avseenden tillfredställande simulering av avrinningen. Mike Urban gav generellt en högre förklaringsgrad men gav alltid en överskattning av den avrunna volymen över en längre tidsperiod. SWMM gav en bättre överensstämmelse med uppmätt avrinning än Mike Urban under de första månaderna av simuleringsperioden, men gav generellt en förskjutning av avrinningsförloppet. För kalibreringen mot 4 cm taktjocklek gav SWMM också en mer korrekt avrunnen långtidsvolym, medan den för de andra konstruktionerna gav liknande resultat som var fallet för Mike Urban. I ett exempel användes en av modellerna för att simulera avrinningen från MAX IV-laboratoriet i Lund. Resultaten visade att det då laboratoriet täckts med gröna tak endast behövdes ett en fjärdedel så stort fördröjningsmagasin för att översvämningar skulle undvikas på ett nedströms beläget fiktivt ledningsnät än vad som var fallet för hårdgjorda tak. / Larger and denser cities result in increasing amounts of impervious surfaces in urban areas. This generates an increase in storm water runoff, as the rainwater is prevented from infiltrating in natural soils and instead flows along the paved surfaces. The increased amount of storm water runoff is liable to cause problems in areas where the storm water system has been designed to handle the amounts of runoff previously generated in the area. Upsizing the capacity of the pipelines is usually costly, and it is therefore desirable to instead reduce the load on the existing system. One way of achieving this is to cover the rooftops with vegetation, so called green roofs. Green roofs are growing in popularity and have the potential to reduce the rate and volume of runoff, as well as attenuating the peak discharge. There are however uncertainties regarding how their abilities are affected by for example the antecedent weather conditions and the moisture content of the roof, as well as by various storm events.   The purpose of this Master’s Thesis was to study the possibility to simulate the runoff from green roofs using an existing function in the modelling software SWMM by US Environmental Protection Agency, and using Mike Urban by the company DHI. An additional objective was to use on of the designed models to evaluate how green roofs can affect the load on an existing storm water system. Measurements of precipitation, runoff and potential evapotranspiration were obtained from Veg Tech AB and AgroTech A/S. The measurements had been carried out at their demonstration site in Taastrup, Denmark, and included runoff from green roofs of three different thicknesses: 4 cm moss-sedum, 7 cm sedum-herb-grass and 11 cm sedum-herb-grass, as well as an impervious roof used as reference. Initial analyses of the data showed that the storage capacity increased with an increased roof thickness. The thicker roofs were able to completely retain the rainfall from larger storm events than what was the case for the thinnest roof. An analysis of the relationship between precipitation depth and runoff volume showed a stronger correlation for rains with 60 and 120 minutes duration than what was the case for shorter durations.   Comparisons of the two models’ performance showed different strengths and weaknesses, and none of the models were able to simulate runoff in a way that was satisfactory in all aspects. Mike Urban generally gave a higher coefficient of determination but consistently overestimated the discharged volume for extended time periods. SWMM gave a better conformity in observed runoff than Mike Urban during the first months of the simulation period, but generally gave a time lag in the runoff hydrograph. For the 4 cm roof calibration, SWMM also gave a more correct long-time runoff volume, while both models performed similarly for the other roof thicknesses. In an example, one of the models was used to simulate the runoff from the MAX IV laboratory in Lund. The results showed that in order to avoid flooding in the fictitious downstream storm water network, there had to be a four times larger detention pond in the case where conventional roofs where used compared to the scenario using green roofs.

Czech Republic is called roof of the Europe, several rivers rise here and many of them flow away and continue to other countries. That's why I find, that’s extremely important to manage out water sources properly and carefully, because for example the weather has a huge impact on our limited sources and can affect them especially in a dry periods. These issues can be improved by finding a use for used water, good storm water management as well as using greywater. In my diploma thesis, I'll be mainly focused on an overall water management in an ordinary family house. It has two parts as theoretical part and practical part. The theoretical part is then split into another three parts. The first part covers a storm water management, the second is about waste water management. The third explains greywater management. In practical part of my diploma thesis, there's my study of not disposing rain water into a drain with other waste water, but making both waters useful. In this my particular subject in village called Plesnice, is projected a waste water treatment plant. Treated water will be accumulate together with rain water. Accumulated water will be used for irrigation. For a waste water treatment is projected a constructed wetland with vertical flow (down flow reed beds) and facility for sludge management. This is example of extensive technology. Irrigation system consists of storage tank with mechanical pre-treatment and pump valve shaft, sprinklers for lawns, drip irrigation decorative surfaces and everything is controlled by a control unit. Thanks to irrigation and rainwater remains in effect, which is important for local microclimate and save drinking water. This study is an example of that in water management is not necessarily a need for global action, but you can start with individuals and individual houses, which in total could have a significant effect on water retention in the landscape and to slow down and reduce the peak flow in rivers.

This diploma thesis deals with sound water management and is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is divided into three main chapters. The first part focuses on rainwater, its quality characteristics and utilization. The second chapter focuses on the management of waste water, its properties, the amount of waste water and natural ways of wastewater treatment. The last chapter is devoted to the gray waters and their utilization. The practical part focuses on the study of the draft comprehensive management of sewage and rainwater in the village Pařezov district Domažlice. It focuses on wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands, using rainwater for irrigation and infiltration of the remaining water.

As the world’s population is migrating more into urban areas, landcover changes follow. Natural pervious areas are being converted to impervious areas, which when subjected to rain generates more stormwater runoff. Stormwater management is a problem that cities today are challenged with, infrastructure is getting older and precipitation patterns are changing due to climate change. Due to climate change extreme precipitation events are likely to increase and therefore increase the probability of urban flooding. Urban flooding can be caused by extreme precipitation events with a short duration, or so-called flash floods. These flash floods can overwhelm the drainage system in place which therefore can cause flooding. This problem has inspired engineers to rethink stormwater management, moving from traditional grey drainage systems to more green and sustainable drainage systems. Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SuDS) are drainage systems that aim to regain the properties of non-urbanised areas, retain the natural hydrological cycle, and have recreational values for the surrounding societies. This study investigated how different SuDS behave when subjected to flash floods. A model of a synthetic case study was built in the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and sustainable urban drainage systems implemented. The solutions investigated were bioretention cells, rain gardens, infiltration trenches, green roofs, and permeable pavements. Three different rain events were analysed, all with different precipitation depth but with the same duration of 1 hour. Results showed that bioretention cells could reduce runoff volumes to the highest extent while green roofs could reduce the peak runoff the most. Other results were analysed like efficiency and cost. Bioretention cell came out on top in efficiency but had the highest cost. Overall, all the solutions showed promise in reducing runoff during flash floods, but the reduction capacity goes down with increased precipitation. / När en större del av världens befolkning flyttar in till tätortsområden så medföljer en ändring av markytans beskaffenhet. Vanligtvis genomträngliga ytor omvandlas till hårdgjorda ytor vilket generar mer dagvattenavrinning när de utsätts för regn. Dagvattenhanteringen är en utmaning för många städer idag eftersom infrastrukturen blir äldre och nederbördsmönstren förändras på grund av klimatförändringar. Extrema nederbördshändelser väntas öka med anledning av dessa klimatförändringar och ökar därigenom sannolikheten för översvämningar i städer. Översvämningar i städer kan orsakas av korta nederbördshändelser med hög intensitet, så kallade Skyfall, vilket kan överbelasta dagvattensystemets kapacitet. Det har lett till att ingenjörer ändrat sitt tankesätt på hur dagvatten ska hanteras och börjat gå från konventionella till mer gröna och hållbara dräneringssystem. Hållbar dagvattenhantering är dräneringssystem som syftar till att använda egenskaperna hos naturliga områden, behålla det naturliga hydrologiska kretsloppet och skapa rekreationsvärden för de omkringliggande samhällena. Denna studie har undersökt hur olika hållbara dräneringssystem beter sig när de utsätts för översvämningar. En modell på en syntetisk fallstudie byggdes i Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) där hållbara dräneringssystem implementerades i en urban miljö. Lösningarna som undersöktes var biofilterbäddar, regnträdgårdar, infiltrationsbäddar, gröna tak och permeabla trottoarer. Tre olika nederbördshändelser analyserades, alla med olika nederbördsmängder men med samma varaktighet på en timme. Resultaten visade att biofilterbäddar kunde minska avrinningsvolymerna i största grad medan gröna tak minskade ytavrinningen mest. Effektivitet och kostnad analyserades också. Där visade biofilterbäddarna högst effektivitet men hade den högsta kostnaden. Sammantaget visade det sig att alla lösningar var lovande vad gäller minskning av avrinning under översvämningar, men reduktionskapaciteten minskar med ökad nederbörd.

Storm water management in residential areas is facing tough challenges. Climate change, with its altered precipitation patterns, in combination with an increasing development rate, results in higher risk of flooding with its complications. EU-Water Framework Directive (WFD) and its environmental quality standards, set to achieve good chemical and biological status in all waters, got a more strict interpretation after the implementation of the ruling of Weserdomen. This means that no activity is allowed that cannot prove not to endanger prevailing environmental quality standards. This complicates the planning process and infrastructure development since some form of WFD assessment needs to be performed.   This master´s thesis is of importance since it identifies common occurring problems within the planning- and construction process and highlights ways to achieve a more sustainable storm water management, where environmental quality standards are not jeopardized, in the future. An evaluation is performed in terms of interviews, a literature review and by using a storm water model called StormTac applied on two case studies. Results of this thesis show that lack of communication, vague directives, inadequate design and maintenance of storm water facilities are reasons that a sustainable storm water management is not achieved.   Results from modeling the storm water situation prior to construction of the residential areas were set as benchmarks, which were not to be exceeded by results from modeling areas after construction. The purpose of this was to not endanger the current storm water state and thereby not risk violating prevailing environmental quality standards. The result from modeling the storm water situation after construction shows that both case studies exceed the flow and pollution load benchmarks. Because of this, solutions to the current storm water situation was created and modeled to achieve the study aim.   StormTac can be applied as a tool for comparison of flow and pollution load prior to and after construction, given that the same land uses are used in both cases. Land use choices should be evaluated and the degree of uncertainty should be considered when interpreting the results. / Dagvattenhantering på kvartersmark står inför stora utmaningar. Klimatförändringar medför ändrade nederbördsmönster med intensivare skyfall som i kombination med en allt högre exploateringsgrad ökar risken för översvämningar och dess negativa konsekvenser. EU:s ramdirektiv för vatten och beslutade miljökvalitetsnormer anger att god status ska uppnås i samtliga vattenförekomster. Införande av Weserdomen resulterar i en strängare tolkning av försämringsförbudet, som råder vid statusklassificeringen, vilket i sin tur gör att befintlig dagvattensituation inte får försämras. Detta gör att planeringsskede, anläggning och faktisk funktion hos implementerade dagvattenlösningar fått ett allt mer hållbart fokus.   Detta examensarbete är av vikt då det identifierar problem i plan- och byggprocessen samt belyser hur dessa kan undvikas för att uppnå en mer hållbar dagvattenhantering i framtiden. En utvärdering är utförd i form av intervjuer och litteraturstudie samt dagvattenmodellering i modelleringsverktyget StormTac av två fallstudier. Resultat visar att kommunikation, otydliga direktiv, bristfällig utformning och skötsel av dagvattenanläggningar är orsaker till att dagvattenhanteringen inte uppnår rening- och flödesutjämningsbehov enligt miljömål och – krav.   Resultat från modellering av dagvattensituationen före exploatering sattes som referensvärden som inte får överskridas vid modellering av området efter exploatering, för att befintlig dagvattensituation skulle säkerställas att inte försämras. Resultat av modellering efter exploatering överskred referensvärden i båda fallstudierna och därmed modellerades scenarier med dagvattenhanteringsförslag för att uppnå målsättning.   StormTac fungerar som ett verktyg för att jämföra flödes- och föroreningsbelastning före och efter exploatering, förutsatt att samma markanvändningstyper används. Val av markanvändning bör ses över och osäkerheter hos resulterande flödes- och föroreningsmängder bör tas hänsyn till.

Washington D.C. has been ranked third among U.S. cities in terms of its percentage of youth who have reported a severe major depressive episode. Depression, stress, anxiety are the uninvited visitors of our day-to-day urban living. Most of the time we ignore our mental health unless we reach the threshold. We know nature is the best healer. The District also has reported the highest percentage of parkland but this statistic is not helping regarding Healing and Wellness. There might be a missing piece of the puzzle to reconnect with nature. To dive deep into the missing piece, I have looked back to the basics, into the four elements of the planet, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire. This thesis is an exploration of the most important natural element, Water, along with the other three elements, as active participants in our everyday urban life, not only as a means of reconnecting with nature but also aiding with natural healing to our depressed, tired soul. As with many other older cities, Washington D.C. mostly depends on the combined storm and sanitary sewer. During heavy rainfall, stormwater overflows the capacity of the sewage system and empties into the river with sewage. But there is an opportunity for the stormwater to be treated and reused at the site. Rainwater along with tapped groundwater as the perennial flow will be considered as the source of healing water in the dense downtown context of the District. The thesis will tell the story of the arrival of Water into the middle of the city. Water will be examined in all its forms and integrated with the Third Place, where the young working generation can come in the middle of the working day to catch a lunch break or after office rush hour to relax their stressed nerves and heal their inner soul. This design for a community learning center at First Street NE in NoMA neighborhood, Washington D.C. is an effort to trace the path of the long-lost Tiber Creek and to provide the inhabitants with a for Water and growth. / Master of Architecture / Washington D.C. has been ranked third among U.S. cities in terms of its percentage of youth who have reported a severe major depressive episode. Depression, stress, anxiety are the uninvited visitors of our day-to-day city life. Most of the time we ignore our mental health unless we reach the threshold. We know nature is the best healer. The District also has reported the highest percentage of the green area but maybe only the "Green" is not enough for healing. To dive deep into the missing piece of the puzzle, I have walked back to the basics, looking into the four elements of the planet, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire. This thesis is an exploration of the most important natural element, Water, along with the other three elements, in architecture and urban design, not only as a means of reconnecting with nature but also aiding with natural healing to our depressed, tired soul. As with many other older cities, Washington D.C. mostly depends on the combined storm and sanitary sewer. During heavy rainfall, stormwater overflows the capacity of the sewage system and empties into the river with sewage. In this research, rainwater is considered as the source of healing water in the dense downtown context of the District. This thesis also examined tapping groundwater and bring it to the city street level. The thesis will tell the story of the arrival of Water into the middle of the city. This design for a community learning center at First Street NE in NoMA neighborhood, Washington D.C. is an effort to trace the path of the long-lost Tiber Creek and to provide the inhabitants with a place for Water and growth.

Storm water quality can have a significant impact on receiving water bodies. The chief recipients of these impacts are aquatic life in the receiving water body and downstream water users. Over the last few decades, legislation, regulations, institutions and facilities have evolved to recognize the impact of urban storm water on receiving streams. This increased emphasis has caused contaminants in storm water to be identified as a major concern. This developing concern has generated an increased interest in the water quality of our streams and lakes and emphasized the need for more monitoring efforts. With the passage of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Phase II requirements, small municipalities are responsible for storm water impacts on receiving waters within their jurisdiction. For the purposes of NPDES Phase II requirements, small municipalities are identified as these municipalities that are typically composed of 10,000 but less than 100,000 in population. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a manual for use by the staff of small municipalities in meeting the requirements prescribed by changes initiated in the NPDES Phase II regulations. Attempts were made to comply with these requirements within a very limited manpower and budget framework and to develop procedures that would allow for permit compliance using testing equipment that was both reliable and robust. The users' manual provides valuable guidance in the establishment of a knowledge base for characterization of the watersheds selected for study. Chapter 3 of the dissertation contains a users' manual, designed for use by municipal staff members in their efforts to comply with the NPDES Phase II requirements. Using the techniques and equipment capabilities developed during the writing of the users' manual a characterization of three watersheds within Denton County, Texas was developed. Non-storm water samples were taken from each of the streams and a baseline analysis was established. The three watersheds represented agricultural, suburban and urban settings. Storm water samples were obtained from multiple storms within all three watersheds and data analysis used to determine the character and impact of urban runoff. Determination of the constituents for analysis was based on monitoring requirements of the NPDES Phase I and II requirements for owners and operators of municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4) and on the Texas Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (TPDES) Multi-Sector General Permit (MSGP). The three watersheds were determined to have multiple statistically significant differences for some parameters between their Base Flows and Storm Flows. The impact of urban runoff on the receiving waters of these three drainage systems was clearly demonstrated throughout the testing period.

Nature provides various services to society that humans are completely dependent on for their survival. These services are called ecosystem services, and can be, for example, clean air, clean water and pollination of crops. To live close to nature and green areas is also important for our well being. Although we are often aware of the values that nature creates and its importance, green areas are often replaced with buildings and roads as the big cities grow and densify. The ongoing densification of cities, combined with the projected climate changes will result in that the capacity of storm water pipes is likely to be insufficient during major rainstorms which can create big problems with, for example, flooding. The increasing challenges of storm water management resulted in that open storm water solutions began to be used as supplement to the storm water pipes. Open water solutions are designed to take care of water in a way that mimics nature's way of taking care of rainfall. These open water systems are a form of urban ecosystems and, in addition to dampen the water flows, can provide a range of other ecosystem services. The aim of this thesis was to create a method for integrating and valuing ecosystem services in the design of open storm water management and thus make the values from ecosystem services visible. The thesis was limited to investigating seven different open storm water solutions: green roofs, infiltration of lawns, temporary damming on specially constructed flood areas, percolation trenches, natural streams, ponds and wetlands. In addition to the ability to manage and control large water flows, 11 ecosystem services were identified that can be obtained from the open storm water solutions: drinking water, non-potable water, natural water purification, carbon sequestration and storage, local climate control and air purification, noise reduction, pollination, habitat and biodiversity, activity based cultural values, aesthetic values and resource for research and education. The values of the ecosystem services were determined in a semi-quantitative survey in which 16 people responded to questions examining to what extent they consider that ecosystem services can be obtained in the various storm water solutions. The values of the ecosystem services also depend largely on the site's potential and how the solutions are designed. Factors that can affect the value of the ecosystem services with respect to these aspects were investigated in a literature study and in the questionnaire study. The results of the literature study and questionnaire study formed the basis for the non-site adapted assessment tool that was developed as the last step in the thesis. The tool was designed in Excel and consists of three steps. Step 1 aims to weight the ecosystem services by the sites’ potential, step 2 involves the actual valuation and possible adaption to alternative design, and in step 3 a factor is calculated as a measure of the values obtained from ecosystem services created from open storm water solutions in relation to the total area. The aim is that the assessment tool should be used as a complement to an investigation about which storm water treatment solution that is most suitable in a project. / Naturområden och grönytor levererar olika tjänster som människan är helt beroende av för sin överlevnad. Dessa tjänster kallas ekosystemtjänster och är exempelvis ren luft, rent vatten och pollinering av grödor. Närhet till naturen och grönområden har också stor betydelse för människans välbefinnande, till exempel genom att ha en stressdämpande effekt. Trots att vi är medvetna om värdena som naturen skapar, byggs grönytor i städer bort i takt med att de växer och förtätas. Täta städer innebär stora arealer hårdgjorda ytor vilket också resulterar i större volymer dagvatten då nederbörden inte kan infiltrera ner i marker och istället rinner av på ytan. Ledningarnas kapacitet riskerar att överskridas vid stora skyfall vilket kan orsaka stora problem med översvämningar. Problemet kommer dessutom förvärras i framtiden med de väntade klimatförändringarna. Ökande utmaningar med dagvattenhanteringen har resulterat i att öppna dagvattenlösningar började användas som komplement till ledningar under mark. Öppna dagvattenlösningar innebär att vattnet tas omhand på ett sätt som efterliknar naturens sätt att ta hand om nederbörd, och är en form av urbana ekosystem som, utöver att dämpa vattenflöden, kan tillhandahålla en rad andra ekosystemtjänster. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att skapa en metod för att integrera och värdera ekosystemtjänster i utformningen av öppen dagvattenhantering och därmed synliggöra ekosystemtjänsternas värden. Examensarbetet avgränsades till att utreda sju olika öppna dagvattenlösningar: gröna tak, infiltration på gräsytor, tillfällig uppdämning på översvämningsytor, svackdiken, naturliga diken och bäckar, dammar samt våtmarker. 12 ekosystemtjänster identifierades kunna erhållas från de öppna dagvattenlösningarna. Dessa var dricksvattenresurs, icke drickbart vatten, vattenrening, kolbindning och lagring, klimatreglering och luftrening, bullerreducering, flödesreglering, pollinering, livsmiljöer och biologisk mångfald, aktivitetsbaserade kulturella värden, estetiska värden samt resurs för forskning och utbildning. Ekosystemtjänsternas värden hos de olika dagvattenlösningarna bestämdes i en semikvantitativ enkätstudie där 16 personer fick värdera dagvattenlösningarnas kapacitet att bidra till de olika ekosystemtjänsterna. Värdena beror också till stor del på platsens förutsättningar och hur de utformas. Vilka faktorer som kan påverka värdet av ekosystemtjänsterna med avseende på dessa aspekter utreddes i en kvalitativ litteraturstudie. Resultatet från litteraturstudien samt enkätstudien utgjorde grunden för det icke platsanpassade värderingsverktyget som togs fram som det sista steget i examensarbetet. Verktyget utformades i Excel och består av tre steg där steg 1 syftar till att vikta ekosystemtjänsternas värden efter platsens förutsättningar, i steg 2 sker själva värderingen samt en eventuell anpassning till alternativ utformning och i steg 3 beräknas en faktor fram som är ett mått på ekosystemtjänsternas värden som fås från öppna dagvattenlösningar i förhållande till den totala arean. Syftet är att värderingsverktyget ska användas som ett komplement till en utredning om vilken dagvattenhantering som är lämpligast i ett projekt.