Orientador: Milton Terumitsu Sogabe / Banca: José Paiani Spaniol / Banca: Eduardo Cardoso Braga / Resumo: A Arte de Rua se tornou uma forte manifestação cultural ao longo dos últimos trinta anos, elaborando uma linguagem própria e se estabelecendo no mercado artístico. Contudo, o reconhecimento deste tipo de prática enquanto arte ainda é paradoxal, pois tange diversos pontos problemáticos nas relações sociais. A intervenção chega aos olhos do espectador sem pedir permissão, insere-se no contexto urbano quase que naturalmente, e em alguns casos chega a se camuflar como se já fosse parte da arquitetura. Seja qual for a sua base estética, a intervenção urbana alcança um vasto espectro de espectadores, mesmo que eles não queiram. O que se pretende nesta dissertação não é catalogar de forma cartesiana os diversos estilos encontrados nas ruas, mas sim refletir acerca desta prática, sobre seu funcionamento, seus desdobramentos, em uma leitura mais densa e tanto quanto possível objetiva / Abstract: Street Art became a strong cultural manifestation during the last thirty years, creating a personal language and establishing itself into the art market. However, recognizing this practice as an art form is still a paradox. The intervention comes to the viewer's eyes without permission, inserts itself almost naturally into the urban context, and in some cases camouflages as it was already part of the architecture. Whatever the aesthetic bases are, the urban intervention reaches a huge specter of viewers, even if they don't want to. What is intended in this work is not to catalogue the different styles found in the streets in a Cartesian way, but supply a denser and as possible objective reading about this practice and also reflect about hot it works and unfolds / Mestre

Nas duas últimas décadas, o graffiti se impôs como um elemento visual das metrópoles brasileiras. Passou a povoar a rotina urbana e, num embate por espaços, vem disputando a visibilidade pública com as cores dos edifícios, as placas de sinalização e outros elementos da comunicabilidade urbana. E o faz mudando a sua proposta e original essência. Este trabalho procura documentar a trajetória do graffitti de meados da década de 1960 até às vésperas da conclusão da pesquisa, em 2011, acompanhando a sua transformação \"do subversivo ao consagrado\". Através da narrativa visual pontuada por uma seleção de 400 fotografias de autoria do pesquisador, destaca-se, em especial, a cidade de São Paulo, onde o trabalho dos grafiteiros vem despertando interesse mundial e não apenas entre adeptos, simpatizantes e editoras especializadas. O graffiti tem sido um interessante campo de estudo para críticos de arte, antropólogos, semiólogos, etc., porém, é na visualidade urbana que tem o maior impacto. / In the last two decades, graffiti has established itself as a visual element of the metropolis in Brazil. It became part of the urban routine, and in a dispute for space has been struggling for public visibility with building colors, traffic signs and other elements of urban communicability. And it does so by changing its intent and original essence. This paper seeks to document the trajectory of graffiti from the mid 1960s to the conclusion of the research, in 2011, following its transformation \"from subversive to acclaimed\". By means of a visual narrative marked by a selection of 400 photographs taken by the researcher, the city of São Paulo is emphasized, where graffiti is attracting worldwide attention and not only among supporters, sympathizers and specialized publishers. Graffiti has been an interesting field of study for art critics, anthropologists, semiologists, and scholars in general, but the greatest impact of this street art is on the urban scene.

L’enjeu et la motivation de cette recherche est de rendre une dignité théorique à toutes ces pratiques qui revendiquent une appropriation, ne serait-ce que exclusivement sémiotique, de l’espace urbain. En consonance avec la démarche de Michel De Certeau, même le concept d’art a été analysé en tant que forme d’expression quotidienne. La street art a été interrogée en tant que pratique de traversée de l’espace et en tant que style de spatialisation : le produit c’est toujours un certain effet-espace qui sous-tend un certain effet de présence. L’exigence de ce travail c’était de faire un portrait de la ville à partir de micros narrations créatives qui la racontent comme par exemple l’intervention de Banksy sur la West Bank Barrier en Palestine, les inscriptions des pixadores brésiliens, les traversées des traceurs du Parkour, et les portraits affichés par JR. La street art c’est une narration possible de la ville, qui, comme un tatou sur la peau, en racontent les moments difficiles, en célèbrent les éléments d’identification, en souvient l’histoire (même celle des villes lointaines) dans une dialectique continue entre soi et Autre. D’un point de vue méthodologique, nous sommes partis de l’analyse des cas pour interroger certaines problématiques sémiotiques à l’aide de la réflexion sur les interactions et les styles de vie d’Éric Landowski, celle sur les pratiques et les formes de vie de Jacques Fontanille et celle sur l’ethno-sémiotique de Francesco Marsciani. L’analyse du phénomène a été nourri par la contribution des autres sciences sociales ayant déjà réfléchi sur l’espace et sa représentation artistique, et tout particulièrement l’anthropologie. / The issue and the motivation of this research is to give a theoretical dignity to all these practices that claim an appropriation of the urban space, even out of its semiotic meaning. In consonance with Michel De Certeau approach, even the concept of art has been analyzed as an everyday form of expression. The street art has been examined either as a space-crossing practice either as a style of spatialization: the altogether product is a space-effect which underlies a certain effect of presence. The goal of this work is to obtain a portrait of the city from a series of creative micro-narrations that illustrate it, as, for example, Banksy’s intervention on the West Bank Barrier in Palestine, the inscriptions of the Brazilian pixadores, Parkour tracers’ city crossings, the portraits posted up in the city by JR. The street art is a possible way of narration of the city, as a tattoo on the skin, it tells the hard moments, celebrates the identification elements, recollects the history (even for the far cities) with a continuous dialogue between itself and the Other. From a methodological point of view, we started from case analyses to question certain semiotic issues with the help of Eric Landowski’s thoughts about interactions and lifestyles, Jacques Fontanille’s ones about life practices and forms, Francesco Marsciani’s reflections on ethno-semiotics. The analysis of the phenomenon has been enriched by the contribution of other social sciences which had already pondered on the concept of space and its artistic representation, anthropology among the others.

De nombreuses œuvres plastiques sont nées d'une réflexion théorique et pratique influencée par les questions politiques et sociales. Hormis des différences dans les procédés utilisés, elles sont fédérées par un esprit de rébellion et de contestation. A travers l'examen des rapports entre l'art et la culture populaire, le street art et les phénomènes socio-critiques dans la société de consommation, notre sujet est organisé sur trois axes en quatre parties. Notre intention première va montrer que les artistes modernes ont découvert la valeur artistique des graffitis et de certaines expressions anonymes inscrites sur les murs avec un caractère intellectuel. Ensuite, nous explorerons le sujet dans la perspective de la culture populaire, du regard critique sur l'époque, et de certains critères plastiques qui ont eu de l'influence sur les street artistes en France. Enfin, dans les troisième et quatrième parties, nous étudierons les querelles posées quant à la fonction sociale de l'œuvre d'art, le rôle de l'artiste, le problème éthique de l'artiste, et la valeur artistique véritable dans la culture industrielle et l'art commercial, en déroulant le panorama des activités des street artistes. C'est sur le fondement de cette hypothèse que nous nous sommes posé la question des contenus sociaux/critiques de ce street art et de ses rapports avec la sphère socio-critique qui, lui, est une représentation de l'ère contemporaine. Quant aux deux axes de « la valeur artistique » et de « l'acte rebelle », traitant de la modernité propre à l'art contemporain et des rapports qu'elle entretient avec la vision critique, ceux-ci fondent le mouvement street art, le caractère rebelle ou activiste de cet art et son approche critique du monde de l'art ou de notre société étant indispensables à sa survie en tant que tel. Les méthodologies visent à analyser et à critiquer l'influence politique et sociale de l'image de telle sorte qu'elles permettent de réfléchir sur le champ pratique et théorique de notre étude. / Many plastic works were born from a theory and practice influenced by political and social issues. Apart from differences in the methods used, they are united by a spirit of rebellion and contestation. We examined the relationship between art and popular culture, street art and socio-critical phenomenon of this period. Our hypothesis is that this relationship can be defined by the concept of street art, understood as an artistic practice whose connotations are both aesthetic and social a critique and order. It is on the basis of this hypothesis that we questioned the social content / critique of street art and its relationship with the socio-critical sphere which is a representation of the contemporary era. Our first intention was to show, through the graffiti testimony that the modern artists discovered the artistic value of graffiti and some anonymous registrant walls with intellectual expression. Then, this part concerns the prospect of popular culture, critical look at the age and plastics criteria that have had an influence on the street artists in France. Finally, the third and fourth parts deepen the street art movement that became the graffiti art in the history of contemporary art. We study the quarrels offered by the social function of works of art, the ethical problem of the artist's work social function, role, and real artistic value in the industrial culture and commercial art, unrolling a panorama of street artists activities. The two axes of “the artistic value” and “rebellious act”, dealing with contemporary art and its relationship with its critical vision of modernity, those are the foundation of the street art movement, which activist and rebel practice, as an art, and a critical approach towards the art world or our society are essential to its survival as it is. This subject will therefore give us the opportunity to question the true art in our society, a consumer society. Any image that is concerned with the meaning of the pictorial discourse is contentious and feeds on cultural and political antagonisms.

Nas duas últimas décadas, o graffiti se impôs como um elemento visual das metrópoles brasileiras. Passou a povoar a rotina urbana e, num embate por espaços, vem disputando a visibilidade pública com as cores dos edifícios, as placas de sinalização e outros elementos da comunicabilidade urbana. E o faz mudando a sua proposta e original essência. Este trabalho procura documentar a trajetória do graffitti de meados da década de 1960 até às vésperas da conclusão da pesquisa, em 2011, acompanhando a sua transformação \"do subversivo ao consagrado\". Através da narrativa visual pontuada por uma seleção de 400 fotografias de autoria do pesquisador, destaca-se, em especial, a cidade de São Paulo, onde o trabalho dos grafiteiros vem despertando interesse mundial e não apenas entre adeptos, simpatizantes e editoras especializadas. O graffiti tem sido um interessante campo de estudo para críticos de arte, antropólogos, semiólogos, etc., porém, é na visualidade urbana que tem o maior impacto. / In the last two decades, graffiti has established itself as a visual element of the metropolis in Brazil. It became part of the urban routine, and in a dispute for space has been struggling for public visibility with building colors, traffic signs and other elements of urban communicability. And it does so by changing its intent and original essence. This paper seeks to document the trajectory of graffiti from the mid 1960s to the conclusion of the research, in 2011, following its transformation \"from subversive to acclaimed\". By means of a visual narrative marked by a selection of 400 photographs taken by the researcher, the city of São Paulo is emphasized, where graffiti is attracting worldwide attention and not only among supporters, sympathizers and specialized publishers. Graffiti has been an interesting field of study for art critics, anthropologists, semiologists, and scholars in general, but the greatest impact of this street art is on the urban scene.

While graffiti is revered as an art form to some, it is often seen as an unwanted nuisance by others. While vibrantly rich in history, graffiti has a controversial past, present, and future that will likely continue to be the subject of debate, especially with the insurgence of street art, an art form that often overlaps graffiti art in subject matter, media, aesthetic appearance, and placement as a public form of art. Distinguishing between street art and graffiti art proves quite challenging to the undiscerning eye, yet through a series of interviews and thorough investigation, I questioned the contexts of street art and graffiti art. By introducing non-traditional forms of art that are engaging to adolescent students, street art and graffiti art can expand the secondary art curriculum by helping students become more cognizant of current social, visual and cultural aesthetics in their own visual world.

This thesis investigates the relationship between Haring's artwork and its display as it influences the viewer's perception and interpretation.

El objetivo general de esta tesis era reunir nuevos conocimientos acerca del uso del lenguaje visual publicitario que confirmaran que éste puede ser utilizado para comunicar y construir identidades culturales en otras formas de comunicación basadas en la imagen, en otros ámbitos de nuestra realidad social y cultural como, en este caso, el Street Art. Y de manera más específica, la forma en que los artistas del Street Art utilizan los mecanismos retóricos de participación de la publicidad como vehículo para provocar una interacción con el destinatario, de manera que se sienta protagonista a la hora de completar el discurso final, con el propósito de que esta acción potencie el recuerdo de dicho discurso, de la obra o de la artista-marca. Por consiguiente, esta investigación se enfoca en comprobar de que manera los artistas callejeros han asimilado las prácticas retóricas que usa la creatividad publicitaria en la construcción del anuncio exterior para construir sus mensajes en sus trabajos artísticos. Lo que permitirá justificar que el lenguaje visual publicitario puede aplicarse en la creación de otro tipo de argumentos para mover y estimular audiencias específicas. De allí que en este trabajo de investigación no se estudien las significaciones derivadas del uso concreto de la imagen ni se midan los efectos de los mensajes contenidos en la obra del Street Art, sino que se evalúa la forma como estos artistas crean y usan dichos mecanismos y estructuras de la retórica visual publicitaria. Teniendo en cuenta, sin embargo, el medio donde se originan ambas imágenes para comprender el uso que se les da a estas estructuras discursivas. Acorde con esto, la tesis consta de dos partes. La primera, organizada en cuatro capítulos, corresponde al marco teórico general donde se definen los fundamentos y el ámbito de actuación de la actividad objeto de este estudio: la imagen como sistema de comunicación en ambas ocupaciones y la interacción estratégica entre arte y publicidad en la iconosfera urbana. La segunda constituye el análisis teórico y práctico que profundiza en los recursos retóricos de la imagen publicitaria como sistema de comunicación en el Street Art, en la creación y difusión de sus obras, los resultados de éstos, la discusión y las conclusiones de este estudio. Para ello, el material investigado consistió en obras creadas en su lugar de exhibición en el entorno del espacio urbano. Teniendo en cuenta que estas obras son usadas para seducir y comunicar mensajes visuales de un emisor a diferentes destinatarios y que estas participan en la construcción de la cultura visual de la ciudad. Así, el lenguaje icónico utilizado en el material de investigación es analizado con el propósito de comprobar si sus mensajes y la visualización de sus argumentos son creados utilizando la retórica visual del anuncio exterior publicitario. / The general objective of this work was to gather new knowledge about the use of the visual language of advertising to confirm that indeed it can be used to communicate and build cultural identities in other forms of communication based on the image, in other areas of our social and cultural reality as, in this case, the Street Art. In addition, more specifically, it gives the perception that street artists use participatory rhetorical devices of advertising as a vehicle to provoke an interaction in which the recipient is active and thus pay attention, feeling protagonist in completing the final speech. This action will enhance the memory or the remembrance of the speech, of the artwork or the artist-brand. Therefore, this research focuses on checking how street artists have assimilated rhetorical practices, traditionally used in advertising creativity in the construction of outdoor ad, to build their messages in their artwork. This will justify that advertising visual language can be applied in the creation of another type of argument to move and stimulate specific audiences. Hence this research did not examine the meanings derived from particular use of the image or measure the effects of the messages contained in the work of Street Art, but evaluates how these artists create and use such mechanisms and structures of visual rhetoric advertising. Considering, however, the environment where they originate both images to understand the use given to these discursive structures. According to this, the study was divided into two parts. The first, organized into four chapters, corresponding to the general theoretical framework which defines the fundamentals and scope of the activity covered by this study, the image as a communication system in both occupations and the strategic interaction between art and advertising in the urban iconosphere. The second, is the theoretical and practical analysis that deepens on rhetorical devices in advertising image as a communication system in the Street Art, the creation and dissemination of their works, the results of those, discussion and conclusions of this study. For this, the investigated material consisted of street artworks created in place of exhibition in the environment of urban space. Given that these works are used to seduce and communicate visual messages from a sender to several recipients, and are involved in the construction of the visual culture of the city. Thus, the iconic language used in the research material is analyzed with the purpose of ascertaining whether its messages and viewing of its arguments are created using the visual rhetoric of outdoor advertising.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2008. / Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 329-334).

The cultural performance of textile graffiti, or yarnbombing, dramatizes women’s contested relationship to the public/privates dichotomies that constitute neoliberal capitalism as well as liberal democracies. Across both of these institutions, privatized matters are problematically excluded from political consideration, and private sphere values—such are nurturance, interdependence, and communalism—are denied their necessity and legitimacy as public goods. Textile graffiti artists furnish an association between public and private life by placing signifiers of domesticity and caregiving onto the public streets, and adorning those nurturant signifiers with political and/or feminist messages. In so doing, textile graffiti functions to politicize caregiving, to highlight its gendered dimensions, and to remind city-goers of caregiving as a public issue and a public good that is necessary to the overall health of a functioning liberal democracy. This study explores textile graffiti from various political, aesthetic, and historical angles in order to situate it within an enduring feminist struggle to re-imagine public/private binaries through valorization of the artifacts, values, and communicative practices that are associated with the private sphere of the home.