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Analýza stereotypů v cestovatelských pořadech vybraných států subsaharské Afriky / Analysis of stereotypes in tv travel shows of selected states of sub-Saharan AfricaFerreira de Sousa, Natalie January 2020 (has links)
This thesis aims to analyze stereotypes in Czech TV travel shows with a focus on the region of sub-Saharan Africa. The chosen form of research is a content analysis, divided into three parts: thematic, visual, and textual. Thematic analysis focuses on the selection of topics. Visual on how the camera processes the story and the text part analyzes the keywords. Selected programs that were used for this research are three TV travel shows of Czech production: Objektiv, Cestománie, and Koření. All three programs show that the tendency to portray sub-Saharan Africa outside of the news is rather stereotypical, and Africa's unified media presentation highlights recurring themes: political instability, poverty, or a beauty of African nature.
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Assessing the Determinants of Maternal Healthcare Service Utilization and Effectiveness of Interventions to Improve Institutional Births in Jimma Zone, EthiopiaKurji, Jaameeta 19 May 2021 (has links)
The strong emphasis placed on improving equality and well-being for all in the Sustainable Development Goals underscores the importance of tackling persistent within-country disparities in maternal mortality and poor health outcomes. Addressing maternal healthcare access barriers is, thus, crucial, particularly in low-resource settings. Numerous studies investigating determinants of maternal healthcare service use in Ethiopia exist but are limited by their focus on individual and household factors, and by methodological weaknesses. A nuanced understanding of the role of socioeconomic and geographic context in influencing access to care is needed to respond effectively.
Maternity waiting homes (MWHs) are a potential strategy to address geographical barriers that delay women’s access to obstetric care. However, in addition to concerns about service quality, there is limited evidence on their effectiveness and on what models meet women’s needs. My research goals were, therefore, to contribute to the understanding of what contextual factors influence maternal healthcare service use in general; and to determine whether or not upgraded MWHs operating in an enabling environment could improve delivery care use in rural Ethiopia. My primary data sources were household surveys conducted as part of a cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating MWHs and local leader training in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia.
Random effects multivariable logistic regression analysis of survey data brought to light the social and financial resources that facilitate MWH use, highlighting the need for complementary interventions to make access more equitable. Spatial analyses identified subnational variation in service use at a finer scale than routinely reported and unmasked local variation in the relevance and magnitude of associations between individual-, interpersonal-, and health system factors and maternal healthcare use. These findings have implications for relying upon homogenous national responses to improve equality in access to care and health outcomes. Finally, analysis of trial data found a non-significant effect of interventions on delivery care use likely due to implementation issues and extraneous factors. The need to generate strong evidence of effectiveness of MWHs in improving maternal healthcare service use using sustainable and equitable MWH models using methods appropriate for complex intervention evaluation remains.
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Analyse comparative de la fécondité des adolescentes en Afrique subsaharienne / Comparative analysis of adolescent fertility in Sub-Saharan AfricaDieme, Ndèye Binta 12 June 2012 (has links)
Le plus souvent, les études sur les adolescents en Afrique Subsaharienne ne portent que sur quelques pays et ne permettent pas toujours de généraliser les conclusions à l’ensemble de la zone subsaharienne. D’ailleurs, ce travail , qui couvre 24 pays de cette zone, n’a pas non plus permis d’établir des profils de fécondité adolescente basés sur la situation géographique des pays. En effet, l’hétérogénéité des pays en matière de fécondité précoce a été mise en évidence. Hétérogénéité qui, en fait, le reflet de pratiques et de traditions différentes entre les pays en matière de nuptialité. La maternité survenant essentiellement dans le cadre d’une union, le mariage précoce constitue le principal facteur de la fécondité précoce. Les pays ayant le calendrier nuptial le plus tardif ont aussi une très faible fécondité adolescente. Toutefois, le recul du mariage précoce dans tous les pays ne s’est pas accompagné d’une baisse aussi importante de la fécondité précoce soit du fait d’une arrivée plus rapide des premières naissances après le mariage, soit en raison d’une croissance des naissances hors mariage, signe de mutations sociales importantes dans les sociétés africaines. La croissance de l’urbanisation et de la scolarisation contribue à retarder l’entrée en union alors que l’âge au premier rapport sexuel évolue plus faiblement. En conséquence une sexualité de plus en plus prémaritale se développe au fil des générations. / Most often, studies of adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa include only a few countries and do not always generalize the findings to the entire sub-Saharan zone. Moreover, this work, which covers 24 countries in the region, has also failed to establish profiles of adolescent fertility based on the geographical location of countries. Indeed, the heterogeneity of the country's early fertility has been demonstrated. Heterogeneity, in fact, reflect different practices and traditions between countries in terms of marriage. Maternity occurring mainly in the context of a union, early marriage is the main factor of early fertility. The countries with the schedule the later marriage also have a very low adolescent fertility. However, the decline of early marriage in all countries was not accompanied by a decrease in early fertility as important either because of a faster arrival of first births after marriage, either because of growth of births outside marriage, a sign of significant social change in African societies. The growth of urbanization and schooling helps to delay the entry into union while the age at first intercourse evolves more slowly. Consequently sexuality increasingly premarital develops over generations
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Muslim Youth at a Crossroads: Media and Civic Engagement in Burkina FasoOuedraogo, Lassane 02 June 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Decolonizing Translation Practice as Culture in Postcolonial African Literature and Film in Setswana LanguagePhetlhe, Keith 02 June 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Exploring the circular economy of urban organic waste in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities and challengesDdiba, Daniel January 2020 (has links)
Globally, there is increasing awareness of the importance of applying circular economy principles to the management of organic waste streams through resource recovery. In the urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa which are going to host a significant part of population growth over the next three decades, this is especially relevant. Circular economy approaches for sanitation and waste management can provide incentives to improve infrastructure and consequently contribute resources for water, energy and food that power urban livelihoods. This thesis is situated at the intersection of the circular economy on one hand and sanitation and waste management systems on the other. It aims to contribute to knowledge about the circular economy by investigating the potential contribution of resource-oriented urban sanitation and waste management towards the implementation of a circular economy in sub-Saharan Africa and the opportunities and challenges thereof. In pursuit of the above aim, the thesis employs a mixed methods approach and is operationalized in two case study locations: Kampala (Uganda) and Naivasha (Kenya). The findings reveal the quantities of resource recovery products like biogas, compost and black soldier fly larvae that can be obtained from the organic waste streams collected in a large city, demonstrate the viability of valorizing dried faecal sludge as a solid fuel for industrial applications, and identify the factors that facilitate or impede the governance capacity to implement circular economy approaches to the management of organic waste streams in urban areas in sub-Saharan Africa. The methods used for quantifying the potential for valorizing organic waste streams and for assessing governance capacity demonstrate approaches that could be applied in other urban contexts with interest in implementing circular economy principles. The discussion highlights some key implications of these findings for sanitation and waste management practices, arguing that it is time for a shift in sub-Saharan Africa from designing sanitation and waste management systems for disposal to designing them for resource recovery. / Globalt ökar medvetenheten om vikten av att tillämpa principer för cirkulär ekonomi för att hantera organiska avfallsströmmar genom resursåtervinning. I de urbana områdena i Subssahariska Afrika är detta särskilt relevant, då dessa förväntas stå för en betydande del av befolkningsökningen under de kommande tre decennierna. En mer cirkulärekonomi för sanitet och avfallshantering kan ge incitament för att förbättra infrastrukturen och därmed bidra med resurser till produktion av vatten, energi och mat som driver städernas försörjning. Denna licentiatuppsats befinner sig i skärningspunkten mellan cirkulär ekonomi å ena sidan och sanitets- och avfallshanteringssystem å andra sidan. Syftet är att bidra med kunskap om cirkulär ekonomi genom att undersöka potentialen för resursorienterad stadssanitet och avfallshantering att bidra till genomförandet av cirkulär ekonomi i Subsahariska Afrika, samt dess möjligheter och utmaningar. För att uppnå ovanstående syfte används flera olika metoder och genomförs i två fallstudiestäder: Kampala i Uganda respektive Naivasha i Kenya. Resultaten visar på de mängder av resursåtervinningsprodukter som biogas, kompost och svarta soldatflugelarver som kan erhållas från organiska avfallsströmmar som samlas in i en stor stad. Dessutom visar resultaten livskraftigheten för att valorisera torkat avföringsslam som ett fast bränsle för industriella tillämpningar. Slutligen identifierar resultaten faktorer som underlättar eller hindrar styrningskapaciteten för att genomföra cirkulär ekonomi-strategier för hantering av organiska avfallsströmmar i stadsområden i Subsahariska Afrika. Metoderna som används för att kvantifiera potentialen att valorisera organiska avfallsströmmar och att utvärdera styrningskapacitet är metoder som kan tillämpas i andra urbana sammanhang där det finns intresse för att genomföra cirkulära ekonomiska principer. Diskussionen belyser några viktiga konsekvenser av dessa fynd för sanitets- och avfallshanteringspraxis och argumenterar för att det är dags för en övergång i SSA från att utforma sanitets- och avfallshanteringssystem för bortskaffande till att utforma dem för resursåtervinning. / <p>QC 20200513</p> / UrbanCircle: Urban Waste into Circular Economy Benefits
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Commodity Price Shocks and Child Marriage: Evidence from Coffee Regions in East AfricaLowe, Brittany 26 July 2023 (has links)
No description available.
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Detection of Species-Specific <i>Plasmodium</i> Infection Using Unmapped Reads From Human Whole Genome SequencesOlvany, Jasmine Marie 26 May 2023 (has links)
No description available.
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Saggi sull'energia e lo sviluppo in Africa subsahariana: l'accesso all'energia, il cambiamento climatico e il Nexus / ESSAYS ON ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. ENERGY ACCESS, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND THE NEXUS / Essays on Energy and Development in sub-Saharan Africa: Energy access, climate change, and the NexusFALCHETTA, GIACOMO 20 July 2021 (has links)
La seguente Tesi di Dottorato si articola in cinque saggi che esaminano alcuni importanti aspetti legati all'energia in Africa subsahariana, e in particolare all'interazione tra lo sviluppo socio-economico e le sue implicazioni per l'ambiente a livello regionale e globale. I saggi sono introdotti da un capitolo di avvicinamento generale ai temi trattati. Questo capitolo prepara il lettore offrendo un riassunto delle principali sfide legate all'energia nel contesto subsariano e formulando le domande di ricerca e gli strumenti sui quali si basa la tesi stessa. Le principali implicazioni di ciascuno dei saggi, sia per la ricerca che per i decisori politici, vengono poi presentate in un capitolo di discussione finale. Il primo saggio esamina la problematica dell’accesso all'energia, e in particolare all'elettricità. Viene illustrato il ruolo dei dati satellitari e dell'analisi statistica dei dati geospaziali nel migliorare la comprensione della situazione dell'accesso all'elettricità in Africa subsahariana. Il saggio include un'analisi delle disuguaglianze che caratterizzano la qualità dell'accesso all'elettricità nella regione. Il risultato principale è che, dopo decenni, la disuguaglianza nell'accesso all'energia sta iniziando a diminuire. Essa rimane però prominente, in particolare per quanto riguarda la quantità di energia consumata. Viene stimato che gli sforzi di elettrificazione tra il 2020 e il 2030 debbano triplicare il loro passo per raggiungere l'obiettivo di sviluppo sostenibile SDG 7.1.1. Il secondo saggio consiste di una piattaforma di valutazione della domanda energetica bottom-up spazialmente esplicita per stimare il fabbisogno energetico tra le comunità in cui l'accesso all'elettricità è attualmente carente, come identificato con la metodologia introdotta nel primo saggio. La valutazione non si limita al fabbisogno energetico residenziale, ma include un resoconto dettagliato, basato sugli usi finali, del fabbisogno energetico di scuole, strutture sanitarie, pompaggio dell'acqua per l'irrigazione, lavorazione delle colture e microimprese, i principali motori dello sviluppo rurale. Viene condotto uno studio nazionale per il Kenya per dimostrare l'importanza di considerare molteplici fonti di domanda oltre al residenziale quando l'obiettivo è sviluppare una strategia di elettrificazione che supperisca veramente alla povertà energetica. Si dimostra poi che esiste un notevole potenziale di crescita della produttività e della redditività rurale grazie all'apporto di energia elettrica. In molte aree, questi profitti locali potrebbero ripagare gli investimenti nelle infrastrutture di elettrificazione in pochi anni. Il terzo saggio analizza un aspetto specifico dell'interazione tra pianificazione dell'accesso all'elettricità, domanda di energia residenziale e adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici. Vengono combinati dati e scenari climatici, satellitari e demografici per produrre una stima globale spazialmente esplicita della domanda di circolazione e condizionamento dell’aria non soddisfatta a causa della mancanza di accesso all'elettricità. Sulla base di modelli integrati di elettrificazione climatica-energetica e geospaziale, risulta che in Africa sub-sahariana, l'hotspot globale della povertà energetica, tenere conto del fabbisogno di circolazione e condizionamento dell’aria locale stimato (in aggiunta agli obiettivi di consumo residenziale di base) determini una riduzione sostanziale della quota di sistemi standalone come l'opzione di elettrificazione meno costosa entro il 2030, e un importante aumento della capacità di generazione di elettricità e dei requisiti di investimento. Tali risultati suggeriscono la necessità di una maggiore considerazione delle esigenze di adattamento climatico nella pianificazione dei sistemi energetici dei paesi in via di sviluppo e nella valutazione del trade-off tra l'espansione della rete elettrica centrale e sistemi decentralizzati per raggiungere un’elettrificazione universale. La pianificazione dell'elettrificazione deve essere tecnicamente efficiente, ma deve anche considerare l'ambiente politico-economico in cui gli investimenti vengono canalizzati. Il quarto saggio valuta il ruolo della governance e della qualità regolatoria nel quadro di modellazione dell'accesso all'energia elettrica. In particolare, si introduce un indice di governance dell'accesso all'elettricità basato su più indicatori che viene poi implementato nel modello di elettrificazione IMAGE-TIMER. L’effetto dell’indice viene modellato attraverso il suo effetto modificatore sui tassi di sconto privati (una misura del rischio e della disponibilità ad accettare costi futuri rispetto ai costi attuali). I risultati mostrano che la governance e la qualità regolatoria nell'accesso all'elettricità hanno un impatto significativo sul mix tecnologico ottimale e sui flussi di investimenti privati per raggiungere l'elettrificazione universale in Africa subsahariana. In particolare, un ambiente rischioso scoraggia l’investimento da parte dei fornitori privati di soluzioni di accesso decentralizzato all'energia, con il rischio di lasciare molti senza elettricità anche oltre il 2030. Il quinto e ultimo saggio analizza il settore energetico africano da un punto di vista ‘Nexus’. Il saggio valuta l'affidabilità del sistema energetico nei sistemi energetici dominati dall'energia idroelettrica (come in molti paesi dell'Africa centrale e orientale) e del ruolo che i cambiamenti climatici e gli eventi estremi possono esercitare su di esso. Il lavoro combina analisi qualitative e quantitative per (i) proporre un solido framework per evidenziare le interdipendenze tra energia idroelettrica, disponibilità di acqua e cambiamento climatico, (ii) analizzare sistematicamente lo stato dell'arte sugli impatti previsti dei cambiamenti climatici su l'energia idroelettrica nell'Africa subsahariana e (iii) fornire evidenza empirica sui trend passati e sulle traiettorie di sviluppo futuro del settore. I risultati suggeriscono che il cambiamento climatico influenzerà l'affidabilità e la sicurezza della fornitura elettrica attraverso diversi canali. Ad esempio, molti dei principali bacini idrologici sono stati caratterizzati da una diminuzione del livello idrico nel corso del ventesimo secolo. Si evidenzia come tuttavia una diversificazione del mix di generazione elettrico sia finora stata promossa solo in un numero limitato di paesi. Si suggerisce infine che l'integrazione delle fonti rinnovabili variabili con l'energia idroelettrica possa aumentare la resilienza del sistema. / This dissertation is a collection of five essays examining some important energy-related aspects at the interplay of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)’s development and its interactions with the regional and global environment. The essays are introduced by a general overview chapter – highlighting the core energy-related challenges of SSA and the scope of this work. The main implications of the essays, both for research and for policymakers, are then considered in the final discussion chapter.
The first essay focuses on access to modern energy, and chiefly on electricity. I illustrate the role of satellite data and the statistical analysis of geospatial data in improving the understanding of the electricity access situation in sub-Saharan Africa. The essay includes an analysis of inequality characterising the electricity access quality in the region. The main finding is that after decades, energy access inequality is beginning to decline but it remains prominent in particular as far as the quantity consumed is concerned. I find that electrification efforts between 2020 and 2030 must triplicate their pace to meet Sustainable Development Goal 7.1.1.
The second essay develops a spatially-explicit bottom-up energy demand assessment platform to estimate the energy needs among communities where access to electricity is currently lacking, as identified with the methodology introduced in the first essay. The assessment is not restricted to residential energy needs, but it includes a detailed, appliance-based account of power needs for schools, healthcare facilities, water pumping for irrigation, crop processing, and micro enterprises, the key drivers of rural development. I carry out a country-study for Kenya to show the importance of considering multiple demand sources beyond residential when the aim is developing an electrification strategy which truly overcomes energy poverty. I also show that there is considerable potential for rural productivity and profitability growth thanks to the input of electric energy. In many areas, these local profits might pay back the electrification infrastructure investment in only few years.
The third essay analyses a specific aspect at the interplay between electricity access planning, household energy demand and climate change adaptation. I combine climate, satellite, and demographic data and scenarios to produce a global spatially-explicit estimate of unmet ACC demand due to the lack of electricity access. Based on integrated climate-energy and geospatial electrification modelling, I find that in sub-Saharan Africa, the global hotspot of energy poverty, accounting for the estimated local ACC needs on top of baseline residential consumption targets determines a substantial reduction in the share of decentralised systems as the least-cost electrification option by 2030, and a major ramp-up in the power generation capacity and investment requirements. My results call for a greater consideration of climate adaptation needs in the planning of energy systems of developing countries and in evaluating the trade-off between the central power grid expansion and decentralised systems to achieve universal electrification.
Electrification planning must be techno-economically efficient, but it must also consider the political-economic environment where investment needs to be channelled. The fourth essay evaluates the role of governance and regulatory quality in the electricity access modelling framework. In particular, I introduce an Electricity Access Governance Index based on multiple indicators implement it into the PBL’s IMAGE-TIMER electrification model through its modifier effect on private discount rates (a measure of risk and willingness to accept future costs vis-à-vis present costs). The results show that governance and regulatory quality in electricity access have a significant impact on the optimal technological mix and the private investment flows for reaching universal electrification in sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, risky environment crowd out private providers of decentralised energy access solutions with the risk of leaving many without electricity even after 2030.
The fifth and final essay takes a nexus perspective in the analysis of the African power sector. It deals with the reliability of the energy system in hydropower-dominated power systems (such as in many countries in Central and East Africa) and the role that climate change and extreme events can exert on it. The essay combines qualitative and quantitative analysis to (i) propose a robust framework to highlight the interdependencies between hydropower, water availability, and climate change, (ii) systematically review the state-of-the art literature on the projected impacts of climate change on hydropower in sub-Saharan Africa, and (iii) provide supporting evidence on past trends and current pathways of power mix diversification, drought incidence, and climate change projections. I find that climate change can affect supply reliability and security in multiple ways. For instance, several major river basins have been drying throughout the twentieth century. Nonetheless, I highlight that diversification has hitherto only been promoted in a limited number of countries. I suggest how integrating variable renewables and hydropower can increase system resilience.
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COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF POINT-OF-CARE DEVICE ALLOCATION STRATEGIES: THE CASE OF EARLY INFANT DIAGNOSIS OF HIVMugambi, Melissa Latigo 23 August 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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