Dans le procédé de production d’engrais à base de superphosphate, l’attaque de la roche phosphatée par l’acide sulfurique génère des sous-produits gazeux odorants. Bien que leurs émissions se situent dans les limites réglementaires, les usines d’engrais à base de superphosphate sont susceptibles de causer des nuisances olfactives pour les riverains. Cette thèse propose d’étudier la faisabilité d’un procédé de traitement des odeurs par l’ozonation en phase gazeuse homogène. Une première étape de priorisation des composés chimiques ayant le potentiel odorant le plus important a été réalisée. Ce classement a été effectué à partir d’un rapport technique fourni par notre partenaire industriel basé sur une campagne de mesure olfactométrique et de caractérisation chimique des gaz émis par la cheminée d’une usine de production des engrais superphosphate. À partir du calcul de la valeur d’activité odorante (OAV), deux familles de composés ont été ciblées : les composés soufrés – représentés par le sulfure d’hydrogène (H2S), le sulfure d’éthylméthyle (MES) et le disulfure de diméthyle (DMDS) – et les aldéhydes (représentés par le propanal et le butanal). Deux techniques analytiques (GC/FID et SIFT/MS) ont été mises en œuvre afin d’évaluer les performances d’élimination de ces composés, la difficulté d'analyser une matrice gazeuse contenant de l'ozone ayant été mise en évidence. Ainsi, une interférence de l'ozone sur l'analyse des aldéhydes par GC/FID a été identifiée. La technique SIFT/MS a, quant à elle, nécessité un développement important. L’ozonation d’effluents gazeux modèles a été réalisée en suivant l’élimination des composés cibles dans différentes conditions de fonctionnement (temps de résidence, température du réacteur, concentration en ozone et taux d’humidité) dans un domaine expérimental compatible avec les contraintes industrielles. Les composés soufrés ont présenté des taux d’élimination élevés, particulièrement dans le cas de H2S, dont les conversions ont atteint environ 80%. Les monosulfures (MES) et disulfures organiques (DMDS) se sont montrés moins réactifs à l’ozone, puisque les conversions sont restées assez faibles (de l’ordre de 30% pour un ratio O3/soufrés similaire). Dans la gamme de conditions opératoires utilisées, ni l'humidité, ni le temps de résidence dans le réacteur n’ont montré d'influence considérable. La concentration d'ozone s’avère être le paramètre du procédé le plus influant, ayant un effet positif sur les taux de conversion des trois composés soufrés étudiés. Parallèlement, pour le DMDS, une augmentation de la température du réacteur a aussi amélioré la conversion. De manière globale, les taux de conversion les plus importants ont été obtenus pour les ratio O3/soufrés et la température du réacteur les plus élevés. A l’inverse, même lorsque les conditions de réaction les plus favorables ont été appliquées (température et concentration d’ozone les plus élevées), les aldéhydes se sont montrés non réactifs vis-à-vis de l’ozone. Malgré les faibles conversions obtenues, l’utilisation du SIFT/MS a permis d’identifier les principaux sousproduits de la réaction ozone-composés soufrés en phase gazeuse comme étant le méthyléthylsulfoxyde (MESO), le méthyléthylsulfone (MESO2), le diméthyl thiosulfinate (DMSOS), les isomères de diméthyl thiosulfonate (DMSO2S), le diméthyldisulfoxyde (DM(SO)2) et également le dioxyde (SO2) et le trioxyde de soufre (SO3). Le procédé de traitement des odeurs par ozonation directe des gaz en sortie de cheminée industrielle apparaît donc difficilement envisageable en raison de la faible efficacité d’élimination des composés malodorants démontrée dans nos essais. En revanche, cette technique couplée avec une absorption chimique pourrait s’avérer intéressante pour éliminer les nuisances olfactives avec une bonne efficacité / In the superphosphate-based fertilizers production process, the attack of phosphate rock by sulfuric acid generates odorous gaseous by-products. Although their emissions are within regulatory limits, superphosphate fertilizer plants are likely to cause odor nuisance to residents. This thesis proposes to study the feasibility of a process of odor treatment by ozonation in homogeneous gas phase. A first step of prioritization of the chemical compounds with the most important odorous potential has been realized. This ranking was established from a technical report provided by our industrial partner based on a campaign of olfactometric measurement and chemical characterization of the gases emitted by the chimney of a superphosphate fertilizer production plant. From the calculation of the odor activity value (OAV), two families of compounds were targeted: sulfur compounds - represented by hydrogen sulphide (H2S), ethylmethyl sulphide (MES) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) - and aldehydes (represented by propanal and butanal). Two analytical techniques (GC/FID and SIFT/MS) were applied in order to evaluate the elimination performance of these compounds, the difficulty of analyzing a gaseous matrix containing ozone having been demonstrated. Thus, ozone interference on GC/FID analysis of aldehydes has been identified. The SIFT/MS technique, in turn, required significant development. The ozonation of model gaseous effluents was carried out following the elimination of the target compounds under different operating conditions (residence time, reactor temperature, ozone concentration and moisture) in an experimental field compatible with the industrial constraints. The sulfur compounds exhibited high removal rates, particularly in the case of H2S, whose conversions reached about 80%. Organic monosulfides (MES) and disulfides (DMDS) were less reactive to ozone, as conversions remained quite low (around 30% for the same level of O3/sulfur ratio). In the range of operating conditions used, neither the moisture nor the residence time in the reactor showed considerable influence. The ozone concentration is the most influential process parameter, having a positive effect on the conversion rates of the three sulfur compounds studied. Meanwhile, for DMDS, an increase in reactor temperature also improved the conversion. Overall, the highest conversion rates were obtained for the highest O3/sulfur ratios and reactor temperature. Conversely, even when the most favorable reaction conditions have been applied (highest temperature and ozone concentration), the aldehydes have been inert to ozone. Despite the low conversions obtained, the use of SIFT/MS has identified the main by-products of the ozone-sulfur compounds gas phase reaction as methylethylsulfoxide (MESO), methylethylsulfone (MESO2), dimethyl thiosulfinate (DMSOS), isomers of dimethyl thiosulfonate (DMSO2S), dimethyldisulfoxide (DM(SO)2) and also sulfur dioxide (SO2) and trioxide (SO3). The odors treatment process by direct ozonation of the gases at the outlet of industrial chimney thus appears difficult to envisage because of the low efficiency of malodorous compounds elimination demonstrated in our tests. On the other hand, this technique coupled with chemical absorption could be interesting to eliminate the olfactory nuisances with a good efficiency

A series of 1,3,2,4,5-dithiadiazarsoles with the general formula RAs(S₂N₂) (R = Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu, Ph and Mes) have been prepared and characterised by multinuclear NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. The X-ray structures of PhAs(S₂N₂) and MesAs(S₂N₂) were determined. The low temperature X-ray structures of the half-sandwich 5,1,3,2,4-metalladithiadiazoles Cp*M(S₂N₂) (M = Co, Ir) were determined and Cp*Rh(S₂N₂) was prepared. All three metalladithiadiazoles were characterised by multinuclear NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. The X-ray structures of complexes [Cp*RhCp*]Cl,[Cp*Rh(μ-S₃N₂)(μ-S₂O₃)RhCp*] and Cp*Ir[S₂N₂(IrCl₂Cp*)] obtained during this work were determined. The low temperature X-ray structure of Roesky's sulfoxide (S₃N₂O) is presented together with assignments of its vibrational spectra as suggested by theoretical calculations. The experimental structures of the metalladithiadiazoles and that of Roesky's sulfoxide are compared with calculated geometries. A limited amount of simple experiments have been carried out with selected title compounds to get an insight into their reactivity.

No description available.

H2S peut être un gaz dominant dans les réservoirs pétroliers carbonatés. Cependant, les recherches sur l'influence de H2S sur la composition et la stabilité thermique du pétrole restent limitées. Dans cette thèse, les interactions entre les hydrocarbures et H2S ont été étudiées de 310 à 350°C, à 700 bar, par pyrolyse confinée en tubes d'or scellés. La pyrolyse d'une huile non soufrée en présence de H2S ont permis de mettre en évidence une nouvelle voie de formation des composés organiques soufrés dans les pétroles. Les pyrolyses des mélanges n-octane/H2S et alkylbenzène/H2S ont permis de proposer les différentes réactions radicalaires pour la formation des produits soufrés principaux : les thiophène, thiols, thiacycloalcanes, alkyl-thiophènes dans le premier cas ; les thiols aromatiques, alkyl-benzothiophènes dans le second. Les résultats obtenus dans le mélange n-octane/H2S ont permis d'établir et valider un modèle cinétique détaillé. Ce mécanisme a permis de montrer que la pyrolyse n-octane/H2S se déroule en chaînes longues et que H2S a un effet inhibiteur sur la consommation du n-octane aux températures supérieures à 320°C, mais accélère fortement la réaction aux basses températures. Des extrapolations du modèle aux conditions géologiques (150-200°C, 700 bar) montrent que H2S a un effet important sur la composition chimique et la stabilité thermique des hydrocarbures. Le modèle permet aussi d'explorer la réactivité de H2S aux conditions de récupération assistée d'huiles lourdes soufrées (injection vapeur, pyrolyse) ou aux conditions de stockages en réservoir pétroliers déplétés / H2S can be a dominant gas in carbonate petroleum reservoirs. However, researches on the influence of H2S on the oil stability are limited in literature. In this thesis, interactions between hydrocarbons (oils, model compounds) and H2S were studied by confined pyrolysis in gold cells from 310 to 350°C under 700 bar. Results of pyrolysis of oil (free of sulfur) in presence of H2S lead to highlight a new pathway of formation of organic sulfur compounds in oils. Pyrolysis of binary mixtures n-octane/H2S and alkylbenzène/H2S allowed to propose different radical reactions for the generation of main sulfur products, namely, thiophene, thiols, thiacycloalkanes, alkyl-thiophenes in the first case ; thiol-aromatics, alkyl-benzothiophenes in the second. Results obtained in the mixture n-octane/H2S led to construct and validate a detailed mechanistic model. The mechanism shows that pyrolysis of n-octane/H2S occurs in long chain and H2S has an inhibition effect on the consumption of n-octane at temperatures above of 320°C, but accelerate the reaction rate strongly at low temperatures. Extrapolation of the kinetic model to geological temperatures and pressures (150-200°C, 700 bar) shows that H2S can significantly influence the composition and stability of hydrocarbons. It is also proposed to apply the model to study the reactivity of H2S under conditions of enhanced recovery (steam injection, pyrolysis) or of geological storage in depleted petroleum reservoirs

A presente tese relata o estudo conformacional e das interações eletrônicas de algumas α-feniltio-acetatos de etila para-substituídos e suas formas mono- e di-oxigenadas EtOC(O)CH2SOn-Φ-X (p) (I) e de alguns α-feniltio-tioacetatos de etila para-substituídos e sua forma mono-oxigenada EtSC(O)CH2SOn-Φ-X (p) (II), [ n =0 (a), 1 (b) e 2 (c) para (I)] e [n= 0 (a) e 1 (b) para (II)], sendo X substituintes atraentes, hidrogênio e doadores de elétrons. Este estudo foi realizado através da espectroscopia no infravermelho e cálculos ab initio HF/6-31G**. Nos α-ester-sulfetos (Ia) e α-tioester-sulfetos (IIa) as conformações gauche são fortemente estabilizadas pelas interações orbitalares π*co/ σc-s (hiperconjugativa) e π*co/ns. Nos β-ester-sulfóxidos (Ib) e β-tioester-sulfóxidos (IIb) enquanto a s conformações gauche são estabilizadas pela interação orbitalar πco/ σ*c-so, a conformação cis é estabilizada pela interação no(co)→π*SO. Nas β-ester-sulfonas (Ic) o confôrmero menos polar e mais estável gauche é fortemente estabilizado pelas interações Coulombicas e orbitalares Oδ-(CO) → Sδ+(SO2) e Oδ-(SO2) → Cδ+(CO), enquanto que o confôrmero gauche 1 é estabilizado por esta ultima interação e desestabilizado pela interação repulsiva entre os oxigênios negativamente carregados dos grupos C(O)OEt e SO2Et. / This thesis reports the conformational and electronic interaction studies of some ethyl α-phenylthio-acetates and their mono-and di-oxygenated derivatives EtOC(O)CH2SOn-Φ-X (I) [for n=0 (a), l(b), and 2 (c)] and some ethyl α-phenylthio-thioacetates and their mono-oxygenated derivatives EtSC(O)CH2SOn-Φ-X (II) [for n= 0 (a) and 1 (b)], bearing at the para position electron-attracting, hydrogen and electron-donating substituents. This study was performed by means of infrared spectroscopy and HF/6-31G** ab initio calculations. For the β-ester-sulfides (Ia) and β-thioester-sulfides (IIa) the more stable gauche conformers are strongly stabilised by the π*co/ σc-s and π*co / ns orbital interactions. As for the β-ester-sulfoxides (Ib) and β-thioester-sulfoxides (IIb) while the gauche conformers are stabilised by the πco/ σ*c-s orbital interaction, the cis conformer is stabilised by the no(co) → π∗co interaction. For the β-ester-sulfones (Ic) the least polar and most stable gauche rotamer is strongly stabilised by the crossed Oδ-(CO)→ Sδ+(SO2) and Oδ-(SO2)→ Cδ+(CO) Coulombic and orbital interactions, while the least stable gauche1 rotamer is stabilised by this latter interaction and destabilised by the repulsive interaction between the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the C(O)OEt and SO2Et groups.

A presente tese trata de α-sulfonil carbânions, trazendo uma contribuição para a compreensão da sua estabilidade conformacional e reatividade frente a reagentes eletrofílicos. As reações investigadas foram as alquilações e sulfenilações de α-sulfonil tioésteres e as descarboxilações alquilativas dos ácidos α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóicos racêmico e opticamente ativo. A apresentação e discussão dos resultados das reações de alquilação e sulfenilação é precedida por uma revisão bibliográfica que apresenta os trabalhos mais relevantes da literatura sobre as reações de α-sulfonil carbânions com diversos eletrófilos, envolvendo reações tais como: halogenação, alquilação, acilação, condensação e sulfenilação. Os estudos das reações de alquilação, por nós efetuados com dois diferentes α-sulfonil tioésteres, empregando o método em fase homogênea, indicaram que, no caso dos haletos de metila, etila e alila, foram obtidas misturas dos produtos mono- e di- alquilados, enquanto que no caso do brometo de benzila houve formação exclusiva de produtos monoalquilados (ver arquivo). Entretanto, a alquilação pelo emprego do método de catálise de transferência de fase (CTF), efetuada com o α-fenilsulfonil tioacetato de metila, conduziu exclusivamente aos produtos monoalquilados correspondentes, independentemente do reagente alquilante empregado (ver arquivo). Estes resultados mostraram a superioridade do método em transferência de fase sobre o em fase homogênea. Os estudos das reações de sulfenilação, efetuados com o α-fenilsulfonil tioacetato de metila e os seus derivados α-alquilsubstituídos, empregando o método CTF, conduziram exclusivamente aos produtos monossulfenilados (ver arquivo). Neste caso, o método em transferência de fase também se mostrou superior ao em fase homogênea, sendo os produtos monossulfenilados obtidos em maior rendimento. É sugerido um mecanismo para as reações de alquilação e sulfenilação de α-sulfonil tioésteres em CTF, empregando sistema sólido / líquido, o qual explica a ausência, nestas condições reacionais, dos produtos dialquilado e dissulfenilado. A apresentação e discussão dos resultados das reações de descarboxilação alquilativas dos ácidos α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóicos racêmico e opticamente ativo é precedida por uma introdução que apresenta os estudos mais relevantes da literatura sobre as reações de descarboxilação de ácidos α-sulfonil carboxílicos na presença de eletrófilos, tais como hidrogênio, halogênio, carbono e enxofre. São de especial interesse os estudos envolvendo o curso estereoquímico da reação de descarboxilação protonativa de ácidos α-sulfonil carboxílicos opticamente ativos em meio alcalino, demonstrando a grande estabilidade do α-sulfonil carbânion, que retém a sua configuração original, sendo esta mantida mesmo após a protonação. Estas investigações se relacionam com os nossos estudos de descarboxilação alquilativa dos ácidos α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóicos racêmico e opticamente ativo, efetuados em continuação aos estudos anteriores de descarboxilações alquilativas dos ácidos α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenil carboxílicos realizados no nosso laboratório. Os nossos resultados mostraram que é possível obter a sulfona tetrassubstituída pela reação do ácido α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóico com iodeto de etila na presença de NaH / DMSO, desde que se expulse o CO2 formado na reação (ver arquivo). É apresentada a síntese do ácido α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóico opticamente ativo, o qual foi obtido por vários passos reacionais, através da resolução do ácido α-fenilsulfenil-α-fenilpropanóico e a sua posterior oxidação. A configuração de ambos os compostos foi determinada pela análise de raios X, mostrando ser o isômero S. As sínteses destes ácidos foram efetuadas por dois métodos distintos, constituídos de 3 e 5 passos reacionais. Entretanto, não foi possível obter a sulfona tetrassubstituída opticamente ativa pela reação do ácido α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóico opticamente ativo com iodeto de etila nas mesmas condições empregadas no caso do composto racêmico correspondente. Foi obtido um esclarecimento do processo da descarboxilação de ácidos α-sulfonil carboxílicos a partir de cálculos semi-empíricos que mostraram a existência de duas etapas intermediárias na descarboxilação dos respectivos carboxilatos, ou seja, uma em que o CO2 se liga ao carbânion (I) e outra, de mais baixa energia, em que ele se liga ao oxigênio sulfonílico (II) (ver arquivo). Foram fornecidas provas, através de experiências comparativas de alquilação e protonação, que para que o α-sulfonil carbânion mantenha a sua configuração, é necessário que o eletrófilo reaja com o carbânion antes da expulsão total de CO2, isto é, na fase em que ele se encontra ligado ao oxigênio sulfonílico (II). Este é o caso da descarboxilação protonativa, que mostrou ocorrer com retenção da configuração na experiência por nós realizada. A racemização que ocorre no caso da descarboxilação alquilativa foi atribuída à pequena janela de reação, que impede a aproximação do reagente alquilante. Foi por nós sugerido que a ligação do CO2 ao oxigênio sulfonílico seria responsável pela barreira rotacional que mantém a assimetria do α-sulfonil carbânion, tornando-o conformacionalmente estável. No decorrer do presente estudo foram sintetizados 11 compostos ainda não descritos na literatura, entre eles: três α-bromo tioésteres, cinco α-sulfonil tioésteres, quatro α-sulfonil tioésteres α-sulfenilados e uma sulfona tetrassubstituída. / This thesis gives a contribution to the chemistry of α-sulfonyl carbanions, such as the comprehension of its conformational stability and reactivity towards electrophilic reagents. The investigated reactions were alkylation and sulfenylation of α-sulfonyl thioesters and the decarboxylative alkylation of racemic and optically active α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acids. The presentation of the results and the discussion of the alkylation and sulfenylation reactions are preceded by a bibliographic revision describing the most important reports in the literature concerning the reactions of α-sulfonyl carbanions with different electrophiles, such as: protonation, halogenation, alkylation, acylation, condensation and sulfenylation. Our studies of the alkylation reaction, carried out with two different α-sulfonyl thioesters, employing homogeneous media, indicated that in the case of methyl, ethyl and allyl halides, mixtures of mono- and dialkylated products were obtained. However, in the case of benzyl bromide, the corresponding monoalkylated compound was obtained as the only reaction product (see file). On the other hand, the alkylation of methyl α-phenylsulfonyl thioacetate by PTC method afforded, exclusively, the corresponding monoalkylated products. These results show the superiority of the PTC method over the homogeneous one (see file). The sulfenylation reactions carried out with methyl α-phenylsulfonyl thioacetate and their α-alkylsubstituted derivatives employing PTC conditions, afforded only monosulfenylated α-sulfonyl thioesters as the only reaction products. Also in this case, the PTC method showed to be superior to give the monosulfenylated products in higher yields (see file). A mechanism for the alkylation and sulfenylation reactions in solid / liquid PTC system, which explains the absence of the dialkylated and disulfenylated products is suggested. The presentation and discussion of the results for the alkylative decarboxylation reactions of racemic and optically active α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acids is preceded by a bibliographic introduction reporting the most important works in the literature concerning the decarboxylation of α-sulfonyl carboxylic acids in the presence of electrophiles such as hydrogen, halogens and sulfur. Specially important are the studies on the stereochemical course of the base-catalyzed protonative decarboxylation of optically active α-sulfonyl carboxylic acids, showing the high stability of the a-sulfonyl cabanion, which retains its original configuration even after protonation. There is a link between these investigations and our studies of the alkylative decarboxylation of racemic and optically active α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acids, which are undertook in continuation to our investigations on the alkylative decarboxylation of α-phenylsulfonyl-α- phenyl carboxylic acids. Our results showed that it is possible to obtain the tetrasubstituted sulfone from the reaction of α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acid with ethyl iodide, in the presence of NaH / DMSO as base, provided that the CO2, which is formed during the reaction, is expelled (see file). The synthesis of the optically active α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acid containing several reaction steps is presented, through the resolution of the α-phenylsulfenyl-α-phenylpropanoic acid, followed by its oxidation. The configurations of both acids were determined through X-rays analyses, and showed to be S. However, it was not possible to obtain the optically active tetrasubstituted sulfone from the reaction of optically active α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acid with ethyl iodide in the experimental conditions employed for the corresponding racemic acid. The insight for the decarboxylation process of the α-sulfonyl carboxylic acids was obtained from semi-empiric calculations that showed the existence of two intermediate steps in the decarboxylation of the corresponding carboxylates, one of which with CO2 bonded to the carbanion and another one, of lower energy, in which the CO2 is linked to the sulfonyl oxygen (see file). Proofs were provided, through the comparative experiments of alkylation and protonation for the optically active α-sulfonyl acid, that for retention of configuration of the α-sulfonyl carbanion it is necessary that the reaction of the carbanion with the electrophile takes place before the total expulsion of CO2, i.e., when it is linked to SO2. It was suggested that the CO2-OSO linkage could be responsible for the rotational barrier, which maintains the symmetry of the a-sulfonyl carbanion, which becomes conformationaly stable. Finally, eleven new compounds were prepared in the course of the present study such as: three α-bromo thioesters, five α-sulfonyl thioesters, four α-sulfenylated α-sulfonyl thioesters and one α-tetrasubstituted sulfone.

Die Aufgabenstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit ergab sich aus der Notwendigkeit organische Schwefelverbindungen in stark belasteten wäßrigen Proben zu identifizieren, um das toxische Potential dieser Wässer abschätzen zu können. Bei der chromatographischen Trennung und Identifizierung der einzelnen Komponenten traten insbesondere dann Probleme auf, wenn die einzelnen Komponenten in Konzentrationsbereichen auftraten die um Größenordnungen differierten. Da auch durch selektive Detektion unbekannte Komponenten nicht direkt identifiziert werden können, wurde angestrebt durch geeignete Probenvorbereitungsschritte einerseits die gesuchten Zielsubstanzen anzureichern und andererseits störende Matrixbestandteile abzutrennen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es effektive und möglichst selektive Verfahren zu entwickeln, um organische Schwefelverbindungen aus wäßrigen Proben anzureichern. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Möglichkeiten erarbeitet. Für die Anreicherung von leicht- bis mittelflüchtigen Substanzen erwies sich die Adsorption an Ag2S aus der Gasphase als geeignet. Zur Extraktion mittel- bis schwerflüchtiger Verbindungen wurde eine Festphasenextraktionstechnik an einem mit Blei(II)ionen modifizierten Kationenaustauschermaterial entwickelt. Ein Vergleich beider Techniken erfolgte mit dem Verfahren der Festphasenmikroextraktion (SPME). Die adsorptive Anreicherung an Ag2S wurde mit einem Membranextraktionsschritt (ME) , Thermodesorption (TD) und GC/MS gekoppelt. Wie die SPME kann sie für den Nachweis leicht- bis mittelflüchtiger Verbindungen aus flüssigen, festen und gasförmigen Proben eingesetzt werden. Gegenüber der Festphasenmikroextraktion ermöglicht sie den Einsatz größerer Probemengen, was in niedrigeren Nachweisgrenzen (oberer bis mittlerer ng/l-Bereich) resultiert. Nachteile der entwickelten Technik bilden der höhere experimentelle Aufwand und die längeren Analysenzeiten. Das Festphasenextraktionsverfahren an dem mit Pb(II)ionen beladenen Kationenaustauschermaterial erlaubt gegenüber der SPME ebenfalls die Anwendung größerer Probenmengen und höherer Konzentrationen. Beide Verfahren zeigen vergleichbare Nachweisgrenzen (unterer µg/l - bis oberer ng/l-Bereich) für die verwendeten Modellsubstanzen. Sowohl durch die adsorptive Anreicherung an Silbersulfid als auch durch die Festphasenextraktion an Pb(II)-modifizierten Ionenaustauschmaterialien wird die Identifizierung unbekannter organischer Schwefelverbindungen in stark belasteten Proben erheblich erleichtert. Beide Methoden bilden als einfache und leistungsfähige Techniken wirkungsvolle Ergänzungen zu bereits etablierten Anreicherungsverfahren. Neben der Identifizierung und Analyse können die Techniken ebenfalls zur Entfernung von schwefelhaltigen Substanzen aus verschiedenen Matrizes dienen. Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der entwickelten Methoden bestehen neben der Umweltanalytik auch in der Lebensmittelchemie.

A presente tese relata o estudo conformacional e das interações eletrônicas de algumas α-feniltio-acetatos de etila para-substituídos e suas formas mono- e di-oxigenadas EtOC(O)CH2SOn-Φ-X (p) (I) e de alguns α-feniltio-tioacetatos de etila para-substituídos e sua forma mono-oxigenada EtSC(O)CH2SOn-Φ-X (p) (II), [ n =0 (a), 1 (b) e 2 (c) para (I)] e [n= 0 (a) e 1 (b) para (II)], sendo X substituintes atraentes, hidrogênio e doadores de elétrons. Este estudo foi realizado através da espectroscopia no infravermelho e cálculos ab initio HF/6-31G**. Nos α-ester-sulfetos (Ia) e α-tioester-sulfetos (IIa) as conformações gauche são fortemente estabilizadas pelas interações orbitalares π*co/ σc-s (hiperconjugativa) e π*co/ns. Nos β-ester-sulfóxidos (Ib) e β-tioester-sulfóxidos (IIb) enquanto a s conformações gauche são estabilizadas pela interação orbitalar πco/ σ*c-so, a conformação cis é estabilizada pela interação no(co)→π*SO. Nas β-ester-sulfonas (Ic) o confôrmero menos polar e mais estável gauche é fortemente estabilizado pelas interações Coulombicas e orbitalares Oδ-(CO) → Sδ+(SO2) e Oδ-(SO2) → Cδ+(CO), enquanto que o confôrmero gauche 1 é estabilizado por esta ultima interação e desestabilizado pela interação repulsiva entre os oxigênios negativamente carregados dos grupos C(O)OEt e SO2Et. / This thesis reports the conformational and electronic interaction studies of some ethyl α-phenylthio-acetates and their mono-and di-oxygenated derivatives EtOC(O)CH2SOn-Φ-X (I) [for n=0 (a), l(b), and 2 (c)] and some ethyl α-phenylthio-thioacetates and their mono-oxygenated derivatives EtSC(O)CH2SOn-Φ-X (II) [for n= 0 (a) and 1 (b)], bearing at the para position electron-attracting, hydrogen and electron-donating substituents. This study was performed by means of infrared spectroscopy and HF/6-31G** ab initio calculations. For the β-ester-sulfides (Ia) and β-thioester-sulfides (IIa) the more stable gauche conformers are strongly stabilised by the π*co/ σc-s and π*co / ns orbital interactions. As for the β-ester-sulfoxides (Ib) and β-thioester-sulfoxides (IIb) while the gauche conformers are stabilised by the πco/ σ*c-s orbital interaction, the cis conformer is stabilised by the no(co) → π∗co interaction. For the β-ester-sulfones (Ic) the least polar and most stable gauche rotamer is strongly stabilised by the crossed Oδ-(CO)→ Sδ+(SO2) and Oδ-(SO2)→ Cδ+(CO) Coulombic and orbital interactions, while the least stable gauche1 rotamer is stabilised by this latter interaction and destabilised by the repulsive interaction between the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the C(O)OEt and SO2Et groups.

A presente tese trata de α-sulfonil carbânions, trazendo uma contribuição para a compreensão da sua estabilidade conformacional e reatividade frente a reagentes eletrofílicos. As reações investigadas foram as alquilações e sulfenilações de α-sulfonil tioésteres e as descarboxilações alquilativas dos ácidos α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóicos racêmico e opticamente ativo. A apresentação e discussão dos resultados das reações de alquilação e sulfenilação é precedida por uma revisão bibliográfica que apresenta os trabalhos mais relevantes da literatura sobre as reações de α-sulfonil carbânions com diversos eletrófilos, envolvendo reações tais como: halogenação, alquilação, acilação, condensação e sulfenilação. Os estudos das reações de alquilação, por nós efetuados com dois diferentes α-sulfonil tioésteres, empregando o método em fase homogênea, indicaram que, no caso dos haletos de metila, etila e alila, foram obtidas misturas dos produtos mono- e di- alquilados, enquanto que no caso do brometo de benzila houve formação exclusiva de produtos monoalquilados (ver arquivo). Entretanto, a alquilação pelo emprego do método de catálise de transferência de fase (CTF), efetuada com o α-fenilsulfonil tioacetato de metila, conduziu exclusivamente aos produtos monoalquilados correspondentes, independentemente do reagente alquilante empregado (ver arquivo). Estes resultados mostraram a superioridade do método em transferência de fase sobre o em fase homogênea. Os estudos das reações de sulfenilação, efetuados com o α-fenilsulfonil tioacetato de metila e os seus derivados α-alquilsubstituídos, empregando o método CTF, conduziram exclusivamente aos produtos monossulfenilados (ver arquivo). Neste caso, o método em transferência de fase também se mostrou superior ao em fase homogênea, sendo os produtos monossulfenilados obtidos em maior rendimento. É sugerido um mecanismo para as reações de alquilação e sulfenilação de α-sulfonil tioésteres em CTF, empregando sistema sólido / líquido, o qual explica a ausência, nestas condições reacionais, dos produtos dialquilado e dissulfenilado. A apresentação e discussão dos resultados das reações de descarboxilação alquilativas dos ácidos α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóicos racêmico e opticamente ativo é precedida por uma introdução que apresenta os estudos mais relevantes da literatura sobre as reações de descarboxilação de ácidos α-sulfonil carboxílicos na presença de eletrófilos, tais como hidrogênio, halogênio, carbono e enxofre. São de especial interesse os estudos envolvendo o curso estereoquímico da reação de descarboxilação protonativa de ácidos α-sulfonil carboxílicos opticamente ativos em meio alcalino, demonstrando a grande estabilidade do α-sulfonil carbânion, que retém a sua configuração original, sendo esta mantida mesmo após a protonação. Estas investigações se relacionam com os nossos estudos de descarboxilação alquilativa dos ácidos α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóicos racêmico e opticamente ativo, efetuados em continuação aos estudos anteriores de descarboxilações alquilativas dos ácidos α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenil carboxílicos realizados no nosso laboratório. Os nossos resultados mostraram que é possível obter a sulfona tetrassubstituída pela reação do ácido α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóico com iodeto de etila na presença de NaH / DMSO, desde que se expulse o CO2 formado na reação (ver arquivo). É apresentada a síntese do ácido α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóico opticamente ativo, o qual foi obtido por vários passos reacionais, através da resolução do ácido α-fenilsulfenil-α-fenilpropanóico e a sua posterior oxidação. A configuração de ambos os compostos foi determinada pela análise de raios X, mostrando ser o isômero S. As sínteses destes ácidos foram efetuadas por dois métodos distintos, constituídos de 3 e 5 passos reacionais. Entretanto, não foi possível obter a sulfona tetrassubstituída opticamente ativa pela reação do ácido α-fenilsulfonil-α-fenilpropanóico opticamente ativo com iodeto de etila nas mesmas condições empregadas no caso do composto racêmico correspondente. Foi obtido um esclarecimento do processo da descarboxilação de ácidos α-sulfonil carboxílicos a partir de cálculos semi-empíricos que mostraram a existência de duas etapas intermediárias na descarboxilação dos respectivos carboxilatos, ou seja, uma em que o CO2 se liga ao carbânion (I) e outra, de mais baixa energia, em que ele se liga ao oxigênio sulfonílico (II) (ver arquivo). Foram fornecidas provas, através de experiências comparativas de alquilação e protonação, que para que o α-sulfonil carbânion mantenha a sua configuração, é necessário que o eletrófilo reaja com o carbânion antes da expulsão total de CO2, isto é, na fase em que ele se encontra ligado ao oxigênio sulfonílico (II). Este é o caso da descarboxilação protonativa, que mostrou ocorrer com retenção da configuração na experiência por nós realizada. A racemização que ocorre no caso da descarboxilação alquilativa foi atribuída à pequena janela de reação, que impede a aproximação do reagente alquilante. Foi por nós sugerido que a ligação do CO2 ao oxigênio sulfonílico seria responsável pela barreira rotacional que mantém a assimetria do α-sulfonil carbânion, tornando-o conformacionalmente estável. No decorrer do presente estudo foram sintetizados 11 compostos ainda não descritos na literatura, entre eles: três α-bromo tioésteres, cinco α-sulfonil tioésteres, quatro α-sulfonil tioésteres α-sulfenilados e uma sulfona tetrassubstituída. / This thesis gives a contribution to the chemistry of α-sulfonyl carbanions, such as the comprehension of its conformational stability and reactivity towards electrophilic reagents. The investigated reactions were alkylation and sulfenylation of α-sulfonyl thioesters and the decarboxylative alkylation of racemic and optically active α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acids. The presentation of the results and the discussion of the alkylation and sulfenylation reactions are preceded by a bibliographic revision describing the most important reports in the literature concerning the reactions of α-sulfonyl carbanions with different electrophiles, such as: protonation, halogenation, alkylation, acylation, condensation and sulfenylation. Our studies of the alkylation reaction, carried out with two different α-sulfonyl thioesters, employing homogeneous media, indicated that in the case of methyl, ethyl and allyl halides, mixtures of mono- and dialkylated products were obtained. However, in the case of benzyl bromide, the corresponding monoalkylated compound was obtained as the only reaction product (see file). On the other hand, the alkylation of methyl α-phenylsulfonyl thioacetate by PTC method afforded, exclusively, the corresponding monoalkylated products. These results show the superiority of the PTC method over the homogeneous one (see file). The sulfenylation reactions carried out with methyl α-phenylsulfonyl thioacetate and their α-alkylsubstituted derivatives employing PTC conditions, afforded only monosulfenylated α-sulfonyl thioesters as the only reaction products. Also in this case, the PTC method showed to be superior to give the monosulfenylated products in higher yields (see file). A mechanism for the alkylation and sulfenylation reactions in solid / liquid PTC system, which explains the absence of the dialkylated and disulfenylated products is suggested. The presentation and discussion of the results for the alkylative decarboxylation reactions of racemic and optically active α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acids is preceded by a bibliographic introduction reporting the most important works in the literature concerning the decarboxylation of α-sulfonyl carboxylic acids in the presence of electrophiles such as hydrogen, halogens and sulfur. Specially important are the studies on the stereochemical course of the base-catalyzed protonative decarboxylation of optically active α-sulfonyl carboxylic acids, showing the high stability of the a-sulfonyl cabanion, which retains its original configuration even after protonation. There is a link between these investigations and our studies of the alkylative decarboxylation of racemic and optically active α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acids, which are undertook in continuation to our investigations on the alkylative decarboxylation of α-phenylsulfonyl-α- phenyl carboxylic acids. Our results showed that it is possible to obtain the tetrasubstituted sulfone from the reaction of α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acid with ethyl iodide, in the presence of NaH / DMSO as base, provided that the CO2, which is formed during the reaction, is expelled (see file). The synthesis of the optically active α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acid containing several reaction steps is presented, through the resolution of the α-phenylsulfenyl-α-phenylpropanoic acid, followed by its oxidation. The configurations of both acids were determined through X-rays analyses, and showed to be S. However, it was not possible to obtain the optically active tetrasubstituted sulfone from the reaction of optically active α-phenylsulfonyl-α-phenylpropanoic acid with ethyl iodide in the experimental conditions employed for the corresponding racemic acid. The insight for the decarboxylation process of the α-sulfonyl carboxylic acids was obtained from semi-empiric calculations that showed the existence of two intermediate steps in the decarboxylation of the corresponding carboxylates, one of which with CO2 bonded to the carbanion and another one, of lower energy, in which the CO2 is linked to the sulfonyl oxygen (see file). Proofs were provided, through the comparative experiments of alkylation and protonation for the optically active α-sulfonyl acid, that for retention of configuration of the α-sulfonyl carbanion it is necessary that the reaction of the carbanion with the electrophile takes place before the total expulsion of CO2, i.e., when it is linked to SO2. It was suggested that the CO2-OSO linkage could be responsible for the rotational barrier, which maintains the symmetry of the a-sulfonyl carbanion, which becomes conformationaly stable. Finally, eleven new compounds were prepared in the course of the present study such as: three α-bromo thioesters, five α-sulfonyl thioesters, four α-sulfenylated α-sulfonyl thioesters and one α-tetrasubstituted sulfone.

The thesis entitled “In situ crystallography and charge density analysis of phase transitions in complex inorganic sulfates” consists of six chapters. Structural changes exhibited by ferroic and conducting materials are studied as a function of temperature via in situ crystallography on the same single crystal. These unique experiments bring out the changes in the crystal system resulting in subtle changes in the complex polyhedra, distortions in bond lengths and bond angles, rotation of sulfate tetrahedral around metal atoms, phase separations and charge density features. The results provide new insights into the structural changes during the phase transition in terms of coordination changes, variable bond paths and variability in electrostatic potentials while suggesting possible reaction pathways hitherto unexplored. Chapter 1 gives a brief review of the basic features of structural phase transitions in terms of types of phase transitions, their mechanisms and related properties and outlines some of the key characterization techniques employed in structural phase transition studies like single crystal diffraction, thermal analysis, conductivity, dielectric relaxation, Raman spectroscopy and charge density studies. Chapter 2 deals with the group of compounds A3H(SO4)2, where A= Rb, NH4, K, Na which undergoes ferroelastic to paraelastic phase transitions with increase in temperature. Crystal structures of these compounds have been determined to a high degree of accuracy employing the same single crystal at room temperature at 100K and at higher temperatures. The data collection at 100K allows the examination of the ordered and disordered hydrogen atom positions. Rb3H(SO4)2 show two intermediate phases before reaching the paraelastic phase with increase in temperature. However, in case of (NH4)3H(SO4)2 and K3H(SO4)2, the paraelastic phase transition involves a single step. Chapter 3 deals with variable temperature in situ single crystal X-ray diffraction studies on fast super protonic conductors AHSO4, where A= Rb, NH4, K to characterize the structural phase transitions as well as the dehydration mechanism. The structure of KHSO4 at room temperature belongs to an orthorhombic crystal system with the space group symmetry Pbca and on heating to 463K it transforms to a C centered orthorhombic lattice, space group Cmca. The high temperature structure contain two crystallographically independent units of KHSO4 of which one KHSO4 unit is disordered at oxygen and hydrogen sites an shows a remarkable increase of sulfur oxygen bond distance – 1.753(4)Å. On heating to 475K, two units of disordered KHSO4 combine and loose one molecule of water to result in a structure K2S2O7 along with an ordered KHSO4 in a monoclinic system [space group P21/c]. On further heating to 485K two units of ordered KHSO4 combine, again to lose one water molecule to give K2S2O7 in a monoclinic crystal system [space group C2/c]. In the case of RbHSO4, both the high temperature structural phase transition and a serendipitous polymorph have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The room temperature structure is monoclinic, P21/n, and on heating the crystal insitu On the diffractometer to 460K the structure changes to an orthorhombic system [space group Pmmn]. On keeping the crystallization temperature at 80°C polymorph crystals of RbHSO4 were grown. In case of NH4HSO4 both the room temperature and high temperature structures are structurally similar to those in RbHSO4, but the transition temperature is found to be 413K. Chapter 4 deals with the crystal structure, ionic conduction, dielectric relaxation, Raman spectroscopy phase transition pf a fast ion conductor Na2Cd(SO4)2. The structure is monoclinic, space group C2/c, and is built up with inter connecting CdO6 octahedra and SO4 tetrahedra resulting in a framework structure. The mobile Na atoms are present in the framework, resulting in a high ionic conductivity. The conductivity measurement shows two phase transitions one at around 280°C, which was confirmed later from DTA, dielectric relaxation, high temperature powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Chapter 5 describes the structure and in situ phase separation in two different bimetallic sulfates Na2Mn1.167(SO4)2S0.33O1.1672H2O and K4Cd3(SO4)5.3H2O. These compounds were synthesized keeping them as mimics of mineral structures. The structure of Na2Mn1.167(SO4)2S0.33O1.1672H2O is trigonal, space group R . The stiochiometry can be viewed as a combination of Na2Mn(SO4)22H2O resembling the mineral Krohnkite with an additional (Mn0.167S0.333O1.167) motif. On heating the parent compound on the diffractometer to 500K and keeping the capillary at this temperature for one hour, a remarkable structural phase separation occurs with one phase showing a single crystal-single crystal transition and the other generating a polycrystalline phase. The resulting single crystal spots can be indexed in a monoclinic C2/c space group and the structure determination unequivocally suggests the formation of Na2Mn(SO4)2, isostructural to Na2Cd(SO4)z. The mechanism follows the symmetry directed pathway from the rhombohedral → monoclinic symmetry with the removal of symmetry subsequent to the loss of the two coordinated water molecules. In case of K4Cd3(SO4)5.3H2O the structure belongs to the space group P21/n at room temperature and on heating to 500K and holding the capillary at this temperature for 60 minutes as before, the CCD images can be indexed in a cubic P213 space group after the phase separation, generating K2Cd2(SO4)3, belonging to the well known Langbeinite family, while the other phase is expected to be the sought after K2Cd(SO4)2. The possible pathways have been discussed. Chapter 6 reports the charge density studies of phase transitions in a type II langbeinite, Rb2Mn2(SO4)3. The structure displays two different phases, cubic at 200K, orthorhombic at 100K respectively. After multiple refinements it is found that there are significant differences in the actual bond path (Rij) and the conventional bond length. In the cubic phase the distortions in sulfate tetrahedral are more than in the orthorhombic phase which could be the expected driving force for the phase transition to occur. Appendix contains reprints of the work done on the structures of the following: a) Rb2Cd3(SO4)3(OH)2.2H2O: structural stability at 500 K b) Structure of (NH4)2Cd3(SO4)4.5H2O c) Structure of Rb2Cd3(SO4)4.5H2O