Este trabalho investiga as interações eletrônicas em algumas cetonas cíclicas, substituídas em α por um átomo de enxofre, pela comparação com os compostos substituídos correspondentes. Os compostos estudados eram: ciclopentanona (I), 2-mercaptociclopentanona (II), 2-metiltiociclopentanona (III), 2-etiltiociclopentanona (IV), 2-n-propilciclopentanona (V), cânfora (VI), 2-etilcânfora (VII), 2-metiltiocânfora (VIII), ciclohexanona (IX), 2 -metilciclohexanona (X), 2-etiltiociclohexanona (XI), 2-hexanona (XII), etiltioacetona (XIII), 3-tiaciclopentanona (XIV), 3-tiaciclohexanona (XV), 2-ciclopentenona (XVI), 2-etiltio-2-ciclopentenona (XVII), l-etiltiociclopenteno (XVIII), ciclopenteno (XIX), ciclopentanotiol (XX) e etiltiociclopentano (XXI) (ver arquivo). São apresentadas as revisões bibliográficas sobre interações eletrônicas em compostos carbonílicos β-tia-substituídos e em vinil- e aril-tioéteres. São descritas as sínteses de compostos (II)-(V), (VII), (XVI)-(XVIII), (XX) e (XXI) por nós efetuadas. São apresentadas as constantes de basicidade de cetonas (I)-(XVII) e as medidas no ultravioleta de compostos (I-III), (XVI)-(XXI). Os dados experimentais indicam que: 1 - Todos os compostos carbonílicos contendo enxofre apresentam basicidade menor em relação aos compostos correspondentes não sulfurados. Entretanto, a grandeza desta diminuição não é a mesma para todos os compostos estudados. 2 - As bandas η → π* e π → π* do espectro no ultravio1eta de 2-etiltio-2-ciclopentenona (XVII) sofrem deslocamentos batocrômicos em comparação com as ciclanonas saturadas e ciclopentenos, respectivamente. Entretanto, a banda ηs → σ* é semelhante a de tioéteres e tióis. É apresentada uma discussão dos resultados obtidos, na qual sugere-se que: A diminuição da basicidade depende da posição da ligação C-S em relação ao grupo carbonila, sendo maior quando o ângulo de projeção Φ se aproxima de 0 ou 180°. A diminuição de basicidade é devida a interação no espaço e/ou através das ligações entre os pares de elétrons do enxofre e oxigênio carbonílico. A pequena diminuição de basicidade observada em 2-eti1tio-2-ciclopentenona de conformação plana é proveniente do cancelamento parcial do efeito da interação pelo efeito de campo que atua no sentido contrário. Na 2-etiltio-2-ciclopentenona ocorre uma estabilização adicional, por delocalização eletrônica, do orbital π*, quando os grupos SR e CO acham-se ligados conjuntamente à dupla ligação. / The present thesis investigates the electronic interactions in some cyclic ketones, α-sulphur substituted by comparison with the corresponding sulphur-free compounds. The compounds studied were: cyclopentanone (I), mercaptocyclopentanone (II), 2-methylthiocyclopentanone (III), 2-ethylthiocyclopentanone (IV), 2-n-propylcyclopentanone (V), camphor (VI), 2-ethylcamphor (VII), 2-methylthiocamphor (VIII), cyclohexanone (IX), 2-methylcyclohexanone (X), 2-ethylthiocyclohexanone (XI), 2-hexanone (XII), ethylthioacetone (XIII), 3-thiacyclopentanone (XIV), 3-thiacyclohexanone (XV), 2-cyclopentenone (XVI), 2-ethylthio-2-cyclopentenone (XVII), l-ethylthiocyclopentene (XVIII), cyclopentene (XIX), cyclopentanethiol (XX) and ethylthiocyclopentane (XXI) (ver arquivo). The literature reports are presented on electronic interactions in the β-thia-substituted carbonyl compounds and in the vinyl- and aryl-thioethers. The syntheses of the compounds (II)-(V), (VII) , (XVI)-(XVIII), (XX) and (XXI) are described. The basicity constants for ketones (I)-(XVII) and the ultraviolet spectra for compounds (I)-(III), (XVI)-(XXI) are reported. The experimental results indicate that: 1 - All sulphur substituted carbonyl compounds show a decrease in basicity in comparison with the corresponding unsubstituted compounds. However, the extent of this decrease is not the same for all compounds studied. 2 - The η → π* and π → π* absorption bands in the spectrum of the 2-ethylthio-2-cyclopentenone (XVII) undergo bathocromic shifts in comparison with the saturated cyclanones and cyclopentenes, respectively. However, the ηs → σ* band is similar to those for thioethers and thiols. The results suggest that: The decrease of basicity depends on the position of C-S bond towards carbonyl group, being of maximum value when the projected angle Φ approaches 0 or 180°. The decrease of basicity is due to through-space and/or through bond interaction between the lane pairs on sulphur and oxygen atoms. The decrease of basicity in the planar 2-ethylthio-2-cyclopentenone is partly cancelled by a field effect operating in the reversed direction. In the 2-ethylthio-2-cyclopentenone a additional stabilization takes place, wich is due to electronic delocalization of π* when the SR and CO groups are bonded to the double bond.

<p>Clusters are finite ensembles of atoms or molecules with sizes in the nanometer regime (<i>i.e.</i> nanoparticles). This thesis present results on the geometric and electronic structure of homogeneous and heterogeneous combinations of atoms and molecules. The systems have been studied with synchrotron radiation and valence, core and Auger electron spectroscopic techniques.</p><p>The first theme of the thesis is that of mixed clusters. It is shown that by varying the cluster production technique both structures that are close to that predicted by equilibrium considerations can be attained as well as far from equilibrium structures.</p><p>Electronic processes following ionization constitute the second theme. The post-collision interaction phenomenon, energy exchange between the photo- and the Auger electrons, is shown to be different in clusters of argon, krypton and xenon. A model is proposed that takes polarization screening in the final state into account. This result is of general character and should be applicable to the analysis of core level photoelectron and Auger electron spectra of insulating and semi-conducting bulk materials as well.</p><p>Interatomic Coloumbic Decay is a process that can occur in the condensed phases of weakly bonded systems. Results on the time-scale of the process in Ne clusters and mixed Ar/Ne clusters are herein discussed, as well observations of resonant contributions to the process. In analogy to Auger <i>vis-à-vis</i> Resonant Auger it is found that to the ICD process there is a corresponding Resonant ICD process possible. This has later been observed in other systems and by theoretical calculations as well in subsequent works by other groups.</p><p>Delocalization of dicationic valence final states in the hydrogen bonded ammonia clusters and aqueous ammonia has also been investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy. With those results it was possible to assign a previously observed feature in the Auger electron spectrum of solid ammonia.</p>

Clusters are finite ensembles of atoms or molecules with sizes in the nanometer regime (i.e. nanoparticles). This thesis present results on the geometric and electronic structure of homogeneous and heterogeneous combinations of atoms and molecules. The systems have been studied with synchrotron radiation and valence, core and Auger electron spectroscopic techniques. The first theme of the thesis is that of mixed clusters. It is shown that by varying the cluster production technique both structures that are close to that predicted by equilibrium considerations can be attained as well as far from equilibrium structures. Electronic processes following ionization constitute the second theme. The post-collision interaction phenomenon, energy exchange between the photo- and the Auger electrons, is shown to be different in clusters of argon, krypton and xenon. A model is proposed that takes polarization screening in the final state into account. This result is of general character and should be applicable to the analysis of core level photoelectron and Auger electron spectra of insulating and semi-conducting bulk materials as well. Interatomic Coloumbic Decay is a process that can occur in the condensed phases of weakly bonded systems. Results on the time-scale of the process in Ne clusters and mixed Ar/Ne clusters are herein discussed, as well observations of resonant contributions to the process. In analogy to Auger vis-à-vis Resonant Auger it is found that to the ICD process there is a corresponding Resonant ICD process possible. This has later been observed in other systems and by theoretical calculations as well in subsequent works by other groups. Delocalization of dicationic valence final states in the hydrogen bonded ammonia clusters and aqueous ammonia has also been investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy. With those results it was possible to assign a previously observed feature in the Auger electron spectrum of solid ammonia.

Este trabalho investiga as interações eletrônicas em algumas cetonas cíclicas, substituídas em &#945; por um átomo de enxofre, pela comparação com os compostos substituídos correspondentes. Os compostos estudados eram: ciclopentanona (I), 2-mercaptociclopentanona (II), 2-metiltiociclopentanona (III), 2-etiltiociclopentanona (IV), 2-n-propilciclopentanona (V), cânfora (VI), 2-etilcânfora (VII), 2-metiltiocânfora (VIII), ciclohexanona (IX), 2 -metilciclohexanona (X), 2-etiltiociclohexanona (XI), 2-hexanona (XII), etiltioacetona (XIII), 3-tiaciclopentanona (XIV), 3-tiaciclohexanona (XV), 2-ciclopentenona (XVI), 2-etiltio-2-ciclopentenona (XVII), l-etiltiociclopenteno (XVIII), ciclopenteno (XIX), ciclopentanotiol (XX) e etiltiociclopentano (XXI) (ver arquivo). São apresentadas as revisões bibliográficas sobre interações eletrônicas em compostos carbonílicos &#946;-tia-substituídos e em vinil- e aril-tioéteres. São descritas as sínteses de compostos (II)-(V), (VII), (XVI)-(XVIII), (XX) e (XXI) por nós efetuadas. São apresentadas as constantes de basicidade de cetonas (I)-(XVII) e as medidas no ultravioleta de compostos (I-III), (XVI)-(XXI). Os dados experimentais indicam que: 1 - Todos os compostos carbonílicos contendo enxofre apresentam basicidade menor em relação aos compostos correspondentes não sulfurados. Entretanto, a grandeza desta diminuição não é a mesma para todos os compostos estudados. 2 - As bandas &#951; &#8594; &#960;* e &#960; &#8594; &#960;* do espectro no ultravio1eta de 2-etiltio-2-ciclopentenona (XVII) sofrem deslocamentos batocrômicos em comparação com as ciclanonas saturadas e ciclopentenos, respectivamente. Entretanto, a banda &#951;s &#8594; &#963;* é semelhante a de tioéteres e tióis. É apresentada uma discussão dos resultados obtidos, na qual sugere-se que: A diminuição da basicidade depende da posição da ligação C-S em relação ao grupo carbonila, sendo maior quando o ângulo de projeção &#934; se aproxima de 0 ou 180&#176;. A diminuição de basicidade é devida a interação no espaço e/ou através das ligações entre os pares de elétrons do enxofre e oxigênio carbonílico. A pequena diminuição de basicidade observada em 2-eti1tio-2-ciclopentenona de conformação plana é proveniente do cancelamento parcial do efeito da interação pelo efeito de campo que atua no sentido contrário. Na 2-etiltio-2-ciclopentenona ocorre uma estabilização adicional, por delocalização eletrônica, do orbital &#960;*, quando os grupos SR e CO acham-se ligados conjuntamente à dupla ligação. / The present thesis investigates the electronic interactions in some cyclic ketones, &#945;-sulphur substituted by comparison with the corresponding sulphur-free compounds. The compounds studied were: cyclopentanone (I), mercaptocyclopentanone (II), 2-methylthiocyclopentanone (III), 2-ethylthiocyclopentanone (IV), 2-n-propylcyclopentanone (V), camphor (VI), 2-ethylcamphor (VII), 2-methylthiocamphor (VIII), cyclohexanone (IX), 2-methylcyclohexanone (X), 2-ethylthiocyclohexanone (XI), 2-hexanone (XII), ethylthioacetone (XIII), 3-thiacyclopentanone (XIV), 3-thiacyclohexanone (XV), 2-cyclopentenone (XVI), 2-ethylthio-2-cyclopentenone (XVII), l-ethylthiocyclopentene (XVIII), cyclopentene (XIX), cyclopentanethiol (XX) and ethylthiocyclopentane (XXI) (ver arquivo). The literature reports are presented on electronic interactions in the &#946;-thia-substituted carbonyl compounds and in the vinyl- and aryl-thioethers. The syntheses of the compounds (II)-(V), (VII) , (XVI)-(XVIII), (XX) and (XXI) are described. The basicity constants for ketones (I)-(XVII) and the ultraviolet spectra for compounds (I)-(III), (XVI)-(XXI) are reported. The experimental results indicate that: 1 - All sulphur substituted carbonyl compounds show a decrease in basicity in comparison with the corresponding unsubstituted compounds. However, the extent of this decrease is not the same for all compounds studied. 2 - The &#951; &#8594; &#960;* and &#960; &#8594; &#960;* absorption bands in the spectrum of the 2-ethylthio-2-cyclopentenone (XVII) undergo bathocromic shifts in comparison with the saturated cyclanones and cyclopentenes, respectively. However, the &#951;s &#8594; &#963;* band is similar to those for thioethers and thiols. The results suggest that: The decrease of basicity depends on the position of C-S bond towards carbonyl group, being of maximum value when the projected angle &#934; approaches 0 or 180&#176;. The decrease of basicity is due to through-space and/or through bond interaction between the lane pairs on sulphur and oxygen atoms. The decrease of basicity in the planar 2-ethylthio-2-cyclopentenone is partly cancelled by a field effect operating in the reversed direction. In the 2-ethylthio-2-cyclopentenone a additional stabilization takes place, wich is due to electronic delocalization of &#960;* when the SR and CO groups are bonded to the double bond.

Résumé du travail<p><p>L’étude des modifications de surfaces, et plus particulièrement des matériaux d’électrodes est un domaine en plein essor. Les modifications d’électrodes par voie organique ont des applications potentielles dans des domaines aussi variés que l’inhibition de la corrosion, l’électronique moléculaire, l’optoélectronique ou encore les biosenseurs.<p>Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’électrode d’Au (111) modifiée par du 2-mercaptobenzimidazole. <p><p>Dans un premier temps, l’adsorption du MBI sur électrode d’Au (111) sous contrôle du potentiel a été examinée par des mesures de capacité, de voltampérométrie cyclique, de chronocoulométrie et de spectroscopie SNIFTIR in situ.<p>Les mesures de capacité révèlent qu’en milieu neutre, la molécule de MBI s’adsorbe en un film compact à des potentiels supérieurs à -0,3 V (vs. ECS). En deçà de cette valeur, le film se dilue progressivement lorsque le potentiel est rendu plus négatif, jusqu’à une valeur de -0,9 V où les molécules de MBI sont totalement désorbées de la surface.<p>La morphologie des voltampérogrammes subit des variations significatives au cours du temps. Ces changements montrent que l’adsorption du MBI s’accompagne d’une levée de reconstruction de la surface, qui passe d’une structure initiale (√3 x 22) à une structure (1 x 1). Une estimation de la quantité de MBI adsorbée est obtenue par intégration des courbes de densité de courant.<p>La courbe de densité de charge interfaciale a été extraite des mesures de chronocoulométrie. Cette courbe de densité de charge fournit des informations quant à l’évolution de l’excès superficiel en fonction du potentiel.<p>La qualité des spectres infrarouges relevés in situ nous a permis d’effectuer des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives. Celles-ci montrent une bonne corrélation avec les résultats électrochimiques et apportent une signature moléculaire du film adsorbé et des espèces issues de sa désorption. Des calculs basés sur la Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité (DFT) ont permis une bonne interprétation des spectres infrarouges du MBI et de certains de ses dérivés. En outre, nous avons pu déterminer l’orientation des molécules à la surface, et montré que celle-ci varie peu avec le potentiel.<p><p>Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes focalisés sur les propriétés de la monocouche auto-assemblée de MBI sur électrode d’Au (111), déterminées par voltampérométrie cyclique et spectroscopie infrarouge in situ. La monocouche est stable lorsque le potentiel est maintenu dans un domaine d’environ 800 mV. La monocouche auto-assemblée de MBI subit un processus de désorption réductive, influencé par le temps d’immersion de l’électrode dans la solution de surfactant ainsi que par le pH du milieu. Deux mécanismes de désorption réductive sont proposés, l’un valable en milieu neutre et basique, l’autre en milieu acide. Les résultats des mesures de spectroscopie infrarouge in situ apportent une preuve moléculaire de la validité des mécanismes proposés sur base des résultats électrochimiques.<p>Un rapide examen des potentialités de cette monocouche a été réalisé à l’aide de réactions sondes.<p>/<p>Abstract<p><p>Studies on surface modifications, and particularly of electrode material, are a growing field of interest. Organic modifications of electrode surfaces have potential applications in domains such as corrosion inhibition, molecular electronics, optoelectronics or biosensors.<p>In the present work, we focussed on the modification of Au(111) electrodes by 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI).<p><p>In the first part, the adsorption, under potential control, of the MBI molecule onto the Au(111) electrode was studied by means of capacitance measurements, cyclic voltammetry, chronocoulometry and in-situ SNIFTIR spectroscopy.<p>Capacitance measurements indicate that in neutral solution, the MBI molecule is adsorbed as a compact film at potentials higher than -0.3 V (vs. SCE). Below this value, the film becomes progressively less dense when the potential is made more negative, until a value of -0.9 V where MBI molecules are totally desorbed from the surface.<p>The shape of the voltammograms evolves significantly with time. These changes show that a lift of the surface reconstruction occurs concomitantly to the adsorption of MBI. The initial (√3 x 22) reconstructed structure is lifted to the (1 x 1) unreconstructed one. The amount of adsorbed MBI is estimated by integration of the current density curves.<p>The interfacial charge density curve was obtained by chronocoulometry measurements. This curve provides useful data regarding the evolution of the surface concentration with the potential.<p>The quality of the infrared spectra obtained in situ allowed us to perform quantitative as well as qualitative analyses of the results. These analyses show a good correlation with the electrochemical results and provide molecular information on the adsorbed layer and on the species formed during the desorption process. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were helpful in the interpretation of the infrared spectra of MBI and some of its derivatives. Additionally, we were able to determine the orientation of the molecules on the surface, and demonstrated that this orientation is slightly affected by the potential.<p><p>In the second part of the work, we investigated the properties of the self-assembled monolayer of MBI on Au(111) electrode by cyclic voltammetry and in situ infrared spectroscopy. The monolayer is stable within an 800 mV potential range. The self-assembled monolayer undergoes a reductive desorption process, which is affected by the pH of the medium and by the immersion time of the electrode into the surfactant solution. Two mechanisms were proposed for the reductive desorption, one being valid in neutral and basic media, the other in acidic conditions. The in situ infrared spectroscopic results provide molecular evidences supporting the mechanisms proposed on an electrochemical basis.<p>An exploratory examination of the potentialities of the monolayer is made by means of electrochemical probe reactions.<p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation chimie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This Master’s thesis is related to corrosion degradation processes on metal surfaces exposed in different environments. The theoretical part is concern with basic principles in electrochemical and atmospheric corrosion. Practical part describes experimentation of corrosion process of aluminium (99,5) and low carbon steel (11321) in two different atmospheric environments. The conclusion of thesis includes evaluations of the results from practical part and comparison with the theoretical part.

Gasisolierte Systeme im Gleichspannungsbetrieb vereinen für Anwendungen moderner Energieübertragung die Forderungen nach kleinräumigen Anlagen und verlustarmem Energietransport über große Entfernungen. Für einen zuverlässigen und sicheren Betrieb muss das Verhalten der eingesetzten Gas-Feststoff-Isolierung im technologischen System bis an die Grenzen des Isolationsvermögens bekannt sein. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist deshalb das Überschlagsverhalten von Gas-Feststoff-Isoliersystemen unter Gleichspannungsbelastung. Dabei stehen zwei wesentliche Einflussfaktoren im Vordergrund: die Temperatur, motiviert durch reale Stromwärmeverluste, und eine feste Störstelle auf der Gas-Feststoff-Grenzfläche, motiviert durch in der Praxis nicht völlig auszuschließende, metallische Partikel. Die Effekte dieser beiden Parameter auf die Feldverteilung, die Oberflächen- und Raumladungsbildung sowie das Isolationsvermögen bei Gleichspannung werden zunächst in zwei Versuchsanordnungen separat experimentell untersucht. Anschließend wird deren Zusammenwirken und gegenseitige Beeinflussung im Gesamtsystem analysiert. Die betriebsbedingte Erwärmung der Leiter gasisolierter Systeme führt zu einer inhomogenen Temperaturverteilung, die sich auf die Eigenschaften der Isolierstoffe Gas und Epoxidharz auswirkt. Die von der Temperatur abhängige Leitfähigkeit der Feststoffisolatoren führt zu einer temperaturabhängigen Feldverteilung, bei der sich der Ort der Höchstfeldstärke verschiebt. Dabei kann sich der Absolutwert der Höchstfeldstärke erhöhen und somit das Isolationsvermögen verringern. Gleichzeitig weist das Isoliergas nahe des erwärmten Leiters lokal eine geringere Dichte und damit eine geringere dielektrische Festigkeit auf. Die thermisch bedingte Minderung des Isolationsvermögens bei Gleichspannung beträgt in der untersuchten Anordnung (25 ... 35) %. In den schwach inhomogenen Feldern gasisolierter Anlagen erweisen sich metallische Partikel auf Isolatoren ab drei Millimetern Länge als besonders kritisch. Bei einem Gasdruck unterhalb von 0,3 MPa setzen an den Partikelspitzen zum Teil bereits ab 50 % der Durchschlagsspannung ohne Partikel Teilentladungen ein, sodass die Koronastabilisierung zu einer vergleichsweise hohen Überschlagsspannung führt. Durch diese stabilen Glimmentladungen kann die Störstelle bei Gleichspannung durch die üblichen Detektionsverfahren jedoch nicht zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen werden. Oberhalb von 0,3 MPa treten vor dem Überschlag keine Teilentladungen auf. Aufgrund der fehlenden Koronastabilisierung kann die Isolationsfestigkeit durch einen erhöhten Gasdruck nicht oder nur stark unterproportional gesteigert werden. Die mit der Modellanordnung gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sind nachweislich auf Isolatoren kommerzieller Anlagen übertragbar. Das in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchte Überschlagsverhalten von Gas-Feststoff-Isoliersystemen unter Gleichspannungsbelastung wird maßgeblich durch die Temperaturverteilung und durch feste Störstellen auf der Grenzfläche beeinflusst. Oberflächen- und Raumladungen verändern das üblicherweise ohmsch-kapazitiv beschriebene Verhalten des Isolierstoffsystems bei Gleich- und Mischspannungsbelastung. Der Einfluss zusätzlicher Ladungsträger auf die stark temperaturabhängige Feldumbildung demonstriert, dass das Isoliergas in diesem Fall mit teilchendichte- und feldstärkeabhängigen Drift- und Diffusionsprozessen zur Modellierung des transienten Verhaltens von Gleichspannungssystemen berücksichtigt werden muss. Die Untersuchung des Systemverhaltens an den Grenzen des Isolationsvermögens ist wichtiger Bestandteil bei der Entwicklung innovativer Technologien der modernen Energieübertragung bei steigender Übertragungsleistung. / DC operated gas-insulated systems combine the demand for space saving installations and lowloss energy transport over long distances for applications of recent energy transmission. In order to ensure a reliable and safe operation, the behaviour of the gas-solid insulation, which is used in the technological system, has to be known up to the limits of the insulation properties. Hence, this thesis deals with the flashover behaviour of gas-solid insulation systems under DC voltage stress. Thereby, it focuses on two main influence factors: the temperature, due to real current heat losses, and an adhesive defect on the gas-solid interface, due to metallic particles that cannot be fully excluded in practice. Firstly, it is investigated experimentally in two test arrangements, how each parameter separately affects the electrical field distribution, the surface and volume charge accumulation and the insulation performance under DC voltage stress. Following that, their interaction and mutual influence is analysed in the whole system. Due to operating currents, the heating of the conductors in gas-insulated systems causes an inhomogeneous temperature distribution, that affects the properties of the insulating materials gas and epoxy resin. The temperature-dependent conductivity of the solid insulators leads to a temperature-dependent field distribution. Thereby, the location of the highest field strength is shifted. Since the absolute value of the highest field strength can increase, the insulation performance can decrease. Simultaneously, the insulating gas close to the heated conductor locally has a lower gas density and therefore a lower dielectric strength. The thermal related reduction of the insulation performance under DC voltage stress amounts to (25 ... 35) % in the investigated arrangement. Metallic particles, with a length of more than three millimetres and adhering on spacers, turn out to be particularly critical in the weakly inhomogeneous field of gas-insulated systems. At pressures below 0,3 MPa, partial discharges at the particle tips partly ignite already at 50 %of the breakdown voltage without a particle. The corona stabilisation leads to a relatively high flashover voltage. However, due to these stable glow discharges under DC voltage stress, the defect can not be unequivocally proven by usual detection methods. Above 0,3 MPa, no partial discharges occur before the flashover. Due to the missing corona stabilisation, with a higher gas pressure, the insulation strength is not or only disproportionately low increasing. The findings gained with the model arrangement are evidently applicable to spacers of commercial installations. The flashover behaviour of gas-solid insulation systems under DC voltage stress, examined in this thesis, is influenced significantly by the temperature distribution and adhesive particles on the interface. Surface and volume charges change the generally resistive-capacitive described behaviour of the insulation system under DC and superimposed voltage stress. The influence of additional charge carriers on the strongly temperature-dependent field transition demonstrates, that in this case, the insulating gas with its drift and diffusion processes, depending on the particle density and the field strength, has to be considered, when modelling the transient behaviour of DC operated systems. Investigating the system behaviour to the limits of the insulation properties is a crucial element of developing innovative technologies of the modern energy transmission at increasing transmissions powers.

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Bei der Schwefelquantifizierung in Kupfer und anderen reinen Metallen zeigte sich in der Vergangenheit eine mangelnde SI-Rückführung und zusätzlich inkonsistente Ergebnisse, wenn verschiedene Methoden verglichen wurden. Um diesen Mangel zu beheben ist ein Referenzverfahren erforderlich, welches SI-rückführbare Werte mit einem zuverlässigen Unsicherheitsbudget ermöglicht. In dieser Studie wurde ein entsprechendes Referenzverfahren zur Quantifizierung von Gesamtschwefel in Kupfer basierend auf der induktiv gekoppelten Plasma-Massenspektrometrie und der Isotopenverdünnungsanalyse (ICP-IDMS) entwickelt. Um diese Probleme zu lösen wurde mit Hilfe der Ionenaustauschchromatographie ein Schwefel-Matrix-Trennverfahren entwickelt. Dieses Trennverfahren wurde mit ICP-IDMS kombiniert, um Schwierigkeiten mit der Kalibrierung zu lösen und fehlende metrologische Konzepte einzuführen. So wurden die in diesem Projekt erzielten IDMS-Messwerte für die Kalibrierung von GDMS und LA-ICP-MS verwendet, beides Verfahren die im industriellen Einsatz üblich sind. Dadurch konnten mit beiden Routineverfahren zuverlässige Ergebnisse erzeilt warden, die zudem auf SI rückführbar sind. Darüber hinaus wurde ein auf der LA-ICP-IDMS basierendes Verfahren entwickelt, um den Probenvorbereitungsschritt von ICP-IDMS mit Schwefel-Matrix-Trennung zu reduzieren. Die Vorteile dieser Methode sind ein geringerer Arbeits- und Zeitaufwand, die SI- Rückführung der Messergebnisse und eine für LA-ICP-MS vergleichsweise hohe Genauigkeit. Die Schlüsselrolle hierbei spielte der innovative Einsatz von Polyethylenfritten als Trägermaterial der aufgelösten Probe. Dadurch war die Quantifizierung von Schwefel in Kupferproben mittels LA-ICP-IDMS möglich. Die wesentlichen Parameter wie Absorptionseffizienz der Fritten und Matrixeffekt wurden untersucht. Das entwickelte Verfahren konnte mit Hilfe der ICP-IDMS vollständig validiert werden. / Sulphur quantification in copper and other pure metals in the past revealed a lack of SI-traceability and also showed inconsistent results, when different methods are compared. Therefore, a reference procedure is required to enable SI-traceable measurement results accompanied by a sound uncertainty budget. In this study, such a procedure was developed for the quantification of total sulphur in copper using inductively coupled plasma-isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ICP-IDMS). For solving these problems ion exchange chromatography was applied, and a sulphur-matrix separation procedure was developed. This procedure was combined with ICP-IDMS to solve difficulties with the calibration and to realize metrological concepts. An application of the IDMS procedure was realized by using the measurement results of specific copper samples values for calibrating glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) and laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS). Both techniques are considered routine techniques. Thus, they could provide reliable results which are traceable to the SI. Additionally, a procedure based on LA-ICP-IDMS was developed to significantly reduce the sample preparation step of ICP-IDMS with sulphur-matrix separation. This procedure is less laborious and the measurement results are still SI traceable and offer a comparatively high accuracy for LA-ICP-MS. Key for this development was the innovative application of polyethylene frits as support material for the dissolved sample. Thus, the quantification of sulphur in copper samples by LA-ICP-IDMS could be realized. The essential parameters are investigated such as the absorption efficiency of the frit and matrix effects. The developed procedure was fully validated by means of the ICP-IDMS results.

The pressure on clean and sustainable energy supplies is increasing. In this regard energy conversion by electrochemical processes plays a major role, for both fuel cell reactions and electrolysis reactions. The sulphur dioxide oxidation reaction (SOR) is a common reaction found in the Hybrid Sulphur Cycle (HyS) and the HyS is a way to produce large-scale hydrogen (H2). The problem with the use of the HyS and fuel cells is the cost involved as large amounts of Pt are required for effective operation. The aim of the study was to determine whether there was an alternative catalyst which was more efficient and cost-effective than Pt. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) and SOR were studied by means of different electrochemical techniques (cyclovoltammetry (CV), linear polarization (LP) and rotating disk electrode (RDE)) on polycrystalline platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd). The SRR and EOR are common reactions occurring at the cathode and anode, respectively, in fuel cells and these reactions have been investigated extensively. The reason for studying the reactions was as a preparation for the SOR. This study compared polycrystalline Pt and Pd for the different reactions, with the main focus on the SOR as Pd is considerably cheaper than Pt, and for the SOR polycrystalline Pd has by no means been investigated intensively. Polycrystalline Pt and Pd were compared by different electrochemical techniques and analyses. The Koutecky-Levich and Levich analyses were used to (i) calculate the number of e- involved in the relevant reaction, (ii) to determine whether the reaction was mass transfer controlled at high overpotentials and (iii) whether the reaction mechanism changed with potential. Next the kinetic current density ( k) was calculated from Koutecky-Levich analyses, which was further used for Tafel slope analyses. If it was not possible to carry out the analyses, the activation energy (Ea) was used to determine the electrocatalytic activity of the catalyst. The electrocatalytic activity was also determined by comparing onset potentials (Es), peak potentials (Ep) and limited/maximum current density ( b/ p) of each catalyst. This study was only a preliminary study for the SOR and therefore, further studies are certainly required. It seemed Pd shows better electrocatalytic activity than Pt for the SRR in an alkaline electrolyte because of similar Es, but Pd produced a higher cathodic current density. Pt showed a lower Es than Pd for the SRR in an acid electrolyte, but Pd delivered a higher cathodic current density. This, therefore, means that the SRR in an acid electrolyte is kinetically more favourable on Pd than on Pt. For the EOR better electrocatalytic activity was obtained with Pd than with Pt in an alkaline electrolyte due to higher current densities at lower potentials and Pd showed lower Ea values than Pt in the potential range normally used for fuel cells. Pd was inactive for EOR in an acid electrolyte, while a reaction occurred on Pt. A possible reason for this observation may be due to the H2 absorbing strongly on Pd thus blocking the active positions on the electrode surfaces, preventing further reaction. Pd showed higher electrocatalytic activity for the SOR due to lower Es and higher current densities at low potentials. From the RDE studies it was established that the SRR in an alkaline electrolyte on polycrystalline Pt and Pd was mass transfer controlled at low potentials (high overpotentials), but the SRR in an acid electrolyte was only mass transfer controlled on Pt. The SOR was not mass transfer controlled on polycrystalline Pt and Pd at high potentials (high overpotentials). These assumptions were confirmed by Levich analysis. Using Koutecky-Levich analysis, it was determined that the reaction mechanism on polycrystalline Pt and Pd changed with potential for SRR in an alkaline electrolyte and the SOR. For the SRR in an acid electrolyte the reaction mechanism remained constant with changes in potential on polycrystalline Pd, but the reaction mechanism on polycrystalline Pt changed with potential. These assumptions were confirmed by the number of e-, calculated using Koutecky-Levich analyses. Levich and Koutecky-Levich analyses were not performed for EOR as an increase in rotation speed did not produce an increase in current density. Tafel slope analyses were conducted by making use of overpotentials and k, where possible. As in the case of ethanol, it was not possible to execute Koutecky-Levich analyses and, therefore, it was not possible to perform Tafel slope analyses using k. Tafel slope analyses for the EOR was therefore performed with normal current densities at 0 rotations per minute (rpm). The reaction mechanisms on Pt and Pd for the SRR in alkaline and acidic electrolytes differed due to different Tafel slopes. Pt and Pd displayed similar Tafel slopes for the EOR in alkaline electrolyte, thus suggesting that the reaction mechanisms on Pt and Pd were the same. For the SOR it seemed that the reaction mechanism on Pt and Pd were similar because of similar Tafel slopes. This was only a preliminary and comparative study for polycrystalline Pt and Pd, and the reaction mechanism was not further studied by means of spectroscopic techniques. / MSc (Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014