Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

In modern society where time is of essence and almost everything is accessible with a click of a button, it is important that the information we take in is relevant, which is why automatized text summaries must contain necessary information and is understandable for the reader. This study aims to investigate if extracted and highlighted automatic text summaries are as comprehensive as the original text and the differences between extracted summary and highlight summary. The research will study the eyes movement during reading different types of texts, mainly focusing on fixation and saccades. The study found that readers tend to fixate more when reading summaries than an original text, which in turn lead to a longer time to read the text. For comprehensiveness there was no greater difference found between the summaries and the original text.

Nos travaux s'inscrivent dans le domaine des résumés linguistiques flous (RLF) qui permettent la génération de phrases en langage naturel, descriptives de données numériques, et offrent ainsi une vision synthétique et compréhensible de grandes masses d'information. Nous nous intéressons d'abord à l'interprétabilité des RLF, capitale pour fournir une vision simplement appréhendable de l'information à un utilisateur humain et complexe du fait de sa formulation linguistique. En plus des travaux existant à ce sujet sur les composants élémentaires des RLF, nous proposons une approche globale de l'interprétabilité des résumés vus comme un ensemble de phrases et nous intéressons plus spécifiquement à la question de leur cohérence. Afin de la garantir dans le cadre de la logique floue standard, nous introduisons une formalisation originale de l'opposition entre phrases de complexité croissante. Ce formalisme nous permet de démontrer que les propriétés de cohérence sont vérifiables par le choix d'un modèle de négation spécifique. D'autre part, nous proposons sur cette base un cube en 4 dimensions mettant en relation toutes les oppositions possibles entre les phrases d'un RLF et montrons que ce cube généralise plusieurs structures d'opposition logiques existantes. Nous considérons ensuite le cas de données sous forme de séries numériques et nous intéressons à des résumés linguistiques portant sur leur périodicité : les phrases que nous proposons indiquent à quel point une série est périodique et proposent une formulation linguistique appropriée de sa période. La méthode d’extraction proposée, nommée DPE pour Detection of Periodic Events, permet de segmenter les données de manière adaptative et sans paramètre utilisateur, en utilisant des outils issus de la morphologie mathématique. Ces segments sont ensuite utilisés pour calculer la période de la série temporelle ainsi que sa périodicité, calculée comme un degré de qualité sur le résultat renvoyé mesurant à quel point la série est périodique. Enfin, DPE génère des phrases comme « Environ toutes les 2 heures, l'afflux de client est important ». Des expériences sur des données artificielles et réelles confirment la pertinence de l'approche. D’un point de vue algorithmique, nous proposons une implémentation incrémentale et efficace de DPE, basée sur l’établissement de formules permettant le calcul de mises à jour des variables. Cette implémentation permet le passage à l'échelle de la méthode ainsi que l'analyse en temps réel de flux de données. Nous proposons également une extension de DPE basée sur le concept de périodicité locale permettant d'identifier les sous-séquences périodiques d'une série temporelle par l’utilisation d’un test statistique original. La méthode, validée sur des données artificielles et réelles, génère des phrases en langage naturel permettant d’extraire des informations du type « Toutes les deux semaines sur le premier semestre de l'année, les ventes sont élevées ». / Our research is in the field of fuzzy linguistic summaries (FLS) that allow to generate natural language sentences to describe very large amounts of numerical data, providing concise and intelligible views of these data. We first focus on the interpretability of FLS, crucial to provide end-users with an easily understandable text, but hard to achieve due to its linguistic form. Beyond existing works on that topic, based on the basic components of FLS, we propose a general approach for the interpretability of summaries, considering them globally as groups of sentences. We focus more specifically on their consistency. In order to guarantee it in the framework of standard fuzzy logic, we introduce a new model of oppositions between increasingly complex sentences. The model allows us to show that these consistency properties can be satisfied by selecting a specific negation approach. Moreover, based on this model, we design a 4-dimensional cube displaying all the possible oppositions between sentences in a FLS and show that it generalises several existing logical opposition structures. We then consider the case of data in the form of numerical series and focus on linguistic summaries about their periodicity: the sentences we propose indicate the extent to which the series are periodic and offer an appropriate linguistic expression of their periods. The proposed extraction method, called DPE, standing for Detection of Periodic Events, splits the data in an adaptive manner and without any prior information, using tools from mathematical morphology. The segments are then exploited to compute the period and the periodicity, measuring the quality of the estimation and the extent to which the series is periodic. Lastly, DPE returns descriptive sentences of the form ``Approximately every 2 hours, the customer arrival is important''. Experiments with artificial and real data show the relevance of the proposed DPE method. From an algorithmic point of view, we propose an incremental and efficient implementation of DPE, based on established update formulas. This implementation makes DPE scalable and allows it to process real-time streams of data. We also present an extension of DPE based on the local periodicity concept, allowing the identification of local periodic subsequences in a numerical series, using an original statistical test. The method validated on artificial and real data returns natural language sentences that extract information of the form ``Every two weeks during the first semester of the year, sales are high''.

Background Healthcare professionals spend large amounts of time on documentation tasks in contemporary healthcare. One such documentation task is the discharge summary which summarizes a care episode. However, research shows that many discharge summaries written today are of lacking quality. One method which has the po- tential to alleviate the situation is natural language processing, specifically text summarization, as it could automatically summarize patient notes into a discharge summary. Aim This thesis aims to provide initial knowledge on the topic of summarization of Swedish clinical text into discharge summaries. Furthermore, this thesis aims to provide knowledge specifically on performing summarization using the Stockholm EPR Gastro ICD-10 Pseudo Corpus II dataset, consisting of Swedish electronic health record data. Method Using the design science framework, an artefact was produced in the form of a model, based on a pre-trained Swedish BART model, which can summarize patient notes into a discharge summary. This model was developed using the Hugging Face library and evaluated both via ROUGE scores as well as via a manual evaluation performed by a now retired healthcare professional. Results The discharge summaries produced from a test set by the artefact model achieved ROUGE-1/2/L/S scores of 0.280/0.057/0.122/0.068. The manual evaluation im- plies that the artefact is prone to fail to accurately include clinically important information, that the artefact produces text with low readability, and that the artefact is very prone to produce severe hallucinations. Conclusion The artefact’s performance is worse than the results of previous studies on the topic of summarization of patient notes into discharge summaries, in terms of ROUGE scores. The manual evaluation of the artefact performance suggests sev- eral shortcomings in its capabilities to accurately summarize a care episode. Since this was the first major work conducted on the topic of text summarization using the Stockholm EPR Gastro ICD-10 Pseudo Corpus II dataset, there are many possible directions for future works.

As súmulas e orientações jurisprudenciais no âmbito do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho foi o tema escolhido para o presente trabalho e objetiva evidenciar o procedimento de criação e edição e validade destes institutos do ordenamento pátrio, diante do sistema jurídico adotado e das tendências atuais em torná-los como de cumprimento obrigatório. Para o enfrentamento das múltiplas questões que permeiam este assunto, e com o suporte metodológico da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, realizou-se estudo da natureza jurídica da atividade jurisdicional, dos sistemas adotados e das tendências constatadas. Também faz parte desse esforço uma análise dos argumentos favoráveis e contrários ao sistema pautado em súmulas tendencialmente vinculantes. Como forma de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria geral acerca da validade dos verbetes expedidos pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, buscou-se, no sistema jurídico do common law, técnicas e pressupostos que possam ser aproveitados no civil law. O estudo desenvolvido possibilitou verificar a inevitabilidade de vinculação dos precedentes e, ao mesmo tempo, permitiu buscar dentro do próprio ordenamento jurídico vigente as bases para controle e validação desta vinculação, além de, com base no direito comparado, propor técnica de análise de validade de conteúdo dos precedentes com tendências vinculantes. / The summaries (abridgements precedents overviews) and jurisprudential (case law) guidelines within the Superior Labor Court was the theme for this study and aims to highlight the procedure of creation and editing of these institutes and validity of the vernacular ordering before the legal system adopted and current trends in make them questions that permeate this issue, and with the methodological support of technical literature search, a study was conducted on the legal nature of judicial activity, the systems adopted and observed tendencies. Also as part of this effort, there is an analysis of the arguments for and against the system in tendentiously binding summaries. In order to contribute (as a way of contribution) to the development of a theory about the validity of the entries sent by the Superior Labor Court we sought in the legal systems of the common-law, assumptions and techniques that can be used in civil-law. The study made it possible to verify the inevitability of binding of precedents and at the same time allowed seek within the own present legal ordering, bases for control and validation of this attachment, and based on comparative law, to propose a technique of analysis of contents validity of precedents with binding tendencies.

Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse traitent de la gestion des données dans les réseaux inter-véhiculaires (VANETs). Ces derniers sont constitués d’un ensemble d’objets mobiles qui communiquent entre eux à l’aide de réseaux sans fil de type IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, ou Ultra Wide Band (UWB). Avec de tels mécanismes de communication, un véhicule peut recevoir des informations de ses voisins proches ou d’autres plus distants, grâce aux techniques de multi-sauts qui exploitent dans ce cas des objets intermédiaires comme relais. De nombreuses informations peuvent être échangées dans le contexte des «VANETs», notamment pour alerter les conducteurs lorsqu’un événement survient (accident, freinage d’urgence, véhicule quittant une place de stationnement et souhaitant en informer les autres, etc.). Au fur et à mesure de leurs déplacements, les véhicules sont ensuite « contaminés » par les informations transmises par d’autres. Dans ce travail, nous voulons exploiter les données de manière sensiblement différente par rapport aux travaux existants. Ces derniers visent en effet à utiliser les données échangées pour produire des alertes aux conducteurs. Une fois ces données utilisées, elles deviennent obsolètes et sont détruites. Dans ce travail, nous cherchons à générer dynamiquement à partir des données collectées par les véhicules au cours de leur trajet, un résumé (ou agrégat) qui fourni des informations aux conducteurs, y compris lorsqu’aucun véhicule communicant ne se trouve pas à proximité. Pour ce faire, nous proposons tout d’abord une structure d’agrégation spatio-temporelle permettant à un véhicule de résumer l’ensemble des événements observés. Ensuite, nous définissons un protocole d’échange des résumés entre véhicules sans l’intermédiaire d’une infrastructure, permettant à un véhicule d’améliorer sa base de connaissances locale par échange avec ses voisins. Enfin, nous définissons nos stratégies d’exploitation de résumé afin d’aider le conducteur dans la prise de décision. Nous avons validé l’ensemble de nos propositions en utilisant le simulateur « VESPA » en l’étendant pour prendre en compte la notion de résumés. Les résultats de simulation montrent que notre approche permet effectivement d’aider les conducteurs à prendre de bonnes décisions, sans avoir besoin de recourir à une infrastructure centralisatrice / The works in this thesis focus on data management in inter-vehicular networks (VANETs). These networks consist of a set of moving objects that communicate with wireless networks IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, or Ultra Wide Band (UWB). With such communication mechanisms, a vehicle may receive information from its close neighbors or other more remote, thanks to multi-jump techniques that operate in this case intermediate objects as relays. A lot of information can be exchanged in the context of « VANETs », especially to alert drivers when an event occurs (accident, emergency braking, vehicle leaving a parking place and want to inform others, etc.). In their move vehicles are then « contaminated » by the information provided by others. In this work, we use the data substantially different from the existing work. These are, in fact, use the data exchanged to produce alerts drivers. Once these data are used, they become obsolete and are destroyed. In this work, we seek to generate dynamically from data collected by vehicles in their path, a summary (or aggregate) which provides information to drivers, including when no communicating vehicle is nearby. To do this, we first propose a spatio-temporal aggregation structure enabling a vehicle to summarize all the observed events. Next, we define a protocol for exchanging summaries between vehicles without the mediation of an infrastructure, allowing a vehicle to improve its local knowledge base by exchange with its neighbors. Finally, we define our operating strategies of the summary to assist the driver in making decision. We validated all of our proposals using the «VESPA» simulator by extending it to take into account the concept of summaries. Simulation results show that our approach can effectively help drivers make good decisions without the need to use a centralized infrastructure

Effects of Nb2O5 addition on the formation and properties of the Bi-based superconductors were studied. The superconducting samples were synthesized by two different methods, the solid state reaction (SSR) and ammonium nitrate melt route (ANM) to obtain information about the growth techniques. Ten samples (five with each method) with the chemical compositions of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3NbxOy, with x= 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 were prepared. Phase identification, structural and microstructural analysis were carried out using powder X-ray diffraction method, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The transition temperature and the critical current measurements were carried out using the electromagnetic measurement system. The critical parameters of the samples were also determined by AC susceptibility and magnetization measurements. Improvements in the formation of the Bi-2223 phase with Nb addition have been observed by both methods. The ANM method leads mixtures of Bi-2223 and Bi-2212 phases, but with the SSR method pure Bi-2223 phase was obtained. With small amounts of Nb addition the critical temperature, Tc, remains the same for ANM samples and it increases for the SSR samples. For both series of samples Tc decreases with further increase of Nb content. With Nb addition the critical currents of the ANM sample almost remain the same and those of the SSR samples increases. Observations based on AC susceptibility measurements showed that Nb addition improve inter-grain coupling. Inductive critical current densities obtained from magnetization measurements agree with the critical currents stated above and show that Jc increase with increase Nb content.

As súmulas e orientações jurisprudenciais no âmbito do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho foi o tema escolhido para o presente trabalho e objetiva evidenciar o procedimento de criação e edição e validade destes institutos do ordenamento pátrio, diante do sistema jurídico adotado e das tendências atuais em torná-los como de cumprimento obrigatório. Para o enfrentamento das múltiplas questões que permeiam este assunto, e com o suporte metodológico da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, realizou-se estudo da natureza jurídica da atividade jurisdicional, dos sistemas adotados e das tendências constatadas. Também faz parte desse esforço uma análise dos argumentos favoráveis e contrários ao sistema pautado em súmulas tendencialmente vinculantes. Como forma de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria geral acerca da validade dos verbetes expedidos pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, buscou-se, no sistema jurídico do common law, técnicas e pressupostos que possam ser aproveitados no civil law. O estudo desenvolvido possibilitou verificar a inevitabilidade de vinculação dos precedentes e, ao mesmo tempo, permitiu buscar dentro do próprio ordenamento jurídico vigente as bases para controle e validação desta vinculação, além de, com base no direito comparado, propor técnica de análise de validade de conteúdo dos precedentes com tendências vinculantes. / The summaries (abridgements precedents overviews) and jurisprudential (case law) guidelines within the Superior Labor Court was the theme for this study and aims to highlight the procedure of creation and editing of these institutes and validity of the vernacular ordering before the legal system adopted and current trends in make them questions that permeate this issue, and with the methodological support of technical literature search, a study was conducted on the legal nature of judicial activity, the systems adopted and observed tendencies. Also as part of this effort, there is an analysis of the arguments for and against the system in tendentiously binding summaries. In order to contribute (as a way of contribution) to the development of a theory about the validity of the entries sent by the Superior Labor Court we sought in the legal systems of the common-law, assumptions and techniques that can be used in civil-law. The study made it possible to verify the inevitability of binding of precedents and at the same time allowed seek within the own present legal ordering, bases for control and validation of this attachment, and based on comparative law, to propose a technique of analysis of contents validity of precedents with binding tendencies.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-02-27T18:20:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 john_helio_porangaba_oliveira.pdf: 1570751 bytes, checksum: 910eceb39ab22308de12db9cc615316e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-27T18:20:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 john_helio_porangaba_oliveira.pdf: 1570751 bytes, checksum: 910eceb39ab22308de12db9cc615316e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-08 / The question of genre analysis in specific contexts has represented a study approach that explicitly and in depth knowledge about the construction, interpretation and use of genres in the most diverse situations, in the use of language. Our objective was to analyze the genre communication abstract from the point of view of the construction of meaning, observing text and context, context of production and rhetorical organization of the genre. The analysis was carried out with 60 communication abstracts taken from abstracts of three academic events, occurred in the year 2015. Among others, our theoretical bases have undergone the understanding of genre colony (BHATIA, [1998] 2009, 2004, BEZERRA 2006, 2007), genre chain (NOBRE, BIASI-RODRIGUES, 2012) and context theory (VAN DIJK, 2012). For the trajectory of analysis of this genre, we start from rhetorical organization studies of broad comprehension, from which we elaborate a standard model, suitable for analysis of the specific communication abstract. The trajectory also went through the understanding of genres as a communicative event, a dynamic entity that suits the context and interactive situations of the text participants (SWALES, [1990] 2008). In our discussions and results, we conclude that the respective genre is a result of academic and professional practices interpreted by producers, recipients and users on the terms genre and context. We conclude that the genre communication abstract is marked by linguistic and rhetorical actions, whose marks indicate the informative focus of the sentence and the rhetorical strategy that composes rhetorical movements, which in turn perform the genre. This genre builds meaning in the relation between genre and context as linguistic and rhetorical communicative actions in the dynamics of language with your norms, values and interpretations for a specific production. / A questão da análise de gêneros em contextos específicos tem representado uma abordagem de estudo que explicita e aprofunda os conhecimentos acerca da construção, interpretação e uso de gêneros nas mais diversas situações, no emprego da linguagem. Nosso objetivo de pesquisa foi analisar o gênero resumo de comunicação do ponto de vista da construção de sentido, considerando texto e contexto, contexto de produção e organização retórica do gênero. A análise foi realizada com 60 resumos de comunicação retirados de cadernos de resumos de três eventos acadêmicos, realizados no ano de 2015. Dentre outras, nossas bases teóricas passaram pela compreensão de colônia de gêneros (BHATIA, [1998] 2009, 2004; BEZERRA 2006, 2007), cadeia de gêneros (NOBRE; BIASI-RODRIGUES, 2012) e teoria de contexto (VAN DIJK, 2012). Para a trajetória de análise desse gênero, partimos de estudos de organização retórica de compreensão ampla, a partir dos quais elaboramos um modelo padrão, próprio para análise dos resumos de comunicação em específico. A trajetória passou, também, pela compreensão de gênero como evento comunicativo, uma entidade dinâmica que se adequa às situações contextuais e interativas dos participantes do discurso (SWALES, [1990] 2008). Em nossas discussões e resultados, concluímos que o respectivo gênero é resultado das práticas acadêmicas e profissionais interpretadas pelos produtores, receptores e usuários sobre os termos gênero e contexto. Concluímos, ainda, que o gênero resumo de comunicação é marcado por ações linguísticas e retóricas, cujas marcas indicam o foco informativo da sentença e da estratégia retórica que compõe os movimentos retóricos, que por sua vez realizam o gênero. Esse gênero constrói sentido na relação entre gênero e contexto como ações comunicativas linguísticas e retóricas na dinâmica da linguagem com suas normas, valores e interpretações para uma produção específica.

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