Orientador: Jair Wagner de Souza Manfrinato / Banca: Marcel Andreotti Musetti / Banca: Fernando Bernardi de Souza / Resumo: O ambiente cada vez mais competitivo que as empresas enfrentam força a busca da redução dos custos, sem interferir na qualidade de seus processos e produtos, como forma de sobreviver. Neste contexto, a otimização do uso dos materiais e estoques é uma oportunidade para estas empresas conquistar este objetivo, especialmente em empresas que atuam no segmento varejista, pelo fato dos custos dos estoques ligados a esse segmento de negócio, representar em torno de 80% dos custos totais. A gestão de estoques tem como objetivo manter o investimento mínimo em estoques sem que isto acarrete riscos de faltas, sendo suficientes para manter o equilíbrio entre a disponibilidade e o consumo. Esta pesquisa tem como proposta avaliar os modelos clássicos de estoque, de revisão contínua e revisão periódica, aplicados no varejo supermercadista, por meio de um estudo de caso (único) em uma empresa do setor, analisando sua política e gestão de estoques por meio de modelagem em planilha eletrônica para comparar os dados reais de estoques de produtos de alto giro com os parâmetros dos modelos clássicos. O modelo considera os principais custos e variáveis que afetam a operação com estoques no ambiente supermercadista. Os resultados foram medidos por meio de indicadores, tais como giro de estoque, cobertura de estoque, nível de serviço e retorno sobre o investimento. Com o modelo foi possível observar oportunidades de melhoria na gestão dos estoques com o auxílio da modelagem, apoiando os responsáveis pelos estoques e compras na tomada de decisão que obtenha o menor custo e que atenda aos requisitos de serviço para a operação / Abstract: The increasingly competitive environment faced by companies force to seek the reduction os costs, without interfering with the quality of its processes and products as a way to survive. In this context, optimizing the use of materials and supplies is an opportunity for these companies to achieve this goal, especially in companies that operate in the retail segment, because the cost of stocks to that business segment represented approximately 80% of costs totals. The inventory management aims to maintain the minimum investment in inventory without thereby incurring the risk of faults, wihich are sufficient to maintain the balance between availability and consumption. This research is proposed to evaluate the classical models of inventory, continuous review and periodic review, applied to the retail market, through a single cape study in a company in the sector, reviewing its policy and inventory management throught modeling in a spreadsheet to compare the actual data of stocks of products with high spin parameters of the classic models. The model considers the major costs and variables that affect operation with stores in the supermarket environment. Results are measured through indicators such as turnover, coverage, service level and return on investment. With the model was observed for improvement in inventory management with the aid of modeling which can assist those responsible for inventory purchases and in making the decision to obtain the lowest cost that meets the service requirements for the operation / Mestre

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a competição entre supermercados. Contrapondo parte da literatura econômica segundo a qual o crescimento rápido de grandes redes de supermercados gera poder de mercado e redução do número dos demais formatos de lojas, esta dissertação baseia-se no argumento de que a expansão de grandes cadeias varejistas produz conseqüências complexas, podendo resultar na coexistência de uma grande variedade de formatos de negócios. A pesquisa está dividida em duas etapas. Inicialmente são examinadas as relações de concorrência entre hipermercados e supermercados de vizinhança. Evidências para o Município de São Paulo indicam que estes varejistas formam mercados distintos uma vez que preços não estabelecem entre si um equilíbrio de longo prazo. A segunda etapa aprofunda a análise sobre supermercados de vizinhança. Analisa-se o impacto do tamanho sobre a estratégia de precificação das lojas e comparam-se os supermercados vinculados a redes às lojas independentes. Contrariando a crença geral, supermercados independentes estabelecem preços menores em comparação a supermercados de rede. Argumentos que suportam este resultado são então examinados. / This research analyzes the competition among supermarkets. In contrast to part of the economic literature which suggests that the fast growth of supermarket chains gives rise to market power and reduction in the number of other retailing formats, this dissertation is based on the argument that growth of supermarket chains produces complex consequences and can result in the coexistence of a huge variety of retailing formats. The research is divided in two parts. In the first part, the competition between hypermarkets and supermarkets is examined. Evidences for Sao Paulo Municipal district indicate that these retailers form separate markets. Prices do not establish long term equilibrium. The second part is focused on neighborhood supermarkets. It analyzes the impact of size on price strategy and compares chain supermarkets to independent stores. The results differ from the general belief that independent supermarkets establish higher prices in comparison to chain supermarkets. The results are supported through econometric evidence.

Define-se supermercado como o local onde se pratica comércio varejista de mercadorias em geral, predominantemente de produtos alimentícios, em uma área de venda de 300 a 5000 m2. Embora responda hoje por cerca de 85,0% das vendas de alimentos no Brasil, esse setor permanece ainda muito pouco estudado, particularmente em relação aos aspectos sanitários. Em Ribeirão Preto, os supermercados representam o principal local de venda de alimentos para todas as classes sociais, ao mesmo tempo que vêm sendo causa de número crescente do total de reclamações feitas à Divisão de Vigilância Sanitária (Visa) do município. Esta investigação teve o objetivo de: avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias e físico-estruturais dos supermercados e hipermercados (área de venda acima de 5000 m2) de Ribeirão Preto, com vistas a classificá-los segundo essas condições; avaliar o cumprimento da legislação vigente; detectar áreas/condições de risco à saúde pública; recomendar medidas corretivas. O trabalho foi conduzido durante as inspeções de rotina da Visa, utilizando-se a Ficha de Inspeção de Estabelecimentos da Área de Alimentos (FIEAA) adotada no Estado de São Paulo, a qual padroniza os procedimentos de inspeção e divide os itens que serão inspecionados em cinco grandes blocos. Foram incluídos todos os 56 supermercados e os 2 hipermercados da cidade. Os percentuais de adequação para cada bloco foram: 32,2% para o bloco 1, correspondente à situação e às condições da edificação; 27,1% para o bloco 2, correspondente aos equipamentos e aos utensílios; 68,1% para o bloco 3, correspondente ao pessoal de produção, manipulação e venda; 35,9% para o bloco 4, correspondente às matérias-primas e aos produtos expostos à venda; 42,3% para o bloco 5, correspondente ao fluxo de produção/manipulação/venda e ao controle de qualidade. Assim, apenas o bloco 3 foi classificado como regular, ficando todos os demais como deficientes. Na classificação final dos estabelecimentos, 46 (79,3%) foram classificados como deficientes, 11 (19,0%) como regulares, e apenas 1 (1,7%), como bom. Apesar de se reconhecer a existência de algumas inadequações nos pontos de corte padronizados para a classificação dos itens estudados, concluiu-se que a situação exige intervenção rigorosa das autoridades sanitárias, para se fazer cumprir a legislação vigente. Recomenda-se a adoção de algumas adaptações à legislação, entre as quais a obrigatoriedade de inclusão, no corpo de funcionários dos supermercados, de profissional capacitado na área de alimentos, bem como a mudança dos critérios de classificação dos estabelecimentos, visando a uma maior racionalidade na programação de inspeções rotineiras da Visa. / The definition of supermarket is that of a place where retail market of general merchandise, mainly food products, is practiced in a sales area beteween 300m2 and 5000m2. Though it currently represents about 85% of food sales in Brazil, this sector still remains understudied, especially when it comes to its sanitary aspects. In Ribeirão Preto the supermarkets represent the main sales area of food for all social classes, at the same time that it has been the subject of an increasing number of complaints that have arrived at the City Division of Sanitary Surveillance (DSS). This investigation aimed to evaluate the sanitary, hygiene, physical and structural aspects of the supermarkets and hypermarkets (sales area over 5000m2) of Ribeirão Preto, to classify them according to these conditions, to evaluate the applicability of the legislation, to detect areas/conditions of public health risks and to recommend correction measures. The work was conducted during DSS´s routine inspections, using the guidelines for inspection of the food enterprises adopted in the state of São Paulo, which divides the subjects to be inspected in five big blocks. All of the city 56 supermarkets and 2 hipermarkets were included. The percentage of adequacy for each block were 32.2% for block a, corresponding to the situation and conditions of the edification, 27.1% for block b, corresponding to equipments and utensils, 68.1% for block c, corresponding to the production, manipulation and sales staff, 35.9% for block d, corresponding to the raw materials and products displayed for sales; 42.3% for block e, corresponding to the flow of production/manipulation/sales and quality control. Only block c was classified as regular, being the others considered as insufficient. In the final classification of the supermarkets, 46(79.3%) of them were considered insufficient, 11(19.0%) regular and only 1(1.7%) good. Although some inadequacies in the cutoff criteria for classifying the supermarkets are recognized, it becomes clear that the situation demands a rigid intervention of the sanitary authority in order to apply the existing legislation. Based upon the findings of this investigation, some recommendations can be done. Among them is the inclusion in the supermarket staff of an employee skilled in the food field, as well as a change in the criteria used for the classification of the supermarkets, aiming a higher rationality in the DSS programming of routine inspections.

Orientadores: Reginaldo Guirardello, Lucio Cardozo Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T09:10:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Borghi_DanieladeFreitas_M.pdf: 9889274 bytes, checksum: de02d1b18b9f1b3a8a92fc1202945f9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O principal objetivo deste estudo é minimizar as grandes perdas de frutos e hortaliças que ocorrem durante seu armazenamento em supermercados, usando um modelo matemático para otimizar a distribuição dos produtos em depósito e minimizar os custos referentes ao seu armazenamento. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados da literatura do tempo de vida dos produtos estudados (aipo, alface, alho-porro, ameixa, beterraba, cebola, cenoura, chicória, couve-flor, espinafre, mamão papaya, morango, nabo, pepino, pêssego, pimentão, rabanete, salsinha, tomate e uva). O modelo matemático desenvolvido usa uma formulação de programação mista inteira e linear (MILP). O modelo foi implementado no software GAMSe o solver utilizado foi o CPLEX. Foram realizadas otimizações considerando diversas temperaturas de armazenamento e preços de aquisição para os produtos, visando minimizar os custos referentes ao seu armazenamento. Foi possível realizar uma análise em relação ao tempo de vida de cada produto em função da temperatura. Os resultados mostraram que quanto mais distante a temperatura real de armazenamento de um produto estiver de sua temperatura ideal, maiores serão os custos com a perda de qualidade deste produto. Verificou-se que o custo referente à perda de qualidade dos produtos tem grande influência no custo total de armazenamento, o que mostra a importância de se otimizar a logística de armazenamento destes produtos, para que estes custos não sejam ainda mais expressivos. Dessa forma, o modelo proposto apresenta-se como uma ferramenta que pode auxiliar os gestores de supermercados nas tomadas de decisões referentes ao armazenamento de frutos e hortaliças de forma a minimizar os custos e as perdas do setor. Além disso, foram realizados experimentos com tomates do grupo cereja, em que foram analisados firmeza, pH, sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável de frutos com e sem aplicação superficial de cera de carnaúba, armazenados em câmaras frias, em quatro diferentes temperaturas (5±1 °C, 10±1 °C, 15±1 °C e 23±3 °C) por um período de onze dias. Observou-se que a aplicação de cera não melhorou a conservação pós-colheita dos tomates, não sendo verificadas diferenças estatísticas ao nível de 5% de significância nos frutos com e sem aplicação de cera. As temperaturas de armazenamento analisadas também não influenciaram estatisticamente os atributos de qualidade do tomate. / Abstract: The main objective of this study is to minimize the high losses of fruits and vegetables that occur during their storage in markets, using a mathematical model to optimize the distribution of the products in deposit and to minimize the costs relating to its storage. For that, data from literature of keeping quality of products studied (celery, lettuce, leek, plum, beetroot, onion, carrot, chicory, cauliflower, spinach, papaya, strawberry, turnip, cucumber, peach, pepper, radish, parsley, tomato and grape) were used. The mathematical model developed used a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation. The model was implemented in the software GAMSand the solver used was CPLEX. Simulations were conducted considering various temperatures of storage and acquisition prices for products, aiming to minimize the costs relating to its storage. It was possible to carry out an analysis on keeping quality of each product depending on the temperature. The results showed that the more distant the real storage temperature of a product is of its ideal temperature, the greater the costs with the loss of quality of this product. It was verified that the cost relating to the loss of quality of products has great influence on the total storage cost, what shows the importance of optimizing the storage logistics of these products, so that these costs are not still more expressive. Thus, the proposed model presents itself as a tool that can help the managers of supermarkets in the decision-making concerning the storage of fruits and vegetables in order to minimize costs and losses in the sector. In addition, experiments were performed with tomatoes of the group cherry, which were analysed firmness, pH, soluble solids and titratable acidity of fruit with and without superficial application of carnauba wax, stored in cold chambers, in four different temperatures (5±1 °C, 10±1 °C, 15±1 °C and 23±3 °C) for a period of eleven days. It was observed that the application of wax, did not improved post-harvest preservation of tomatoes, and was not verified statistical differences at the level of 5% of significance in fruits with and without application of wax. The analysed storage temperature also had not statistically influenced the attributes of quality of tomato. / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar quais são os elementos das experiências de consumo mais importantes para a formação da satisfação dos clientes supermercadistas residentes no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, optou-se pela realização de um levantamento de campo com uma amostra de 750 indivíduos escolhidos por conveniência e de forma estratificada, sendo que o critério adotado para dividir os estratos foi o nível de educação dos consumidores. O questionário utilizado para coleta de dados foi desenvolvido pelo autor do presente trabalho com base nas variáveis supermercadistas identificadas em referencial teórico previamente pesquisado, e a escala adotada foi a de sete pontos de Likert. A análise de dados foi dividida em três etapas: primeiramente, as variáveis presentes no questionário foram agrupadas utilizando-se a técnica estatística Análise Fatorial; em segundo lugar, os fatores resultantes da aplicação da Análise Fatorial foram utilizados em uma Análise de Regressão, cujo intuito foi desenvolver uma equação de regressão que contivesse as variáveis supermercadistas mais importantes para a satisfação dos consumidores supermercadistas; finalmente, com base no referencial teórico levantado, realizou-se uma análise da equação desenvolvida. Dentre as constatações do presente trabalho, destaca-se a identificação de dois construtos principais que devem ser utilizados de maneira conjunta para explicar a satisfação dos consumidores no varejo supermercadista: a imagem do varejista e as experiências de consumo. Além disso, foi possível identificar os elementos das experiências de consumo mais relevantes do ponto de vista da satisfação do consumidor: o ambiente de loja; o relacionamento entre o cliente e os funcionários do varejista; o sortimento disponibilizado pelo varejista; a conveniência fornecida aos consumidores durante suas compras; a venda de produtos de marcas próprias; a presença de outros tipos de varejistas no ambiente físico do supermercado; a presença de estacionamento; o relacionamento entre os próprios clientes; aspectos monetários; e a comunicação desenvolvida pelo varejista. A principal contribuição acadêmica deste trabalho reside na ampliação do conceito de satisfação no varejo, que passa a ser analisado de maneira mais sistêmica, incorporando diferentes construtos. Adicionalmente, a principal contribuição gerencial deste trabalho reside na identificação de uma série de elementos tangíveis que devem ser administrados para aumentar a satisfação dos consumidores no segmento supermercadista. / This research aimed to identify which elements of the consumer experience are more important for the formation of customer satisfaction in supermarkets in the interior of São Paulo. To achieve our objective, we opted for the operation of a field survey with a sample of 750 individuals chosen for convenience and stratified, and the criterion used to divide the strata was the level of consumer education. The questionnaire used for data collection was developed by the author of this work based on the supermarket variables identified in theoretical previously searched, and the scale used was a seven-point Likert. Data analysis was divided into three stages: first, the variables in the questionnaire were grouped using the statistical technique Factor Analysis, secondly, the factors resulting from the application of Factor Analysis were used in a Regression Analysis, whose purpose was to develop a regression equation that contained the most important variables for customer satisfaction in supermarkets and, finally, based on the theory raised, we developed an analysis of the equation developed. Between the findings of this study, we highlight the identification of two main constructs that should be used jointly to explain consumer satisfaction in the retail market: the image of the retailer and the consumer experience. Furthermore, it was possible to identify the elements of the consumer experience more relevant in terms of customer satisfaction: the store environment, the relationship between the customer and the retailer\'s employees, the assortment offered by retailers, the convenience provided to consumers during their purchases, the sale of private label products, the presence of other retailers in the physical environment of the supermarket, the presence of parking, the relationship between customers, monetary aspects and the communication developed by retailers. The main academic contribution of this work was the extension of the concept of satisfaction in retail, which can be analyzed more systemic, incorporating different constructs. Additionally, the main managerial contribution of this work was the identification of some tangible elements that must be administered to increase consumer satisfaction in the supermarket segment.

Supermarkets have become important in food retail in both developed and developing countries. Supermarkets in developed countries are expanding to developing countries such as Latin America and Asia resulting in transformation of the agro-food systems. As elsewhere in the world, supermarkets are also expanding rapidly in Africa. The growth and expansion of supermarkets is mainly spearheaded by South African supermarkets and has been facilitated by trade liberalization, increased economic growth, positive political changes, regional integration arrangements, increased urbanisation, increased per capita income and middle class population groups and liberalization of foreign direct investment. The increased foreign direct investment (FDI) by South African supermarkets into SADC and the rest of Africa may be impacting on firms, households and the economy in the host nations in various ways. As much as the FDI by South African firms bring the much-needed capital for development, the impact of South Africa supermarkets in SADC and the rest of Africa is least understood. The impact of the expansion of South African supermarkets in the retail sector in other African countries has not been elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of supermarkets on agricultural and industrial (mainly the food processing and manufacturing sector) development in SADC by examining their sourcing and procurement practices. From the identified gaps in literature the study attempts to answer the following questions: what is the extent of growth and expansion of South African supermarkets in case study countries; what are the nature of sourcing and procurement practices and the factors influencing the choice of procurement systems; what are the impacts of these sourcing and procurement practices on farmers and food processors in case-study countries and do farmers gain by participating in the supermarkets FFV supply chain in case-study countries. A case study of three countries (Botswana, Namibia and Zambia) and two supply chains were studied. The study used qualitative and quantitative methods in collecting data in order to elucidate the impacts of these supermarkets on agricultural and industrial (food processing) development in the case study countries. A survey of South African and local chain supermarkets, local shops, food processors, small-scale farmers supplying fresh fruit and vegetables (FFV) to chain supermarkets and the traditional FFV markets was undertaken in the case-study countries in 2004, 2005 and 2007 using questionnaires and checklists. The survey data were augmented with key informant and focus group discussions and secondary data. The analytical methods used included descriptive analysis, non-parametric statistics and a two-step treatment regression analysis model. The conceptual framework for analysing the sourcing/procurement practices of supermarkets and a model to show how impacts in host countries could occur as a result of sourcing decisions were developed and used in the study. The results of the survey of products sold in supermarkets and local shops showed that 80% of all processed food products are sourced from South Africa. About 100% of temperate fruit and 70-100% tropical fruit are sourced from South Africa in the casestudy countries. About 80% of fresh vegetables are sourced from farmers in Zambia and about 80 % are sourced from South Africa for Botswana and Namibia. The results also revealed that supermarkets used a mixture of procurement systems for FFV and processed food products. These systems included use of specialised sourcing and procurement companies; direct delivery of FFV to individual supermarket stores; specialised FFV wholesalers; distribution centres; outsourcing. Using the structured questionnaire supermarket managers were asked the criteria used in sourcing the selected products. The results of the parametric analysis of the responses showed that price, volume, quality and trust were the most important attributes considered respectively. In order to estimate the impact of supermarkets on farmers a household survey was carried out using a structured questionnaire. There were noticeable differences in resources between farmers who supply to the supermarkets and those who supply to the traditional markets. Factors that influence small-scale farmers’ participation in the supermarkets supply chain were identified from the results of the estimated probit model. The results of the two-step treatment regression model showed that participation in the supermarkets channel had a positive impact on small-scale farmers’ income. Mean comparison of income between the two groups of farmers showed that farmers who supplied fresh vegetables to chain supermarkets had a significantly higher income compared to those who supplied to traditional markets in Zambia. This finding confirms hypothesis 2 of the study. The study did not explore causality due to insufficient data on lagged assets. Impacts on the food-processing sector were deduced by carrying out a survey of food processing firms in case-study countries. The goal was to determine the type of firms that access supermarkets supply chain for selected products and determine other channels used for marketing of the products. About 75% of firms started their operations in the 1990s. This period also coincided with rapid supermarket expansion in case-study countries. A symbiotic relationship exists between supermarkets and large processing firms in the case-study countries. There was no evidence to show that supermarkets have caused firms to increase in size or that supermarkets prevented entry of agro-processors in the food processing industry. Small-scale processing firms do not access supermarket supply chains in case-study countries and sell their products through the traditional channels such as small shops and wholesales. Various constraints still prohibit smallscale firms from accessing supermarkets such as lack of capital and lack of finances. From the results of the models and focus group discussions the study concluded that small-scale farmers who meet supermarkets sourcing/procurement requirements were able to access the FFV supply chain of the South African chain supermarkets. Those who did not meet the supermarket requirements who are the majority small-scale farmers and food processors were excluded. Those small-scale farmers who were able to supply to supermarkets earned significantly higher income compared to those who supply to the traditional markets. The study also concluded that membership in a farmers organization does not increase the chances of a farmers accessing and supplying to supermarkets. There is need to re-evaluate the farmer organizations that are being formed to ensure that the organizations assist farmers in accessing supermarkets FFV supply chain and marketing of produce in general. The study also concluded that the traditional markets are still important in case-study countries. These markets need to be improved and developed as small-scale farmers and food processors easily assess them. The study recommended that a holistic analysis of supermarket impacts in the region using general equilibrium type of models is needed, ways to ensure small-scale farmers and processors participation in supermarket FFV supply chain should be determined and more research on the practices of supermarkets as oligopsonists in the region should be carried out. The study was able to document the extent of growth and expansion of supermarkets in case-study countries and as such contributed to literature by describing the sourcing and procurement practices and factors that influence supermarket sourcing and procurement decisions in case-study countries, the study contributed to literature by identifying the type of small-scale farmers who access chain supermarkets in case-study countries, the study contributed by identifying the factors that influence farmers decisions to supply FFV markets and the study showed that supermarkets involvement in the FFV and dairy supply chains in case-study countries had a positive impact in these sectors. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

El presente estudio muestra su viabilidad en base a su sólida investigación sobre el mercado de snacks saludables y características sobre el público objetivo: personas de 18 a 65 años con nivel socioeconómico AB con estilos de vida saludables en Lima Moderna. Ante las nuevas tendencias de alimentación y siendo el sector de snacks no ajeno a esto, nuestra empresa Free Bakery S.A.C nace como respuesta a una demanda insatisfecha que busca productos que contribuyan a una dieta rica y saludable o que puedan ser consumidos por personas con alguna intolerancia o que permitan su consumo como una indulgencia alimentaria (“gustito saludable permitido”). Nuestra filosofía mantiene el trinomio meta “sabor-nutrición-calidad”. La primera línea que desarrollaremos serán galletas dulces gluten free, libres de lactosa, plant based, sin preservantes, ni endulzantes artificiales, y con algún superalimento como: chocolate bitter al 70%, naranja con almendras en trozos y arándanos con aguaymanto deshidratados. Para la validación de la idea de negocio se empleó la metodología Lean Startup, para conocer validación del producto y propuestas de mejora se empleó la técnica de Focus group, y para determinar la percepción, consumo, evaluación de snack saludables, se emplearon las encuestas cuantitativas mediante la técnica “face to face”. Se consideró puntos de venta focalizados: Tiendas saludables, Supermercados y Máquinas Expendedoras. La proyección de este Plan de Negocios se ha realizado para un horizonte de 5 años con una inversión inicial de S/. 204,179.21 soles financiados íntegramente por sus accionistas generando utilidad a partir del segundo año. / The present study shows its feasibility based on its solid research on the market of healthy snacks and characteristics on the target audience to which it is aimed: people from 18 to 65 years from the AB socioeconomic level with healthy lifestyles in Modern Lima. Given the new trends in food and being the snack sector not isolated from it, our company, Free Bakery SAC, was born in response to an unsatisfied demand that looks for products that integrate attributes that contribute to a rich and healthy diet, or suitable for certain diseases or that allow its consumption as a food indulgence (“healthy taste allowed”). Our philosophy maintains the trinomial goal “flavor-nutrition-quality”.  The first line to be developed is gluten-free, lactose-free, plant based, non-preservative, or without artificial sweeteners, and with the use of some superfood such as: 70% bitter chocolate flavor, Orange with chopped almonds and blueberries with dehydrated Inca Berry (aguaymanto). For the validation of the business idea, the Lean Startup methodology was used, for the product validation and improvement proposals, the Focus group technique was used, and for the determination of the perception, consumption, and assessment of the healthy snacks, quantitative surveys were used through the “face to face” technique. Points of sale focused on: Healthy stores, Supermarkets and Vending Machines were considered. The projection of this business plan has been carried out for a 5-year horizon with an initial investment of S/. 204,179.21, fully financed by its shareholders, and the Project generates profits from the second year. / Trabajo de investigación

The purpose of this paper is to understand how supermarkets are able to meet their sustainability goals and accelerate them through digitized efforts. Qualitative research through case studies and primary data collected with interviews were conducted. It can be concluded that sustainability efforts get accelerated with the aid of digitalization. The participants of the interview showed on numerous levels that digitalization goes hand in hand with sustainability and helps expedite these efforts. The model brought forward by the authors seems to be rather relevant, additionally, it explains the phenomena concrete and accurately.

In this thesis, three supermarket refrigeration systems are evaluated; two trans-critical DX CO2 systems and one R404A/CO2 cascade system. Field measurements of energy consumption, temperatures, pressures, and compressor motor frequency are made using the computer programs IWMAC and LDS. Calculations are performed using the program Refprop and performance data from the compressor manufacturer. The cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) are calculated and the analysis is made for a period of four months during the summer, June-September 2010, for all systems. The results show that the cascade system has a significantly lower value of COP than the trans-critical CO2 systems. This is due to the unusual design and control of the cascade system. The COP also drops because of the extra temperature levels and pumps present in this system. The use of floating condensation and the fact that no pumps are required for refrigerant circulation is beneficial for the trans-critical systems, resulting in higher COP. The operation of the heat recovery systems is investigated and the results suggest some differences in operation between the two trans-critical systems. The influence of system parasites like pumps and fans on system performance is also investigated for the three systems.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las marcas blancas y los diferentes factores que esta involucra tanto en los puntos de venta como también en los consumidores de las mismas. La investigación se realizó en los diferentes supermercados de la ciudad de Lima, en donde se analizaron las variables más significativas como precio, promoción, packaging, ubicación en el estante y su comparación con las marcas fabricantes. Asimismo, la problemática en investigación es la competencia entre las marcas blancas y marcas fabricantes en el mercado, ya que éstas son las dueñas del espacio y tienen el control sobre las marcas de supermercado. / The objective of this study is to analyze white labels and the different factors that it involves both at the points of sale and also at the consumers of the same. The research was carried out in the different supermarkets in the city of Lima, where the most significant variables such as price, promotion, packaging, location on the shelf and their comparison with manufacturer brands were analyzed. Likewise, the research problem is competition between private labels and manufacturer brands in the market, since they are the owners of the space and have control over the supermarket brands. / Trabajo de investigación