Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar como o licenciamento de supressão de árvores contribui para a implantação da arborização urbana no município de São Paulo e salienta a importância do planejamento para a identificação das áreas com prioridade para sua implantação. Abordam-se as diferentes contribuições da arborização e suas funções como determinantes para a área de escolha da implantação de espécies arbóreas. Por fim, é realizado um estudo de caso no distrito de Santo Amaro onde o mapeamento da distribuição existente da arborização, associado aos mapas de temperatura aparente, espaços livres intraquadras, uso do solo e sistema viário, auxiliam a analisar as áreas com déficits de arborização através da identificação do sistema de áreas arborizadas. O entendimento desse sistema permite a implantação de arborização nas áreas mais deficitárias das funções proporcionadas pela arborização, como amenização da temperatura, filtragem do ar e diminuição das enchentes. / This study aims to examine how the licensing of trees suppression contributes to the settlement of urban arborization in São Paulo city, it also reinforces the importance of planning, identifying priority areas for adequate arborization implementation. It addresses the different contributions of trees and their uses, as determiners for the arboreous implementation. Finally, a case study is carried out, focusing the district of Santo Amaro, where mapping the distribution of present arborization along with maps of apparent temperature, intra blocks open spaces, land use and road system help to analyze the areas with deficit of arborization by the identification of the arborization system. The understanding of this system allows the implementation of arborization in the most defficient areas in need of its benefits, such as softening temperature, air filtration and reduction of floading.

Magister Public Health - MPH (Public Health) / Approximately 6% of all people living with HIV in 2016 are adolescents aged 10-19 years. It is reported globally that adolescents on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at increased risk for poor retention in care, adherence and viral load suppression, compared to children and adults.

Apesar dos avanços sobre a efetiva participação das células T reguladoras (Treg) na resposta imune antitumoral, ainda existem vários pontos que precisam ser esclarecidos. Visto que, os fatores que controlam a migração destas células para o microambiente tumoral ainda não estão totalmente definidos, o esclarecimento dos mecanismos de migração de células Treg no contexto do câncer poderia fornecer novos alvos para o desenvolvimento de terapias mais específicas. Diversos modelos de estudo demonstraram que o recrutamento preferencial de células Treg ao invés de outros tipos de células T pode ser explicado pela expressão diferencial de receptores de quimiocinas como o CCR5. Assim, é de extrema importância estabelecer qual é o papel de CCR5 na migração de células Treg em tumores induzidos quimicamente e seu envolvimento no desenvolvimento tumoral. Baseado no exposto, o presente estudo analisou o envolvimento de CCR5 na migração de células Treg e a sua correlação com o desenvolvimento de carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) induzido quimicamente. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que camundongos geneticamente deficentes de CCR5 (CCR5KO) apresentaram baixo número de células Treg nas lesões e foram menos suscetíveis ao desenvolvimento de carcinoma espinocelular. Na fase de progressão tumoral verificou-se o desenvolvimento de CEC in situ por animais CCR5KO em combinação com a maior infiltração leucocitária, enquanto camundongos do grupo controle (WTCEC) apresentaram lesões de CEC bem diferenciado associado à elevada frequência de células Treg no microambiente tumoral e menor infiltração leucocitária. Interessantemente, a transferência adotiva de células Treg CCR5+ para animais CCR5KO (CCR5CEC Treg) resultou no acúmulo destas células no microambiente tumoral, elevado nível de CCL4, CCL17 e CCL22, e aumento da suscetibilidade desses animais à carcinogênese química. Verificou-se o desenvolvimento de CEC indiferenciado por animais CCR5CEC Treg e este foi associado à elevada frequência de macrófagos, células mielóides e dendríticas, linfócitos CD19+, T CD4+, T CD8+ e células Treg na fase de progressão tumoral. Outro aspecto relevante de nosso estudo foi à observação de que a transferência adotiva de células T CD4+CD25-CCR5+ para animais CCR5KO (CCR5CEC CD4+) induziu o desenvolvimento de CEC moderadamente diferenciado com características intermediárias as lesões observadas em animais WTCEC e CCR5CEC Treg. A transferência adotiva de células T CD8+CCR5+ para animais CCR5KO (CCR5CEC CD8+) promoveu o aparecimento precoce de papilomas e inibiu a progressão de papilomas para o CEC. A menor suscetibilidade à carcinogênese química de animais CCR5CEC CD8+ foi associada ao alto número de macrófagos, células mielóides, linfócitos B e T CD8+, células NK detectado nas lesões destes animais. Dessa forma, os resultados descritos estabelecem que a quimiotaxia de células Treg para o microambiente tumoral é dependente de CCR5 e estas células regulam aspectos críticos desta doença, sugerindo que o bloqueio da migração de células Treg CCR5+ seria uma importante estratégia imunoterapêutica no combate deste tipo de câncer. / Considering the advances on the effective participation of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the antitumor immune response, there are still several points that need to be clarified. The mechanisms that control the Treg cells migration to the tumor microenvironment are not completely defined, for these reason, establish these mechanisms could provide new targets for the development of more specific therapies. Several study models have demonstrated that preferential recruitment of Treg cells rather than other types of T cells can be explained by the differential expression of chemokine receptors such as CCR5. Thus, the present study examined the involvement of CCR5 in the migration of Treg cells and their correlation with the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) chemically induced. The results showed that CCR5 knockout mice (CCR5KO) showed a low number of Treg cells in the lesions and these animals were less susceptible to the development of squamous cell carcinoma. SCC in situ was developed in CCR5KO mice and associated with high leukocytes infiltration, whereas the development SCC well differentiated in the control group (WTSCC) was associated with a high number of Treg cells and lower leukocyte infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of CCR5+Treg cells to CCR5KO mice (CCR5SCC Treg) resulted in the accumulation of these cells, high levels of CCL4, CCL17 and CCL22 in the tumor microenvironment and increased susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis. CCR5SCCTreg mice developed SCC undifferentiated associated with a higher incidence of macrophages, myeloid and dendritic cells, CD19+, CD4+ T, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and Treg cells in the stage of tumor progression. Another relevant aspect of our study was the observation that adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25-CCR5+ T cells to CCR5KO animals (CCR5SCC CD4+) induced the development of SCC moderately differentiated with intermediate features observed in the WTSCC and CCR5SCC Treg mice. The adoptive transfer of CD8+CCR5+ T cells to CCR5KO mice (CCR5SCC CD8+) promoted the early incidence of papillomas and inhibited the progression to SCC. Reduced susceptibility to skin carcinogenesis in CCR5SCC CD8+ mice was associated with high frequency of macrophages, myeloid cells, B lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocyte and NK cells. In this study we showed that the migration of Treg cells to the tumor microenvironment is CCR5 dependent and that it regulates critical aspects of tumor development. The development of drugs that blocks CCR5+ Treg cells migration could be an important immunotherapeutic strategy to control this type of cancer.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Pablo Maghelly Correa.pdf: 2175785 bytes, checksum: f499461ebaa5832e5ed7eaeddb46c38a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-16 / The present study had the participation of twenty dogs from the city of Rio de Janeiro being divided in two groups. The group 1 was formed by ten dogs with behaviors disorders anxiety disorders and aggressiveness and group 2 was formed by ten dogs clinically healthful. Owners of all dogs were interviewed guided by a data form containing opened and closed questions organized in four blocks: general aspects, behavior historical, stereotypic or ritualistic behavior and aggressiveness historical. After being classified as able to participate of the study they were submitted to the high dose dexamethasone suppression test to verify if there was a difference in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis among the tested groups. No difference on the basal cortisol could be observed (p<0.05) among the two groups. All the individuals were considered suppressors. Therefore the high dose dexamethasone suppression test did not function as a diagnostic tool to confirm the behavioral problem dogs. / O presente estudo teve a participa??o de vinte c?es da cidade do Rio de Janeiro divididos em dois grupos. O grupo um foi formado por dez c?es com dist?rbios comportamentais transtornos da ansiedade e agressividade e o grupo dois foi formado por dez c?es clinicamente saud?veis. Os propriet?rios de todos os c?es foram entrevistados de forma guiada por question?rio estruturado com perguntas abertas e fechadas organizadas em quatro blocos: aspectos gerais, hist?rico comportamental, comportamentos estereotipados ou ritual?sticos e hist?rico de agressividade. Ap?s todos os animais foram submetidos ao teste de supress?o pela dexametasona em alta dose para verificar se havia diferen?a de funcionamento do eixo hipot?lamo-hip?fise-adrenal entre os grupos testados. N?o houve diferen?a significativa (p<0,05) do cortisol basal entre os grupos testados, sendo tamb?m todos os c?es supressores ao teste. Com isso, n?o foi poss?vel diferenciar animais com e sem dist?rbios comportamentais a partir do teste de supress?o alta pela dexametasona.

Syftet med den här studien är att identifiera och undersöka olika beteenden i samtalen mellan män och kvinnor i Morgonpasset i P3 för att avgöra hur de manliga och kvinnliga programledarna samt gästerna talar till varandra utifrån ett maskulinitets- och maktperspektiv. Främst undersöks beteenden bestående av maktutövanden, i form av härskartekniker, samt maskulinitet. Analysen sker genom en kritisk diskursanalys, CDA, med hjälp av analysverktyget lexikala val. För att placera analysen i en teoretisk kontext presenteras relevant forskning kring jämställdhet, makt och radio. Det teoretiska ramverket består bland annat av teorier kring CDA, härskartekniker, maskulinitet, mediepåverkan och genus. Materialet för analysen består av delar ur fem valda avsnitt av Morgonpasset i P3. Detta material är hämtat från Sveriges Radios hemsida och radiosändes vecka 44 år 2018.   Resultatet av analysen visar att det utifrån ett maktperspektiv finns skillnader i hur män och kvinnor talar till varandra i Morgonpasset i P3, men att denna skillnad främst beror på individens personlighet och inte på könstillhörighet. Ur ett maskulinitetsperspektiv visar studien att det främst är männen som visar upp maskulina sidor eller gör maskulina yttringar i Morgonpasset i P3. / The purpose of this study is to identify and investigate different behaviors in the conversations between men and women in Morgonpasset i P3. This to determine how the male and female hosts and the guests are speaking to each other in the perspective of masculinity and power. Primarily, behaviors are investigated consisting of power exercises, in the form of master suppression techniques, and masculinity. The analysis is done through a critical discourse analysis, CDA, using lexical choices as an analytical tool. To place the analysis in a theoretical context, relevant research on gender equality, power and radio are presented. The theoretical framework consists of, among others, theories concerning CDA, master suppression techniques, masculinity, media influence and gender. The material for the analysis consists of parts from five selected sections of the Morgonpasset i P3. This material is received from the Swedish Radio website and was broadcasted week 44 in 2018. The result of the analysis shows that, from a perspective of power, there are differences in how men and women speak to each other in Morgonpasset i P3, but the difference mainly depends on the individual's personality and not on gender. From a masculinity perspective, the study shows that it is primarily the men who showcase masculine sides or do masculine manifestations i Morgonpasset i P3.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-09-22T19:16:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alcino A C Golega.pdf: 7388772 bytes, checksum: 8eb5fba312dc9dc756493466ca4bf72a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-22T19:16:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alcino A C Golega.pdf: 7388772 bytes, checksum: 8eb5fba312dc9dc756493466ca4bf72a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / By 2013, UNAIDS has updated its global targets for the year 2020 for HIV-positive people; In which 90% of infected people are tested and will know that they are HIV, 90% of HIV-positive people are receiving ARV treatment, and that 90% of those people must achieve viral suppression to end the transmission of the epidemic by 2030 A The cascade of HIV continuous care is commonly represented as a bar chart that counts the number of individuals engaged in providing services to People Living with HIV / AIDS at all stages of ongoing care. The loss of individuals occurs at different points, which means that the number of people observed in each stage of the cascade is smaller than in the previous one. The objective of this study is to evaluate the steps of the continuous care of patients assisted in a public service specialized in HIV / AIDS (SAE - adult), in Santos, São Paulo, between 2009 and 2013. Methodology: This study was designed according to as standards for the construction of the Continuous Care Cascade for HIV patients, as recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It is a mixed study of Temporal and Longitudinal series, Transverse, successive and sequential cross-sections are drawn up in continuous care, represented by columns, for the years 2009 to 2013; For study purposes the study population are all HIV patients enrolled in SECRAIDS, from January 2, 2009 to December 30, 2013. Results: A total of 1,179 patients enrolled in SAE - (224), 2010 (253), 2011 (240), 2012 (216) and 2013 (246), we observed that even with a heterogeneous population, we perceive a certain homogeneity in the distribution of socio-demographic factors. In relation to sex we have a predominance of the masculine in relation to the feminine, in all the years and a variation in the reason of sex, that goes of 1.7 until 3 men for each woman. Regarding the category of exposure, each year presents the heterosexual form as preponderant with more than 50% of the cases. Regarding the age group, we noticed that the age group of 30 to 39 holds the largest number of people in every year. In the category of schooling the subgroup with more than 10 years of study concentrates the largest contingent of people. In relation to race / color, it presents above 60% of the cases of race / color White and in average 33% of browns and blacks. However, in the case of the Marital State, the subgroup Singular, more than 50% of the cases, followed by married / amassed with 30% of the cases. Although linkage to service and access to treatment increased during the period, there was a significant decrease in viral suppression. Viral suppression is directly linked to the quality of service offered to HIV patients, since it is directly linked to the link that the service establishes for this patient, as well as the possibility of performing an integral treatment and also linked to the correct use of the medication. Thus we can add that it is necessary, a good adhesion of the patient to the service, the proposed treatment, the support offered, the continuous monitoring, the withdrawal of the medication, that is, the correct use and therapeutic control, that must be studied in other works. / Em 2013 a UNAIDS, atualizou suas metas globais para o ano de 2020 para as pessoas HIV-positivas; em que 90% das pessoas infectadas são testados e saberão que são HIV, 90% das pessoas HIV-positivas estejam tratamento com ARV, e que 90% dessas pessoas devem alcançar a supressão viral, para assim acabar com a transmissão da epidemia até 2030 A cascata do cuidado contínuo do HIV é comumente representada como um gráfico de barras que contabiliza o número de indivíduos inseridos na prestação de serviços às Pessoas Vivendo com HIV/Aids em todas as etapas do cuidado contínuo. A perda de indivíduos ocorre em diferentes pontos, o que faz com que o número de pessoas observadas em cada etapa da cascata seja menor que na anterior. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as etapas de cuidado contínuo dos pacientes atendidos em serviço público especializado em HIV/Aids (SAE ¿ adulto), no município de Santos, São Paulo, entre 2009 e 2013. Metodologia: Este estudo foi construído de acordo com as normas da construção da Cascata de Cuidado Contínuo para os pacientes HIV, nos moldes recomendados pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. É um estudo misto, longitudinal de Série Temporal. Foram elaborados cortes transversais, sucessivos e sequenciais nos cuidados contínuos, representados por colunas, para os anos de 2009 a 2013; para fins desse estudo a população de estudo são todos os pacientes portadores do HIV matriculados no SAE - adulto, no período de 02 de janeiro de 2009 à 30 de dezembro de 2013. Resultados: Foram estudados um total de 1.179 pacientes matriculados no SAE - adulto, referente aos anos de 2009 (224), 2010 (253), 2011 (240), 2012 (216) e 2013 (246), observamos que mesmo possuindo uma população heterogênea, percebemos uma certa homogeneidade na distribuição dos fatores sócio demográficos. Em relação ao sexo temos uma predominância do masculino em relação ao feminino, em todos os anos e uma variação na razão de sexo, que vai de 1,7 até 3 homens para cada mulher. Em relação a categoria de exposição, todos os anos apresenta a forma heterossexual como preponderante com mais de 50% dos casos. Em relação a faixa etária, notamos que a faixa de 30 a 39 anos detém o maior número de pessoas em todos os anos. Na categoria de escolaridade o subgrupo com mais de 10 anos de estudo concentra o maior contingente de pessoas. Em relação a raça/cor, apresenta acima de 60% dos casos da raça/cor Branca e em média 33% de pardos e pretos. Entretanto quanto ao Estado Marital, majoritariamente o subgrupo Solteiro, acima de 50% dos casos, seguido por casados/amasiados com 30% dos casos. Embora a vinculação ao serviço e acesso ao tratamento tenham aumentado no período, houve expressiva queda na supressão viral. A Supressão Viral está diretamente ligada a qualidade do serviço oferecido aos pacientes HIV, pois está diretamente ligado ao vínculo que o serviço estabelece a este paciente, além da possibilidade de realizar um tratamento integral e também ligado ao uso correto da medicação. Assim podemos acrescentar que é necessário, uma boa adesão do paciente ao serviço, ao tratamento proposto, ao suporte oferecido, o acompanhamento contínuo, a retirada da medicação, ou seja, o uso correto e controle terapêutico, que devem ser estudados em outros trabalhos.

Otoacoustic emission (OAE) data recorded for tone bursts presented separately and as a two-tone burst complex, that had been reported previously [Yoshikawa, H., Smurzynski, J., Probst R., 2000. Suppression of tone burst evoked otoacoustic emissions in relation to frequency separation. Hear. Res. 148, 95–106], were re-processed using the method of adaptive approximations by matching pursuit (MP). Two types of stimuli were applied to record tone burst OAEs (TBOAEs): (a) cosine-windowed tone bursts of 5-ms duration with center frequencies of 1, 1.5, 2 and 3kHz, (b) complex stimuli consisting of a digital addition of the 1-kHz tone burst together with either the 1.5-, 2- or 3-kHz tone burst. The MP method allowed decomposition of signals into waveforms of defined frequency, latency, time span, and amplitude. This approach provided a high time–frequency (t–f) resolution and identified patterns of resonance modes that were characteristic for TBOAEs recorded in each individual ear. Individual responses to single-tone bursts were processed off-line to form ‘sum of singles’ responses. The results confirmed linear superposition behavior for a frequency separation of two-tone bursts of 2kHz (the 1-kHz and 3-kHz condition). For the 1, 1.5-kHz condition, the MP results revealed the existence of closely positioned resonance modes associated with responses recorded individually with the stimuli differing in frequency by 500Hz. Then, the differences between t–f distributions calculated for dual (two-tone bursts) and sum-of-singles conditions exhibited mutual suppression of resonance modes common to both stimuli. The degree of attenuation depended on the individual pattern of characteristic resonance modes, i.e., suppression occurred when two resonant modes excited by both stimuli overlapped. It was postulated that the suppression observed in case of dual stimuli with closely-spaced components is due to mutual attenuation of the overlapping resonance modes.

En la presente investigación se buscó establecer una relación entre la regulación emocional y la expresividad emocional, así como realizar correlaciones y comparaciones entre las variables de estudio y demográficas. Para ello, se evaluaron a 163 docentes del género femenino, tanto profesoras como auxiliares, con una media de 33 años de edad, que ejercían en diez diferentes jardines de educación inicial privados de Lima. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Autorregulación Emocional (ERQ-P), el cual mide dos estrategias, la reevaluación cognitiva y la supresión emocional. Además, se aplicó el Cuestionario de Expresividad de Berkeley (BEQ) para medir la expresividad emocional, que abarca la expresión de emociones positivas, negativas y la fuerza del impulso. Se comprobó que sí existe una relación significativa entre la reevaluación cognitiva y la expresividad positiva, demostrando así la hipótesis principal. Además, se encontró una correlación negativa entre dicha estrategia y la edad de los niños a cargo, así como también se hallaron diferencias significativas al realizar comparaciones entre la muestra, obteniendo que el grupo de las docentes que son madres, y las del cargo de profesoras, expresan más emociones positivas. Es de gran valor el rol de las docentes para el aprendizaje de la regulación y la expresión emocional en los niños, resultando necesario que las mismas logren regularse adecuadamente, ya que cumplen de modelos en dicho aprendizaje observacional. Finalmente, se señalan las limitaciones del estudio, como lo fue descartar la supresión por baja confiabilidad, y las implicancias prácticas en la labor y formación docente. / The present investigation intended to establish a relation between emotion regulation and emotional expressivity in private Pre-School teachers and helpers of Lima, as well as correlate and compare the study and demographic variables. Therefore, 163 female teachers and helpers from ten different Pre-Schools were measured, and the mean age was 33 years old. There are two main regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression. On the other hand, emotional expressivity covers positive expressivity, negative expressivity, and impulse strength. These variables were measured with the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire. Results showed that cognitive reappraisal correlated positively with positive expressivity, demonstrating the main hypothesis. Also, this strategy correlated negatively with children’s age, and as of the comparisons, there were significant differences between teachers and helpers, and between mothers and non-mothers, regarding positive expressivity. Since teachers and helpers play the valuable part of being models in children’s learning process of regulation skills, it is crucial they manage to regulate their own emotions adequately, given its impact on their socioemotional development. At last, limitations and future implications are mentioned, so as the removal of emotional suppression due to low reliability, and the practical implications of this study regards the work, training and education of teachers and helpers. / Tesis

This thesis is an analytical study of the place of clairvoyance (avadhijñāna) in Jain epistemology and soteriology. It argues that avadhijñāna occupies an ambivalent position regarding both, since it is not solely attained by means of spiritual progression but may also spontaneously arise regardless of a being’s righteousness (samyaktva). Beginning with a survey of descriptions of avadhijñāna in the canons of each sect, including a translation of Nandisūtra 12-28, it examines how commentaries, philosophy and narrative literature developed and elaborated upon avadhijñāna as part of its epistemological system. Further, it examines the nexus of avadhijñāna and karma theory to understand the role of clairvoyance in the cultivation of the three jewels—correct perception, knowledge, and conduct—that lead to liberation (mokṣa). Finally, several examples of clairvoyants from Jain narratives show how clairvoyance reamined an ambivalent tool for virtuous transformation in popular literature.

This research is mainly concerned with a robust method for improving the performance of a real-time speech enhancement and noise cancellation for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) in a real-time environment. Therefore, the thesis titled, “Real-time adaptive beamformer for Automatic speech Recognition in a car environment” presents an application technique of a beamforming method and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) method. In this thesis, a novel solution is presented to the question as below, namely: How can the driver’s voice control the car using ASR? The solution in this thesis is an ASR using a hybrid system with acoustic beamforming Voice Activity Detector (VAD) and an Adaptive Wiener Filter. The beamforming approach is based on a fundamental theory of normalized least-mean squares (NLMS) to improve Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The microphone has been implemented with a Voice Activity Detector (VAD) which uses time-delay estimation together with magnitude-squared coherence (MSC). An experiment clearly shows the ability of the composite system to reduce noise outside of a defined active zone. In real-time environments a speech recognition system in a car has to receive the driver’s voice only whilst suppressing background noise e.g. voice from radio. Therefore, this research presents a hybrid real-time adaptive filter which operates within a geometrical zone defined around the head of the desired speaker. Any sound outside of this zone is considered to be noise and suppressed. As this defined geometrical zone is small, it is assumed that only driver's speech is incoming from this zone. The technique uses three microphones to define a geometric based voice-activity detector (VAD) to cancel the unwanted speech coming from outside of the zone. In the case of a sole unwanted speech incoming from outside of a desired zone, this speech is muted at the output of the hybrid noise canceller. In case of an unwanted speech and a desired speech are incoming at the same time, the proposed VAD fails to identify the unwanted speech or desired speech. In such a situation an adaptive Wiener filter is switched on for noise reduction, where the SNR is improved by as much as 28dB. In order to identify the signal quality of the filtered signal from Wiener filter, a template matching speech recognition system that uses a Wiener filter is designed for testing. In this thesis, a commercial speech recognition system is also applied to test the proposed beamforming based noise cancellation and the adaptive Wiener filter.