This essay aims to describe and problematize gender roles and master suppression techniques in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight Saga. This is done in order to enable me, in my future profession as a teacher, to start an emancipatory discussion in class where pupils can become conscious of different ways of reading the love story. I will use the following two research questions to fulfil the purpose: 1) investigate which gender roles that appears in the book’s main characters Bella and Edward and 2) which master suppression techniques that colours their relationship. To answer the questions gender theory and ideology-critics are used. Gender theory is first and foremost used to analyse gender roles whereas ideology-critics is a method of reading that highlights the importance of taking the society and thereto connected values in to account. Applying these two theories on the book it becomes clear that the main characters follows traditional gender roles for what is seen as typical feminine and masculine behaviour; Bella is caring, passive, sexually loyal, and addicted and Edward is aggressive, physically strong and fast, stubborn, dominant and protective. Further more, it is also evident that these roles are accompanied by a number of master suppression techniques used by Edward, such as: make Bella invisible and silly, keep information from her, and use of violence and threats. By using the knowledge in a pedagogical fashion pupils can be energized to start critically reflecting about these stereotypical roles and thereby emancipate from them. They will realize that Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight Saga is a re-production of patriarchal gender structure through an emotional love story.

Syftet med den här studien är att identifiera och undersöka olika beteenden i samtalen mellan män och kvinnor i Morgonpasset i P3 för att avgöra hur de manliga och kvinnliga programledarna samt gästerna talar till varandra utifrån ett maskulinitets- och maktperspektiv. Främst undersöks beteenden bestående av maktutövanden, i form av härskartekniker, samt maskulinitet. Analysen sker genom en kritisk diskursanalys, CDA, med hjälp av analysverktyget lexikala val. För att placera analysen i en teoretisk kontext presenteras relevant forskning kring jämställdhet, makt och radio. Det teoretiska ramverket består bland annat av teorier kring CDA, härskartekniker, maskulinitet, mediepåverkan och genus. Materialet för analysen består av delar ur fem valda avsnitt av Morgonpasset i P3. Detta material är hämtat från Sveriges Radios hemsida och radiosändes vecka 44 år 2018.   Resultatet av analysen visar att det utifrån ett maktperspektiv finns skillnader i hur män och kvinnor talar till varandra i Morgonpasset i P3, men att denna skillnad främst beror på individens personlighet och inte på könstillhörighet. Ur ett maskulinitetsperspektiv visar studien att det främst är männen som visar upp maskulina sidor eller gör maskulina yttringar i Morgonpasset i P3. / The purpose of this study is to identify and investigate different behaviors in the conversations between men and women in Morgonpasset i P3. This to determine how the male and female hosts and the guests are speaking to each other in the perspective of masculinity and power. Primarily, behaviors are investigated consisting of power exercises, in the form of master suppression techniques, and masculinity. The analysis is done through a critical discourse analysis, CDA, using lexical choices as an analytical tool. To place the analysis in a theoretical context, relevant research on gender equality, power and radio are presented. The theoretical framework consists of, among others, theories concerning CDA, master suppression techniques, masculinity, media influence and gender. The material for the analysis consists of parts from five selected sections of the Morgonpasset i P3. This material is received from the Swedish Radio website and was broadcasted week 44 in 2018. The result of the analysis shows that, from a perspective of power, there are differences in how men and women speak to each other in Morgonpasset i P3, but the difference mainly depends on the individual's personality and not on gender. From a masculinity perspective, the study shows that it is primarily the men who showcase masculine sides or do masculine manifestations i Morgonpasset i P3.

Titel: Att härska genom internkommunikation – En observationsstudie om kvinnliga ledare Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Rama Malki och Malin Frisell Handledare: Monika Wallmon och Svante Brunåker Datum: 2020 - juni Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur kvinnliga ledare använder och utsätts för härskartekniker, med fokus på internkommunikation. Metod: Denna studie är kvalitativ och utgår från en deduktiv ansats. Den empiriska insamlingen av data har genomförts med hjälp av fem ostrukturerade observationer som sedan har tolkats och analyserats. Analys & slutsats: Kvinnliga ledare använder och utsätts framförallt för härskartekniker som är av snällare art eller spelar på känslor, dessutom finns det indikationer på att både biologiskt kön och kommunikationsstil kan påverka vilka tekniker som används. Flera olika härskartekniker används av kvinnliga ledare, och det finns en risk att teknikerna försämrar effektiviteten i kommunikationen. Vi kan därför dra slutsatsen att de kvinnliga ledare vi har observerat bör fortsätta utveckla sin kommunikation genom ökad medvetenhet om härskartekniker, för att den ska bli mer framgångsrik. Examensarbetets bidrag: Härskarteknikerna som har observerats har synliggjorts genom verbal och icke-verbal kommunikation, men även via skämt och seriösare tonläge. Studien har indikerat att kvinnliga ledare som har en mer relationsorienterad kommunikation tenderar att använda sig av härskartekniker som är av snällare art.Studien har även indikerat att de kvinnor som använder sig av en mer manlig kommunikationsstil kan riskera att misstas för att använda härskartekniker. Förslag till vidare studier: Jämförelser mellan män och kvinnor inom olika branscher, och genom större studier, för att kunna dra slutsatser om huruvida det går att generalisera användningen av härskartekniker till biologiskt kön och kommunikationsstil. Ytterligare ett förslag på vidare studier är att studera vilken påverkan stereotyphot har på härskartekniker. Nyckelord: Härskartekniker, internkommunikation, kvinnliga ledare, ledarskap, stereotyper. / Title: To rule through internal communication – An observational study about female leaders Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Rama Malki and Malin Frisell Supervisor: Monika Wallmon and Svante Brunåker Date: 2020 - June Aim: The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of how female leaders uses and are exposed to master suppression techniques, focusing on internal communication. Method: This study is qualitative with a deductive approach. The empirical material has been conducted and implemented through five unstructured observations and has later been interpreted and analyzed. Analysis & conclusions: Women use and are exposed to master suppression techniques that are more kind or utilizes feelings, and that there are indications that both biological gender and communication styles can affect which techniques that are used. Various master suppression techniques are used by female leaders and risk to impair the effectivity of the communication. Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that the female leaders we have observed should continue to improve their communication by increasing awareness about master suppression techniques, in order to communicate more successfully. Contribution of the thesis: The master suppression techniques have been observed through nonverbal and verbal communication, but also through jokes and a more serious tone. This study has indicated that female leaders have more of a relationship-oriented communication, tend to use master suppression techniques of a kinder nature. The study has also indicated that those women using a masculine communication style, risk to be misunderstood for using master suppression techniques. Suggestions for future research: Comparisons between men and women, in various branch of industries and through larger studies to draw conclusions whether it is possible to generalize master suppression techniques to biological gender and communication style. Furthermore, the effects that stereotypical threats have on master suppression techniques could be researched. Key words: Master suppression techniques, internal communication, female leaders, leadership, stereotypes.

Syftet med studien var att utifrån ett medarbetarperspektiv undersöka sambandet mellan arbetstillfredsställelse och ledares utövande av härskartekniker. Dessutom studerades vilka härskartekniker som av medarbetare upplevdes mest förekommande från ledare. Genom en enkätundersökning studerades arbetstillfredsställelse i förhållande till härskarteknikerna osynliggörande, förlöjligande, undanhållande av information, dubbelbestraffning och påförande av skuld och skam. Resultatet visade en negativ korrelation mellan härskartekniker och arbetstillfredsställelse. En multipel regressionsanalys visade att förlöjligande starkast predicerade arbetstillfredsställelse. En ANOVA följt av ett post-hoc testvisade att osynliggörande upplevdes mest frekvent. Slutsatsen var att ledares användande av härskartekniker primärt har en negativ effekt på medarbetarens arbetstillfredsställelse, och att det därmed bör finnas ett organisatoriskt intresse i att uppmärksamma och arbeta förebyggande med härskartekniker. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and leaders’ practices of master suppression techniques from an employee perspective. Further, the master suppression techniques most frequently experienced were studied. A survey was conducted to investigate job satisfaction in relation to following master suppression techniques; making invisible, ridicule, withhold information, double bind andheap blame/put to shame. Results showed that there was a negative correlation between job satisfaction and master suppression techniques. A multiple regression showed that the strongest predictor for job satisfaction was “ridicule”. Furthermore, an ANOVA followed by a post-hoc test showed that the master suppression technique “making invisible” was used most by leaders based on employees’ experience. In conclusion, master suppression techniques overall have a negative effect on employees’ job satisfaction. Therefore, there should be an organizational interest in noticing and working preventively with master suppression techniques.

<p>The purpose of the essay is to examine Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual person’s experiences of the Social Services treatment. Our question is: How do Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual person’s experience the treatment in a relief seeking situation at Social Services? We have a social constructive point of view. Our theoretical foundation is heteronormativity, heterosexism, homophobia, coming out/disclosure, intersectionality, master suppression techniques and we discuss Social Services as a system. We used a qualitative research method and have done five semi-structured interviews, with three men and two women aged 17- 31 years. The empirical material has been analysed by using IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis) model, where we used the interviewees own words through which we composed three major themes; Starting point in the meeting with Social Services, Sexual orientation and the treatment of the Social Service. What kind of contact our interviewees had with the Social Services and how they perceive their sexual orientation and their experiences of how it is to be gay, lesbian or bisexual is of relevance in their contact with the Social Services. It will affect their ability to act and to what extent they will feel able to be open about their sexuality. Our interviewees tell of a treatment by the Social Services which in various ways makes their sexual orientation invisible, ridicules or puts blame and shame on them. We also have a few examples of neutral treatment from the Social Services concerning sexual orientation. In the essay we have divided the care relationship into a systematic level and a personal level. Our interpretation is that Social Services on a systematic level have a heteronormative culture in the organization. This leads to a heterosexistic treatment. The personal level gives the individual social worker a certain amount of flexibility and sometimes it leads to a homophobic treatment but it can also lead to a treatment that makes it possible to break with the heteronorm. We seek a Social Services that actively works towards breaking down the heteronormativity inside the organization.</p>

The purpose of the essay is to examine Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual person’s experiences of the Social Services treatment. Our question is: How do Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual person’s experience the treatment in a relief seeking situation at Social Services? We have a social constructive point of view. Our theoretical foundation is heteronormativity, heterosexism, homophobia, coming out/disclosure, intersectionality, master suppression techniques and we discuss Social Services as a system. We used a qualitative research method and have done five semi-structured interviews, with three men and two women aged 17- 31 years. The empirical material has been analysed by using IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis) model, where we used the interviewees own words through which we composed three major themes; Starting point in the meeting with Social Services, Sexual orientation and the treatment of the Social Service. What kind of contact our interviewees had with the Social Services and how they perceive their sexual orientation and their experiences of how it is to be gay, lesbian or bisexual is of relevance in their contact with the Social Services. It will affect their ability to act and to what extent they will feel able to be open about their sexuality. Our interviewees tell of a treatment by the Social Services which in various ways makes their sexual orientation invisible, ridicules or puts blame and shame on them. We also have a few examples of neutral treatment from the Social Services concerning sexual orientation. In the essay we have divided the care relationship into a systematic level and a personal level. Our interpretation is that Social Services on a systematic level have a heteronormative culture in the organization. This leads to a heterosexistic treatment. The personal level gives the individual social worker a certain amount of flexibility and sometimes it leads to a homophobic treatment but it can also lead to a treatment that makes it possible to break with the heteronorm. We seek a Social Services that actively works towards breaking down the heteronormativity inside the organization.

The Norwegian Tv-series Exit displays the lives of four rich financiers that has it all: money, careers, and families. However, they are bored and escape their family lives by the use of drugs, sex and violence. The Tv-series display badly treated women in various scenes, they are either prostitutes or housewives. Exit has been watched by 1,3 million people in Norway and been called “this year's most disgusting Tv-series” and “chock porn”. The attention and major reactions this Tv-series has been given led to this analysis of the power relations between men and women. This study examines how power is constructed in relation to gender, with a critical discourse analysis with semiotic elements. The theoretical framework includes theories concerning gender, power, master’s suppression techniques and The Male Gaze. The eight scenes that the empirical material was based upon demonstrates power relations and gender inequality: men are portrayed as powerful and women are portrayed as subordinated and/or as objects, rather than individuals. On the other hand, two of the men are portrayed as weak and passive in two of the scenes, this indicates that power is changeable. The male dominance is often exercised by the use of master suppression techniques like derision, objectification and imposition of guilt and shame. The male dominance exercised is legitimized by the gender system and by men’s financial advantage which gives them power over the women in the series. Aspects was also found which show the producers’ critique against the male characters' behavior. A risk, however, is that the critique does not reach the viewers and instead reproduces the critique that they want to communicate.

The way men and women into municipal politics of Kutna Hora. This work focuses on the motivation and the reasons why men and women to enter municipal politics a medium-sized cities such as Kutna Hora. I put emphasis on issues of participation in the political representation of both sexes. What are the obstacles to municipal politicians to meet at the entrance to the policies and the active participation in political office. I introduced myself to municipal politics in the Czech Republic looks like and what powers and responsibilities councilors city. In the empirical part, I introduced our own research and put a short excursion into the history of Kutna Hora. Obtained through interviews with municipal politicians and politicians were analyzed through three levels of coding. I started from the thesis of Marcela Adamusová, which dealt with master suppression techniques techniques and compared my results with her. Keywords: women, men, gender, municipal politics, local government of Kutná Hora, councilors, master suppression techniques, political reprezentation, barriers.

Det outtalade – What is not uttered. The purpose of this study is to observe and analyze interaction between young children and between them and their educators focusing on power relations shown by non verbal communication. The study argues that such expressions can often lead to violations that can be more difficult to address than those outspoken. In our intents as educators to remediate unequal relationships between children and between them and their educators and create a positive social atmosphere in the school context, we need to pay attention to nonverbal interaction. We also need to develop an adequate set of vocabulary in order to be able to discuss what happens and our practice; how we ourselves as educators interact, dealing with it. The study suggests how to – by using a palette of definitions and concepts, collected from different theories. I have performed observations in an Elementary School class, year one and at their After-school programme and furthermore interviewed the educators and pupils participating in the study. The theoretical framework used in the analysis is a combination of positioning and social dramaturgical theory. I present and discuss the negative nonverbal communication that I identified in my observations using four theoretical perspectives, all contributing to shed light on different aspects of power relations and relational creating interaction. These four are: 1. Johnstone’s positioning theory regarding how all human beings engage in High/Low swings in interpersonal relationships (1985).  2. The non vocal aspects of Eile’s theory of The Master Suppression Techniques and their Counter-strategies (2015) based on Ås’ theory (1989). 3. The Sociological theory of Goffman’s The presentation of the Self in Everyday life, an interactionist/dramaturgical perspective (1959). 4. The Low Arousal Approach as presented by Heljskov Elfvén &amp; Wiman (2015). Among the results I found several occurrences of negative non verbal interaction in this First Grade Elementary class between pupils and educators and that the vocabulary of the used perspectives were applicable. The study’s result implies that awareness of non verbal communication can increase both children’s and educator’s available positions and repertoire of actions. / Studien syftar till att undersöka, lyfta fram och belysa tyst maktspel på lågstadiet. Studiens huvudsakliga syfte är att observera negativ icke verbal interaktion mellan barn sinsemellan och mellan pedagoger och barn med fokus på maktförhållanden. Ett andra syfte är att samla begrepp från olika teorier som belyser detta på olika sätt och på så vis presentera en vokabulär för att sätta ord på det outtalade, som kan vara användbar för pedagoger i förebyggande arbete mot kränkningar i skola och på fritidshem. Detta då det implicit uttryckta outtalade kan leda till kränkningar som ofta kan vara svårare att komma åt än sådana som bygger på det explicit uttalade. Jag har gjort observationer av en klass ett och deras tre pedagoger i olika situationer i skolan och på fritidshemmet. Observationer har oftast direkt följts upp med samtal om vad som hände. Empirin har så analyserats med utgångspunkt i positioneringsteori och det social-dramaturgiska perspektivet utifrån begrepp hämtade från fyra teorier av Eile (2015 – utifrån Ås, 1989), Goffman (1959), Johnstone (1985) samt Wiman &amp; Hejlskov Elfvén (2015) som alla på olika vis belyser kroppsspråk ur ett relationellt maktperspektiv. Två längre intervjuer har genomförts: inledningsvis med Eile, doktorand i pedagogik specialiserad på ickeverbal interaktion och avslutningsvis med två av klassens pedagoger som reflekterat kring de observationer som gjorts och hur de tolkas. Uppsatsens resultat visar att bruk av ickeverbala negativa signaler förekommer som maktspel redan på lågstadiet och implikerar att pedagogernas kunskaper om kroppsspråk och maktspel i form av hög- och lågstatusspel och Härskartekniker samt kännedom om strategier för att motverka negativa effekter av detta – som till exempel genom Motstrategier, Bekräftartekniker och Lågaffektivt bemötande – kan ha inverkan på hur dessa signaler påverkar klassen. Jag förordar därför vidare forskning på området och att pedagoger, i sitt arbete för jämbördiga relationer och för att skapa en positiv psykosocial skolmiljö, även bör uppmärksamma det outtalade. Mer kunskaper om de negativa ickeverbala signalerna och de metoder och den vokabulär som här lyfts fram för hur det kan motverkas tycks kunna användas som ett sätt att motverka mobbing i det tysta. Medvetenhet om dylikt ger fler möjliga sätt för barn och vuxna att förhålla sig till sin egen position i mötet med andra och därmed en större handlingsrepertoar. / <p>Examinator blev samma person; Adrian Ratkic, som var den första handledaren för denna uppsats, men då det var redan 2016 och uppsatsen sedan dess skrivits om och givits ny form osv så ansåg kursansvarige, Frans Hagerman, att det var i sin ordning. Efter att uppsatsen ventilerats första gången 2018 med examinatorn Liza Haglund som berömde intentionerna men saknade den stringens som bör känneteckna ett dylikt arbete, fick jag så värdefull handledning av henne som möjiggjorde presentationen av denna reviderade version 2019.</p>