Thesis (LL.D.)--University of Leiden / "Between legality and illegality: An inquiry into the doctrine of encroachment of rights and powers as a result of the corrective action of reasonableness and fairness in law with particular reference to the encroachment of ownership of immovable property" ...refer to full-text for more details which includes abstracts Afrikaans. Text in Afrikaans.

Magister Legum - LLM / This study is about the individual liability of councillors in South Africa. It examines and analyses whether individual liability of councillors can serve as a bulwark against the abuse of decision-making power that is vested in the municipal council.

Aim. While there is much talk of an emerging interest in spirituality in Australia, there is evidence of a declining affiliation with the established Churches. The impact of mainstream Christianity in these circumstances would appear to be waning. The continued attention given to the Church in the wake of these realities and that of the Church's dealing with situations of sexual abuse has often focussed around the way in which the Church has used its power and influence. While undoubtedly there is much evidence of the Church's service and care for its members and those most in need, more questions are being asked about the accountability of those who minister within the boundaries of Catholic Church structures, and the healthiness of those very structures for helping the Church to live out its mission with integrity. Further questioning has often been around the perceived intent of Church authorities, as seen by many, to return the Church to times prior to the Second Vatican Council when clerical authority was unquestioned. There are divergent viewpoints as to whether the call of the Council for wider involvement of lay people in Church decision-making and structures is in the process of being reversed. The researcher, coming from his experience as a member of a Catholic Religious Congregation of Men, is interested in looking broadly at the issue of how power is used in the Catholic Church, with a particular focus on a case study of one Group of Male Religious in the Archdiocese of Melbourne. The aim of the study is to provide further insight into use of power in the Catholic Church, and to offer some recommendations for future use of that power in a healthy and constructive way for the benefit of the Church and, ultimately, all of society. Scope. A Literature Review was carried out to investigate the broader issues of how power may be defined. A multitude of answers emerged, resulting in a rich understanding of power and some specific related factors: gender, hegemony, patriarchy, authority, leadership, empowerment and networks. Following these explorations around how use of power may be understood, examination of issues relating to abuse of power took place. Given this background, attention was then given to issues of power in relation to Church structures. With these learnings, the researcher conducted five focus groups of people who had relevant knowledge of the male Religious Congregation in Melbourne, which was the specific case study for this research. The groups included current members of the Congregation, former members, staff members in schools run by the Congregation, former students and a women's group. The study was restricted to one specific Congregation, the 'Brothers of St Charles' [fictitious name], in Melbourne, in order to provide a particular and manageable focus. While limited in scope, the study provides an analysis of the focus groups and a linking between this analysis and the Literature Review. Conclusions. The study finishes with some reflections by the researcher on the learnings of the study and recommendations arising from the study. Central place is given to the quality of relationships of those engaged in ministry on behalf of the Catholic Church. An interplay of personal and Church/Congregational factors is proposed in order to provide some qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of such relationships. In order for ministers to take up and use their power in an enriching way for themselves and particularly for those to whom they are called in service, recommendations are made around the need for learning about use of power as part of formation for Church personnel, around encouraging ongoing personal growth in those in Church ministry, around the importance of engaging in processes of healing where people have been hurt by past inappropriate use of power, and around the need to continually critique and challenge existing Church structures where there is injustice through lack of inclusivity.

La mise en œuvre des différents textes adoptés récemment ainsi que les évolutions jurisprudentielles intervenues ces dernières années ont fait évoluer le rôle du juge administratif (l’excès de pouvoir). Dans bien des domaines, son rôle va en effet désormais au-delà de la simple confrontation d’un acte administratif avec la règle de droit. Au cœur de la décision d’annulation se place désormais, outre l’interprétation de la loi, un relevé et une appréciation des faits, éléments que l’on séparait d’ordinaire à raison du principe de la séparation entre l’administration et son juge.Quelques jurisprudences devenues très classiques, comme d’autres plus récentes, peuvent être considérées comme des manifestations caractéristiques de cette nouvelle tendance du juge à imposer une lecture pragmatique de la légalité, à concevoir une certaine cohérence entre le droit applicable et la réalité des faits, rendant ainsi utile toute annulation contentieuse prononcée dans ce sens. / The role of the administrative judge (the excess of power) has evolved due to the implementation of the various texts adopted recently as well as the developments in the case-law in recent years. In many areas, its role now goes beyond the mere confrontation of an administrative act with the rule of law. At the heart of the annulment decision is a statement and an assessment of the facts, apart from the interpretation of the law, which were usually separated by the principle of separation between the administration and its judge.Some jurisprudence which has become very classical, as well as others more recent, can be considered as characteristic manifestations of this new tendency of the judge to impose a pragmatic reading of the law, to conceive a certain coherence between the applicable law and the reality of the facts, thus rendering useful any annulment contentious pronounced in this sense.

No description available.

O poder, muitas vezes, é utilizado como sinônimo de violência, visto que identifica o Estado como possuidor do monopólio legítimo da força, sendo esta a manifestação última do poder. Para o direito, a relação entre poder e violência é valorada na sanção, servindo esta como diferenciação e identificação da norma jurídica. Apesar de muitos definirem poder e violência como opostos, a crise de legitimidade jurídica que surge quando o exercício da violência simbólica deixa de ser dissimulado e desconhecido por parte dos endereçados sociais, desperta o uso da violência contra a própria violência de modo não razoável e abusivo para se forçar a obediência ou mesmo manter as relações de poder. No entanto, a substituição do poder pela violência por parte da autoridade pode ter muitas consequências, tais como o aniquilamento do sujeito, a desconfirmação da autoridade, bem como o surgimento dos poderes informais. Em virtude do abuso do poder pela violência, surge o sentimento da injustiça, pois a violência não vai além de uma justificação, pois sempre trará em si a arbitrariedade, e, por isso, apesar de poder ser percebida como eficaz e até válida, não é capaz de afastar o inconformismo humano contra a perda do sentido das coisas, pois, em última instância, valeria a regra do mais forte sobre o mais fraco. De acordo com esta perspectiva, é possível analisar a relação entre direito, poder e violência no Brasil exposta no cinema nacional, especialmente no que se refere ao tráfico de drogas nas favelas e ao crime organizado. / The power is often used as synonymous with violence, because it identifies the state as having the legitimate monopoly of force, which is the latest manifestation of power. To the law, the relationship between power and violence is valued in sanction, this serving as differentiation and identification of the legal norm. While many define power and violence as opposed to legal legitimacy crisis that arises when the exercise of symbolic violence ceases to be concealed and unknown by the social addressed, awakens the use of violence against violence so unreasonable and abusive to compel obedience or even maintain power relations. However, the replacement of power by violence by the authority may have many consequences, such as the annihilation of the subject, disconfirmation of authority as well as the emergence of informal powers. Under the abuse of power by violence, the sense of injustice arises, because violence does not go beyond a justification, as always bring itself arbitrariness, and therefore, although it may be perceived as effective and valid until no is able to fend off the human discontent against the loss of the sense of things, because, ultimately, would the rule of the strong over the weak. According to this perspective, it is possible to analyze the relationship between law, power and violence in Brazil exposed on national cinema, especially in relation to drug trafficking in the slums and organized crime.

O poder, muitas vezes, é utilizado como sinônimo de violência, visto que identifica o Estado como possuidor do monopólio legítimo da força, sendo esta a manifestação última do poder. Para o direito, a relação entre poder e violência é valorada na sanção, servindo esta como diferenciação e identificação da norma jurídica. Apesar de muitos definirem poder e violência como opostos, a crise de legitimidade jurídica que surge quando o exercício da violência simbólica deixa de ser dissimulado e desconhecido por parte dos endereçados sociais, desperta o uso da violência contra a própria violência de modo não razoável e abusivo para se forçar a obediência ou mesmo manter as relações de poder. No entanto, a substituição do poder pela violência por parte da autoridade pode ter muitas consequências, tais como o aniquilamento do sujeito, a desconfirmação da autoridade, bem como o surgimento dos poderes informais. Em virtude do abuso do poder pela violência, surge o sentimento da injustiça, pois a violência não vai além de uma justificação, pois sempre trará em si a arbitrariedade, e, por isso, apesar de poder ser percebida como eficaz e até válida, não é capaz de afastar o inconformismo humano contra a perda do sentido das coisas, pois, em última instância, valeria a regra do mais forte sobre o mais fraco. De acordo com esta perspectiva, é possível analisar a relação entre direito, poder e violência no Brasil exposta no cinema nacional, especialmente no que se refere ao tráfico de drogas nas favelas e ao crime organizado. / The power is often used as synonymous with violence, because it identifies the state as having the legitimate monopoly of force, which is the latest manifestation of power. To the law, the relationship between power and violence is valued in sanction, this serving as differentiation and identification of the legal norm. While many define power and violence as opposed to legal legitimacy crisis that arises when the exercise of symbolic violence ceases to be concealed and unknown by the social addressed, awakens the use of violence against violence so unreasonable and abusive to compel obedience or even maintain power relations. However, the replacement of power by violence by the authority may have many consequences, such as the annihilation of the subject, disconfirmation of authority as well as the emergence of informal powers. Under the abuse of power by violence, the sense of injustice arises, because violence does not go beyond a justification, as always bring itself arbitrariness, and therefore, although it may be perceived as effective and valid until no is able to fend off the human discontent against the loss of the sense of things, because, ultimately, would the rule of the strong over the weak. According to this perspective, it is possible to analyze the relationship between law, power and violence in Brazil exposed on national cinema, especially in relation to drug trafficking in the slums and organized crime.

Syftet med studien var att utifrån ett medarbetarperspektiv undersöka sambandet mellan arbetstillfredsställelse och ledares utövande av härskartekniker. Dessutom studerades vilka härskartekniker som av medarbetare upplevdes mest förekommande från ledare. Genom en enkätundersökning studerades arbetstillfredsställelse i förhållande till härskarteknikerna osynliggörande, förlöjligande, undanhållande av information, dubbelbestraffning och påförande av skuld och skam. Resultatet visade en negativ korrelation mellan härskartekniker och arbetstillfredsställelse. En multipel regressionsanalys visade att förlöjligande starkast predicerade arbetstillfredsställelse. En ANOVA följt av ett post-hoc testvisade att osynliggörande upplevdes mest frekvent. Slutsatsen var att ledares användande av härskartekniker primärt har en negativ effekt på medarbetarens arbetstillfredsställelse, och att det därmed bör finnas ett organisatoriskt intresse i att uppmärksamma och arbeta förebyggande med härskartekniker. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and leaders’ practices of master suppression techniques from an employee perspective. Further, the master suppression techniques most frequently experienced were studied. A survey was conducted to investigate job satisfaction in relation to following master suppression techniques; making invisible, ridicule, withhold information, double bind andheap blame/put to shame. Results showed that there was a negative correlation between job satisfaction and master suppression techniques. A multiple regression showed that the strongest predictor for job satisfaction was “ridicule”. Furthermore, an ANOVA followed by a post-hoc test showed that the master suppression technique “making invisible” was used most by leaders based on employees’ experience. In conclusion, master suppression techniques overall have a negative effect on employees’ job satisfaction. Therefore, there should be an organizational interest in noticing and working preventively with master suppression techniques.

Vårt syfte med uppsatsen har varit att lyfta fram ungdomarnas egna ord av att befinna sig inom Statens institutionsstyrelses vård i Sverige. För att få en djup och beskrivande bild har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och analyserat vårt material utifrån en tematisk analys av texterna i boken ”Kärlek + Lycka + Svek= Tårar”, utgiven 2017 av Statens institutionsstyrelse där ungdomar delar med sig av sina erfarenheter av livet på ett SiS-hem. Den tematiska analysen resulterade i tre huvudteman, ”att inte vara delaktig i sitt eget liv”, ”ett kontrollerat liv” och ”jag räcker inte till”. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån tidigare forskning och Goffmans teori om totala institutioner samt teorier kring maktperspektiv. I studien fann vi samband mellan Goffmans teori och ungdomarnas texter. Resultatet visar på hur Goffmans teori om totala institutioner är relativt omfattande inom tvångsvården och synnerhet inom statens institutioner. / The objective of our essay was to highlight the personal accounts of young people receiving care provided by the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care. In order to give an in-depth, descriptive impression, we used a qualitative method of research and analysed our material on the basis of a thematic analysis of accounts in the book Kärlek + Lycka + Svek= Tårar(Love + Happiness + Deceit = Tears), published in 2017 by the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care where young people in their texts share their experience of a life on correction facilities. This thematic analysis culminated in three main themes: “Not playing a part in your own life”, “A controlled life” and “I’m not good enough”. The result has been analysed on the basis of previous research and Goffman’s theories on total institutions, as well as perspective of power. In the study, we established a link between Goffman’s theories and the young people’s accounts. The findings demonstrate that Goffman’s theories on total institutions are relatively widespread in compulsory care, in particular within state-run institutions.

No description available.