The adsorption of biologically active molecules, such as the DNA bases, amino acids, on solid surfaces has been the subject of a number of experimental and theoretical studies in the past years. The understanding of the self-assembly mechanism of bioactive molecules on surfaces not only is fundamentally important in the preparation of bioactive surfaces, but also provides us insight into the origins of life and homo-chirality in nature. In this thesis, the adsorption behaviour of adenine and phenylglycine molecules on the Cu(110) surface has been investigated in order to understand the effect of experimental parameters like coverage, annealing temperature etc. on the molecular orientation and the ordering of the adlayer structures. The thesis is organised in six parts: Chapter I gives an introduction to the relevance of surface sciences studies, describing the phenomena of surface chirality and molecular adsorption behaviours on surfaces. Chapter II gives an overview of the experimental techniques and introduces basic concepts of theoretical calculation. Chapter III investigates the effect of experimental parameters, e.g. surface coverage, annealing temperature and substrate temperature on molecular diffusion, molecular orientation and ordering of the adlayer structures. LT-STM examination of the contrast variations of adenine chains and isolated adsorbate as a function of the tip-sample bias voltage is also presented with the aim to understand the tunnelling mechanism. Chapter IV shows RAIR spectra studies of the evolution of phenylglycine molecular orientation as a function of surface coverage at room temperature. The adsorption geometry and binding nature of phenylglycine is discussed. Chapter V concerns with the adsorption behaviours of phenylglycine and adenine on Cu(110) surface pre-covered with oxygen. Chapter VI summarises the conclusions and describes the outlook of some future work.

In this thesis, graphene (i.e. monolayer carbon film) and carbon clusters supported on a transition metal surface are systematically studied by local probe techniques, with respect to their structures, electronic properties and formation mechanisms. The main tools used are low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM and STS), which are introduced in Chapter 2. The mechanism of the resonance tunnelling at electron energies higher than the work function of the surface is discussed in detail, and a qualitative explanation of the Gundlach oscillations in the corresponding spectroscopy is presented. Epitaxial graphene synthesised on the Rh(111) surface by ethylene dehydrogenation is investigated by STM in Chapter 4. Such carbon film exhibits a hexagonal Moiré pattern due to a lattice mismatch between graphene and the rhodium substrate. The periodicity and local registries of the graphene/Rh(111) superstructure are carefully analysed. Based on a thorough discussion about the “commensurate vs. incommensurate” nature of the Moiré pattern in surface science field, the graphene/Rh(111) system is identified to have a non-simple-commensurate superstructure. The surface electronic properties and geometric buckling of graphene/Rh(111) are investigated by resonance tunnelling spectroscopy (RTS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations in Chapter 5. Spectroscopy measurements reveal a modulation of the electronic surface potential (or work function Φ) across the supercell of epitaxial graphene. Based on the microscopy/spectroscopy data and the extended DFT calculations, we examined the electronic coupling of the various local C-Rh registries, and identified both experimentally and theoretically the local atomic configurations of maximum and minimum chemical bonding between graphene and the rhodium substrate. We studied in Chapter 6 the growth mechanism of graphene on Rh(111) at elevated temperatures. This part starts by investigating the dehydrogenation of ethylene into ethylidyne. When the dehydrogenation process is complete, monodispersed carbon species, identified as 7C6, are found to dominate the cluster population on the rhodium terraces. A significant coalescence of the 7C6 clusters into graphene islands occurs at temperatures higher than 873 K. The structural and electronic properties of the 7C6 carbon clusters are examined by high-resolution STM and STS, and compared with coronene molecules, i.e. the hydrogenated analogues of 7C6. DFT calculations are further used to explain the stability of 7C6 supported on the Rh(111) surface, and also the structural characteristics of such magic-sized carbon clusters.

We propose an effective strategy to engineer a unique kind of porous carbon cuboid with tightly anchored cobalt/cobalt oxide nanoparticles (PCC–CoOx) that exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance for many key aspects of lithium-ion battery electrodes. The host carbon cuboid features an ultra-polar surface reflected by its high hydrophilicity and rich surface defects due to high heteroatom doping (N-/O-doping both higher than 10 atom%) as well as hierarchical pore systems. We loaded the porous carbon cuboid with cobalt/cobalt oxide nanoparticles through an impregnation process followed by calcination treatment. The resulting PCC–CoOx anode exhibits superior rate capability (195 mA h g−1 at 20 A g−1) and excellent cycling stability (580 mA h g−1 after 2000 cycles at 1 A g−1 with only 0.0067% capacity loss per cycle). Impressively, even after an ultra-long cycle life exceeding 10 000 cycles at 5 A g−1, the battery can recover to 1050 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, perhaps the best performance demonstrated so far for lithium storage in cobalt oxide-based electrodes. This study provides a new perspective to engineer long-life, high-power metal oxide-based electrodes for lithium-ion batteries through controlling the surface chemistry of carbon host materials.

The focus of this research is to explore the molecular-level interactions between reactive metal surfaces and aqueous environments by combined ultra-high vacuum/electrochemistry (UHV-EC) methodology. The objectives of this work are to understand (1) the effects of sulfate ions on the passivity of metal oxide/hydroxide surface layer, (2) the effects of sulfur-modification on the evolution of metal oxide/hydroxide surface layer, and (3) the effects of sulfur adsorbate on cation adsorption at metal surfaces.

The aim of this work was to develop a solid knowledge on formulation effects controlling offset ink-paper coating adhesion and to identify key factors of the coating and printing process affecting it. Focus lay on comprehending the impact of pigment dispersant on ink-paper coating adhesion and ultimately on the print quality of offset prints. The work covers laboratory studies, a pilot coating trial designed to produce coated material with a span in surface chemistry and structure, and an industrial offset printing trial. The lab scale studies quantified ink-paper coating adhesion failure during ink setting with a developed laboratory procedure based on the Ink-Surface Interaction Tester (ISIT) and image analysis. Additional polyacrylate dispersant resulted in slower ink setting and reduced ink-paper coating adhesion, with a dependence on its state of salt neutralisation and cation exchange, mainly in the presence of moisture/liquid water. The industrial printing trial on pilot coated papers was designed to study how these laboratory findings affected full scale offset print quality. These trials confirmed the dispersant-sensitive effect on ink-paper coating adhesion, especially at high water feeds. Evaluation of prints from the printing trial resulted in two fundamentally different types of ink adhesion failure being identified. The first type being traditional ink refusal, and the second type being a novel mechanism referred to as ink-lift-off adhesion failure. Ink-lift-off adhesion failure occurs when ink is initially deposited on the paper but then lifted off in a subsequent print unit. In this work, ink adhesion failure by this ink-lift-off mechanism was observed to occur more often than failure due to ink refusal. Print quality evaluation of the industrial prints suggested that water induced mottle was caused by a combination of ink-surface adhesion failure, creating white spots on the print, together with variation in ink layer thickness due to emulsified ink. / <p>QC 20161019</p>

Neste trabalho, estudou-se o efeito da adição de acetonitrila na reatividade química em soluções micelares do detergente aniônico dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e do detergente catiônico brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (CTAB) e em agregados supramoleculares do sal biliar, colato de sódio (NaCh). Os sistemas utilizados para estudar a reatividade química na presença de acetonitrila foram: (a) fotorreatividade do estado excitado triplete de n-butil-3-nitrofenil éter (em SDS); (b) reação de hidrólise ácida do 2-(p-octoxifenil)-1,3-dioxolano no estado fundamental (em SDS); (c) constante de incorporação do co-íon N-dodecil-4-cianopiridínio (em CTAB); (d) a protonação/desprotonação do ácido fraco 4-metil-7-hidroxiflavílio, tanto no estado excitado como no estado fundamental (em SDS); e (e) a supressão dos estados excitados de 1-etilnaftaleno e 1-(1-naftil)-etanol (em NaCh). As modificações na estruturação do agregado micelar e nas propriedades do meio aquoso, provocadas pela presença de acetonitrila, fazem com que as moléculas orgânicas e os íons saiam mais rapidamente do agregado para a fase aquosa. As mudanças que ocorrem com a micela e com a partição de solutos diminuem o efeito catalítico da micela sobre a reatividade química. Os agregados de sal biliar possuem dois sítios distintos de ligação de solutos e a concentração mínima de sal biliar necessária para formar esses dois sítios depende da concentração de acetonitrila. Em concentrações de acetonitrila acima de 10 %, ocorre somente a formação de agregados com sítio primário, enquanto que acima de 30 % os agregados se desfazem por completo. Em baixas concentrações de acetonitrila (até aproximadamente 10 %), a dinâmica de dissociação de solutos do sítio secundário do agregado de sal biliar não modifica muito, enquanto que a velocidade de saída de solutos do sítio primário aumenta com a presença da acetonitrila. Desse modo, a acetonitrila pode ser empregada para acelerar a saída de uma espécie, tal como um intermediário reativo, do agregado primário, facilitando a aplicação de agregados de sal biliar como micro-reatores com dois sítios distintos de reação. / This work reports a study of the effect of the addition of acetonitrile on chemical reactivity in micellar solutions of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the cationic detergent hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and in supramolecular aggregates of the bile salt sodium cholate (NaCh). The systems employed in the study of chemical reactivity in the presence of acetonitrile were: (a) photoreactivity of the excited triplet state of N-butyl-3-nitrophenyl ether in SDS; (b) the acid catalyzed of 2-(p-octoxy-nitrophenyl)-1,3-dioxolane in the ground state in SDS; (c) incorporation of the coion N-dodecyl-4-cyanopyridine in CTAB; (d) protonation/deprotonation of the weak acid of the 4-methyl-7-hydroxyflavilium ion in the ground and excited state in SDS; and (e) quenching of the excited state of 1-ethylnaphthalene and 1-(1-naphthyl)-ethanol in NaCh. The modifications of the structure of the micellar aggregate and of the properties of the bulk aqueous phase induced by acetonitrile result in a faster rate of exit of organic molecules and ions from the aggregate into the aqueous phase. The changes that occur in the micelle and in the partitioning of solutes tend to diminish the catalytic effect of micelles on chemical reactivity. Bile salt aggregates possess two distinct sites for solubilization of solutes and the minimum concentration of bile salt necessary for the formation of these two sites depends on the concentration of acetonitrile. At acetonitrile concentrations above 10 %, only aggregates with the primary solubilization site are formed and, above 30 %, the aggregates are completely disrupted. At low acetonitrile concentrations (below 10 %), the dynamics of dissociation of solutes from the secondary site of bile salt aggregates changes very little, while the rate of exit of solutes from the primary site increases in the presence of acetonitrile. Thus, acetonitrile can be employed to accelerate the rate of exit of species such as reactive intermediates, facilitating the application of bile salt aggregates as two-reaction-site microreactors.

Medidas eletroquímicas, incluindo voltametria cíclica com e sem rotação do eletrodo, cronoamperometria, deconvolução experimental, aplicação de procedimentos eletroquímicos de envelhecimento e programas de perturbação de potencial foram empregadas no estudo eletroquímico da interface estanho/solução de bicarbonato de sódio 0,5 mol L-1. Os estudos preliminares evidenciaram a natureza complexa dos processos que ocorrem no sistema e várias séries de ensaios foram propostos a partir desses resultados. Observou-se o deslocamento do principal pico catódico, devido à mudanças das configurações de energia do filme, que foram analisadas mediante a aplicação de procedimentos de envelhecimento potenciostático e potenciodinâmico. A ocorrência de reativação em condições de baixa velocidade de varredura e a razão entre as cargas anódica e catódica sempre superior à unidade foram atribuídas à dissolução. O emprego de eletrodo de disco rotativo permitiu acompanhar a presença de espécies solúveis de Sn(II) envolvidas nos primeiros estágios de formação de filme. Foi observado que há contribuição difusional no controle da cinética dos dois primeiros processos anódicos. A variação da corrente com a rotação deve-se à difusão de uma mesma espécie nos dois processos anódicos. A presença de óxidos formados em diferentes condições experimentais com características e propriedades elétricas diferentes, evidenciada nos ensaios preliminares, foi analisada sob uma abordagem modelística. A ocorrência de processos de nucleação na redução, sugerida pela presença de histerese de corrente e pela dependência da corrente do pico de redução com a velocidade de varredura, foi confirmada com o emprego de medidas cronoamperométricas. Programas de perturbação de potencial, com o objetivo de eletromodificar a superfície do estanho, foram aplicados. A influência das variáveis de interesse (velocidade da perturbação, tempo de duração, limites de potencial, catodização e número de catodizações) no aparecimento de mudanças no perfil padrão foi estudada. A cinética de desprendimento de oxigênio foi analisada mediante curvas de Tafel, para avaliar as mudanças das propriedades eletrocatalíticas das superfícies resultantes da aplicação dos programas de perturbação. / Electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry with and without electrode rotation, chronoamperometry, experimental deconvolution, electrochemical ageing procedures, and perturbing potential programmes, were carried out in order to study the tin/0,5 mol L-1 sodium bicarbonate solution interface. Preliminary studies evidence the complex nature of the processes and enable the proposal of various series of experiments. The potential shift of the main cathodic current peak was assigned to changes in the energetic configuration of the species formed during the positive scan. That effect was studied by means of potenciostatic and potentiodynamic ageing procedures. Reactivation occurrence at low sweep rates and the anodic to cathodic charges ratio always higher than one, were attributed to dissolution. Rotating disc measurements evidence the presence of soluble species, probably Sn(II) species, involved in the first steps of film formation. It was observed that a diffusional contribution has to be taken into account into the global control that involves the first two anodic processes. The same current-rotation dependence observed suggests the diffusion of the same species for both the anodic processes. The films formed under different experimental conditions, which exhibit differences in nature and electric properties, were studied under a modelistic approach. Current hysteresis presence as well as the dependence of peak current with sweep rate observed at the preliminary studies, suggest cathodic nucleation processes. Nucleation was confirmed by means of chronoamperometric measurements. In order to electromodify tin surface, the electrode was subjected to perturbing potential programmes. The influence of experimental variables (as perturbation sweep rate, perturbation time, potential limits, cathodic polarization and number of cathodic polarization applied) on the cathodic profile was studied. Oxygen evolution reaction, in terms of Tafel plots, was used in order to evaluate changes in the electrocatalytic properties of the modified surfaces.

Os eletrodos de metais nobres, considerados os melhores, implicam em altos custos para qualquer tipo de aplicação em larga escala. Com intuito de minimizar os custos e manter a eficiência, muitos estudos buscam materiais alternativos. O óxido de estanho apresenta-se como uma boa alternativa para material de eletrodo, principalmente por poder ser utilizado na forma de filme condutor transparente. Atualmente, é aplicado em sensores eletroquímicos para detecção de gases, painéis de cristal líquido e em células fotovoltaicas. Como se trata de um semicondutor, é comum o uso de dopantes para melhorar a condutividade elétrica do composto. Entre os diversos dopantes já estudados, o flúor apresenta resultados muito bons, sendo um dos mais utilizados hoje em dia. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre como esse aditivo influi sobre as características físico-químicas do óxido de estanho. A proposta do presente trabalho é estudar a influência do uso de haletos (F e Cl) como aditivos para o óxido de estanho. Inicialmente, foram preparados pós de SnO2 com diferentes concentrações de flúor ou cloro, através do método de precursores poliméricos. Esses pós foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, reflectância difusa de infravermelho e medidas de área superficial através de isoterma BET. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os aditivos concentram-se no contorno de grão. As amostras dopadas sofreram aumento de área superficial e mudança no espectro IV da superfície. Os padrões de difração de raios-X permaneceram inalterados, indicando que não houve formação de solução sólida ou qualquer outro tipo de alteração no retículo cristalino do Sn O2. Os pós também foram submetidos à análise térmica e estudos de mobilidade dinâmica eletroforética. Desses estudos foi possível concluir que a presença dos aditivos modifica a interface do óxido, influindo sobre sua acidez e hidrofobicidade. Além do estudo dos pós, também foi explorada a resposta eletroquímica do óxido dopado, na forma de filmes e pastilhas. As pastilhas foram preparadas através da sinterização dos pós. Os filmes foram preparados por dip coating utilizando vidro ou ouro como substrato. Devido à alta resistência elétrica das pastilhas e dos filmes suportados sobre vidro, não foi possível obter resposta eletroquímica satisfatória. Já os filmes suportados sobre ouro foram caracterizados eletroquimicamente usando eletrólito inerte, sonda eletroquímica (par redox Fe(CN)6-4 / Fe(CN6-3) e eletrólito simulando ambiente corrosivo. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os filmes são pouco homogêneos e que parte do substrato metálico ficou exposto. Os filmes dopados com flúor também foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. Um circuito equivalente foi ajustado às respostas obtidas. Parâmetros como resistência da transferência de carga e capacitância da dupla camada elétrica puderam ser calculados. / Alternative materiaIs for electrochemical applications are studied and developed due to the high cost of noble metaIs electrodes, still the best materiaIs for electrodes today. Tin oxide presents good results as an alternative electrode material. The material is capable to show both transparency and electrical conductivy when applied as a film. It is currently used as electrochemical sensors for gases detection, liquid crystal display\'s and photovoltaic cells. Being tin oxide a semiconductor, dopants are usually added in order to improve the conductivity. Among several already known additives, fiuorine is one of the most applied, providing very good results. However, there are few information about the fiuorine action over the phisycal-chemistry properties ofthe oxide. The present work focus on the infiuence of halide (F or Cl) doping over some tin oxide characteristics. At first, Sn O2 powders with different additive contents were prepared via a Pechini\'s method derived route. These powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, diffuse refiectance infrared spectroscopy and BET isoterm suface area measurement. From the obtained results, it can be infered that the additives are mainly in the grain surface. The doped samples showed higher surface areas and differences in the IR spectra. The XRD pattern showed neither shifts nor new phases. Therefore, there were neither solid solution formation nor any kind of crystaline lattice changing. Moreover, thermal analysis and electrophoretic dynamic mobility measurements were performed and showed that the additive presence modifies the tin oxide acidity and hydrofobicity. Besides, the electrochemical behavior of films and syntered tin oxide were explored. Films were prepared through dip coating and supported on glass or gold substrates. Syntered tin oxide was prepared in pellet shape. Pellets and glass supported films showed high resistivity, which leads to poor electrochemical response. Only the gold supported fiims showed good response. These films were electrochemicaly characterized with an inert electrolyte, an electrochemical probe (Fe(CN6-4 / Fe(CN6-3 redox pair) and an corrosive electrolyte. Scaning electronic microscopy was performed too. According to the results, the films are not homogeneous and the metallic substrate was exposed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were either performed with fiuorine-doped films. A proposed equivalent circuit was capable to fit the results. Charge transfer resistance and double layer capacity ofthe films could be calculated.

Nesta dissertaçao foram estudadas as reações de aminólise de benzoatos por dodecilamina (DA), propionato de dodecilamôrtio (DAP) e suas misturas em ciclohexano. Foram usados os ésteres do tipo X-&#216;-CO2-&#216;-NO2 (X=NO2,CH3O,CH3,H e Cl) e NO2-&#216;-CO2-&#216;-Y (Y=CH3 , H, Cl e CN). A aminólise de ésteres por DA é de segunda ordem em amina e está associada com entropias de ativação altamente negativas e pequenas eutalpias de ativação. A reação é muito mais sensível à natureza do grupo abandonador que da acila. Na reaçao com DAP micelar mostrou-se claramente que o grupo carboxilato de detergente atua com base geral e não como nucleófilo. A reação é de segunda ordem em DAP e apresentou as mais altas entropias de ativação. O valor de &#961; de Hammett era maior quando se variou o grupo Y, mostrando que a reação, como com DA, é mais sensível à natureza do grupo fugitivo. O valor da razão &#961;Y/&#961;X mostrou que o grupo abandonador é o íon fenóxido p-substituido. Uma prova adicional deste fato, foi obtida dos resultados de aminólise em presença de água solubilizada. O DAP micelar aumentou a velocidade de aminólise por DA, por fatôres desde 132 vêzes (Cl/NO2) até 311 vêzes (NO2/NO2 ). A aminólise de ésteres por DA+DAP apresentou parâmetros de ativação, cujos valores são intermediários àqueles para as reações com DA e com DAP respectivamente. Os valores de &#961; de Hammett foram similares aqueles obtidos para a reação com DAP somente. Baseados nos resultados previamente reportados, foram sugeridos esquemas para as reações. Eles envolvem a formação de intermediários tetraédricos (aniônicos para as reações com DA e com DAP e zwitteriônicos para a aminólise por DAP), cujo colapso é determinante da velocidade. / In this thesis the aminolysis of benzoate esters by dodecylamine (DA), dodecylammonium propionate (DAP) and their mixtures in cyclohexane was studied. The esters used were X-&#216;CO2&#216;NO2 (X=NO2CH3O,CH3,H e Cl) and NO2&#216;CO2&#216;Y (Y=CH3,H,Cl e CN). Ester aminolysis by DA is second order in the amine and is associated with a highly negative entropies and small euthalpies of activation. The reaction is much more sensitive to the nature of the leaving group than that of the acyl one. In the reaction with micellar DAP it was clearly showed that the carboxylate group of the surfact and is acting as a general base, not as a nucleophile. The reaction was found to be second order in the surfactant and showed the highest entropies of activation. The Hammett &#961; value was larger when was varied, showing that the reaction, like that with DA, is more sensitive to the nature of the leaving group. From the ratio &#961;Y/&#961;X it was shown that the leaving group is the P-substituted phenoxide ion. Additional proof for this was reached from the results of aminolysis in the presence of solubilized water. Micellar DAP enhance the rate of aminolysis by DA by factors ranging from 132 times (Cl/NO2) to 311 times (NO2/ NO2). Ester aminolysis by DA+DAP has activation parameters which are intermediate between those for the reactions with DA, and with DAP, respectively. The Hammett &#961; values were similar to those obtained for the reaction with DAP alone. Based on the previous data schemes for the reactions were suggested. They involve the formation of tetrahedral intermediates (anions for the reaction with DA and with DA+DAP, and zwitterion for the aminolysis by DAP) whose collapse are rate limiting.

Neste trabalho utilizaram-se dois sistemas para pesquisar alguns dos fatores que alteram a velocidade de reações em sistemas micelares. A reação de transferência de acila de S-octanoil-&#946;-mercaptoetilamina (OMA) é catalisada 4,6 vezes por micelas de brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (CTAB) e levemente inibida por Brij-35. A reação de transferência de acila de S para N da acetil-&#946;-mercaptoetilamina (AMA) não é afetada por CTAB, porém é inibida cerca de 100 vezes por dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS). A reação de OMA também é fortemente inibida por SDS (1.700 vezes). Estes efeitos foram atribuídos a uma alteração do pK do grupo amino e à diminuição da liberdade conformacional da molécula de substrato na fase micelar. O CTAB aumenta a velocidade de tiólise de acetato de p-nitrofenila por tiofenóis substituídos aproximadamente 50 vezes. A constante de velocidade calculada na fase micelar (k2m) é idêntica a obtida em fase aquosa (k2w) para tiofenol, p-metoxitiofenol e p-metiltiofenol. k2m é 40% menor do que k2w na reação com p-clorotiofenol. A aceleração observada em presença de CTAB pode ser atribuída, exclusivamente, à concentração de substrato na fase micelar. / Two systems were used in order to investigate some of the factors that modify the reaction rate in micelles. The rate of S to N acyl transfer of S-octanoyl-&#946;- mercaptoethylamine (OMA) is enhanced by hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelles by 4.6 fold and slightly inhibited by the non ionic detergent Brij-35. The rate of S to N transfer of S-acetyl-&#946;-mercaptoethylamine (AMA) is unaffected by CTAB or Brij-35. Micelles of a negative detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate inhibit the rate of S to N transfer of AMA by 100 fold, the inhibition in the case of OMA is 1.7 x 103 fold. An increase in the apparent pK of the ammonium ion and a decrease in the conformational mobility of OMA is proposed to account for the observed results. CTAB increases the rate of thiolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate by substituted thiophenols by approximately 50 fold. The calculated rate constant in the micellar phase (k2m) is identical to that in the aqueous phase (k2w) for thiophenol, p-methoxithiophenol and p-metilthiophenol. k2m is 40% less than k2w in the case of p-clorothiophenol. The observed rate acceleration can be attributed, exclusively, to substrate concentration in the micellar phase.