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Designing novel nanostructures which exploit the self-assembly capabilities of biomolecules yields a promising approach to control matter at the nanoscale. Here, the homochiral molecular self-assemblies of the methionine and tyrosine amino acids on the monocrystalline Ag(111) and Cu(111) surfaces are characterized by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS), helium atom scattering (HAS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). On Ag(111), methionine self-assembles into supramolecular chains following the <110> substrate axis, forming regular nanogratings with tunable periodicity. Within the nanowires, a zwitterionic dimerization scheme is revealed. STS shows that the biomolecular nanostructures act as tunable one-dimensional quantum resonators for the surface state electrons. Zero-dimensional electronic confinement is achieved by positioning single iron atoms in the molecular trenches. This shows a novel approach to control the dimensionality of surface state electrons. The nanogratings were exploited to steer the spontaneous one-dimensional ordering of cobalt and iron atoms. For T > 15 K, the metal species self-align into homogeneously distributed chains in between the biomolecular trenches with ~25 Å interatomic distace. For Co, the dynamics of the self-alignment was monitored, revealing a reduced mobility in comparison with isolated Co atoms on bare Ag(111). On Cu(111), the self-assembly of methionine is influenced by the substrate reactivity and its temperature during molecular deposition. For T < 273 K, the biomolecules assemble in anisotropic extended clusters oriented with a -10° rotation off the <110> substrate orientations, whereas above 283 K a regularly ordered 1D phase arises with a +10° rotation off these high-symmetry axis. XPS reveals a structural transformation triggered by a thermally activated deprotonation of the zwitterionic ammonium group. On Ag(111), tyrosine self-assembles above a critical temperature into linear structures primarily following the substrate crystalline symmetry. A zwitterionic non-covalent molecular dimerization is demonstrated, NEXAFS data providing evidence of a non-flat adsorption of the phenyl ring. This recalls the geometrical pattern of methionine on Ag(111) and supports a universal self-assembling scheme for amino acids on close-packed noble metal surfaces, the different mesoscopic ordering being determined by the side chain reactivity.

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit dem chemischen Verhalten von Oberflächen an Siliciumnanopartikeln. Diese stehen in ihrer Reaktivität, aufgrund des großen Verhältnisses Oberfläche zu Volumen, zwischen einzelnen Atomen und ausgedehnten Kristallen. Durch Umsetzung mit unterschiedlich funktionalisierten Molekülen gelingt es, die Oberfläche der Partikel zu modifizieren. Dabei wurde eine neue Möglichkeit gefunden, Si-C-Bindungen auf Si-Oberflächen zu erzeugen. Die Modifizierung mit Wasserstoff (durch Behandlung mit HF) oder mit Chlor (durch Umsetzung mit Chlorierungsmitteln) schafft neue, synthetisch wertvolle Ausgangssituationen. Darauf aufbauend konnten Alkyl, Alkoxy- und Amingruppen kovalent angeknüpft werden. Die chemische Modifizierung der Nanopartikel führt zu verändertem Photoleitfähigkeits- sowie Photolumineszenzverhalten. Es wurde ein Vorschlag zur Deutung dieser Effekte entwickelt.

Nesta dissertaçao foram estudadas as reações de aminólise de benzoatos por dodecilamina (DA), propionato de dodecilamôrtio (DAP) e suas misturas em ciclohexano. Foram usados os ésteres do tipo X-&#216;-CO2-&#216;-NO2 (X=NO2,CH3O,CH3,H e Cl) e NO2-&#216;-CO2-&#216;-Y (Y=CH3 , H, Cl e CN). A aminólise de ésteres por DA é de segunda ordem em amina e está associada com entropias de ativação altamente negativas e pequenas eutalpias de ativação. A reação é muito mais sensível à natureza do grupo abandonador que da acila. Na reaçao com DAP micelar mostrou-se claramente que o grupo carboxilato de detergente atua com base geral e não como nucleófilo. A reação é de segunda ordem em DAP e apresentou as mais altas entropias de ativação. O valor de &#961; de Hammett era maior quando se variou o grupo Y, mostrando que a reação, como com DA, é mais sensível à natureza do grupo fugitivo. O valor da razão &#961;Y/&#961;X mostrou que o grupo abandonador é o íon fenóxido p-substituido. Uma prova adicional deste fato, foi obtida dos resultados de aminólise em presença de água solubilizada. O DAP micelar aumentou a velocidade de aminólise por DA, por fatôres desde 132 vêzes (Cl/NO2) até 311 vêzes (NO2/NO2 ). A aminólise de ésteres por DA+DAP apresentou parâmetros de ativação, cujos valores são intermediários àqueles para as reações com DA e com DAP respectivamente. Os valores de &#961; de Hammett foram similares aqueles obtidos para a reação com DAP somente. Baseados nos resultados previamente reportados, foram sugeridos esquemas para as reações. Eles envolvem a formação de intermediários tetraédricos (aniônicos para as reações com DA e com DAP e zwitteriônicos para a aminólise por DAP), cujo colapso é determinante da velocidade. / In this thesis the aminolysis of benzoate esters by dodecylamine (DA), dodecylammonium propionate (DAP) and their mixtures in cyclohexane was studied. The esters used were X-&#216;CO2&#216;NO2 (X=NO2CH3O,CH3,H e Cl) and NO2&#216;CO2&#216;Y (Y=CH3,H,Cl e CN). Ester aminolysis by DA is second order in the amine and is associated with a highly negative entropies and small euthalpies of activation. The reaction is much more sensitive to the nature of the leaving group than that of the acyl one. In the reaction with micellar DAP it was clearly showed that the carboxylate group of the surfact and is acting as a general base, not as a nucleophile. The reaction was found to be second order in the surfactant and showed the highest entropies of activation. The Hammett &#961; value was larger when was varied, showing that the reaction, like that with DA, is more sensitive to the nature of the leaving group. From the ratio &#961;Y/&#961;X it was shown that the leaving group is the P-substituted phenoxide ion. Additional proof for this was reached from the results of aminolysis in the presence of solubilized water. Micellar DAP enhance the rate of aminolysis by DA by factors ranging from 132 times (Cl/NO2) to 311 times (NO2/ NO2). Ester aminolysis by DA+DAP has activation parameters which are intermediate between those for the reactions with DA, and with DAP, respectively. The Hammett &#961; values were similar to those obtained for the reaction with DAP alone. Based on the previous data schemes for the reactions were suggested. They involve the formation of tetrahedral intermediates (anions for the reaction with DA and with DA+DAP, and zwitterion for the aminolysis by DAP) whose collapse are rate limiting.

Gold nanoparticules (GNPs) are of great interest for several applications in nanomedicine ; espacially in imaging and sensing, drug delivery or photothermal therapy because of their unique physical and chemical properties. For all theses applications, a better understanding of the interaction of GNPs with biomolecules and their uptake into cells is of great importance. Thus the main objective of this thesis was to study the toxicity of GNPs in biological media based on their sizes, shapes and surface chemistries. Cytotoxicity studies on human cells were done in vitro in presence of six GNP samples having spherical and flower shapes. We compared the cytotoxic effects and showed that it was largely higher for flower-shaped GNPs than spherical ones. Further we built-up the optical assembly and the set-up of the Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS). Followed by the set-up, the sensitivity, the resolution and other parameters were determined during the characterization of the FCS sytem. Then FCS was used to characterize fluorescent molecule-conjugated GNP, wich were fabricated in the interest of biomedical applications. In the next step, we characterized the diffusion behavior of MitoTracker dye labeled mitochondria by FCS in order to be able to compare in future the mitochondrial diffusion after incubating with GNPs, wich is described as the perspectives. / Les nanoparticules d'or (NPO) sont d'un grand intérêt pour de nombreuses applications en nanomédecine (en particulier pour l'imagerie, la détection de pathologies, la délivrance de médicaments ou la thérapie photothermique) en raison de leurs propriétés physiques et chimiques. Pour toutes ces applications, une meilleure compréhension de l'interaction des NPO avec les biomolécules et leur absorption dans les cellules est d'une importance primoridale. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de cette thèse était d'étudier la toxicité des NPO dans les milieux biologiques en fonction de leurs tailles, leurs formes et leurs chimies de surface. Des études de cytotoxicité sur des cellules humaines ont été réalisées in vitro, en présence de six types différents de NPO de forme sphérique et de nano-fleur. Nous avons comparé les effets cytotoxiques et montré qu'ils étaient largement supérieurs pour les NPO en forme de nano-fleur par rapport au NPO sphériques. En outre, nous avons mis en place un système de corrélation de spectroscopie de fluorescence (CSF). La sensibilité, la résolution et les principaux paramètres du système ont été déterminés lors de sa caractérisation. La CSF a ensuite été utilisée pour caractériser des NPO fluorescentes fabriquées pour des applications biomédicales. Nous avons également caractérisé la diffusion de Mitotracker, un marqueur des mitochondries par CSF afin d'être en mesure de comparer la diffusion mitochondriale après incubation de NPO.

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of the mesoporous material MCM-41 and a new functionalized mesoporous material, PABA-MCM-41, for use as adsorbents to remove the PAHs benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F). Both materials were synthesized using hydrothermal methods. PABA-MCM-41 was synthesized using a hydrothermal/co-condensation technique, with functionalization employing modified 4-aminobenzoic acid. The mesoporous materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nitrogen adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Batch adsorption experiments were employed to determine the effects of initial adsorbate concentration, contact time, and temperature on the removal of the PAHs. The co-condensation method was shown to be effective for the synthesis of functionalized PABA-MCM-41. The two mesoporous materials presented the hexagonal mesostructures typical of the M41S family, which were confirmed by the SAXS analyses and by the type IV isotherms with type H1 hysteresis. The materials possessed uniform mesopore size distributions, high surface areas, and were thermally stable. Adsorption tests showed that for both materials, the quantity adsorbed (qe) increased as the initial PAHs concentration was increased, with adsorption equilibrium reached in around 90 minutes. For adsorption by MCM-41, the equilibrium qe values were 12.49, 14.06, and 18.06 ìg g-1 for B[k]F, B[a]P, and B[b]F, respectively, while the corresponding values for the same PAHs were 22.51, 27.24, and 26.58 ìg g-1 when PABA-MCM-41 was used. The experimental kinetic data were fitted using the pseudo-second order model, and the Langmuir isotherm model was able to describe the process of PAH adsorption. At higher temperatures, there were increases in the initial adsorption rate and the kinetic constant for adsorption of the PAHs by PABA-MCM-41. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the processes are spontaneous, endothermic, and with a tendency towards disorder of the system at the adsorbent/adsorbate interface. Functionalization of MCM-41 increased the efficiency of adsorption of the PAHs by 44.5, 48.4, and 32.0% for B[k]F, B[a]P, and B[b]F, respectively. / Este trabalho descreve a sintese e caracterizacao do material mesoporoso MCM-41 e do novo material mesoporoso funcionalizado PABA-MCM-41 para serem utilizados como materiais adsorventes na remocao dos HPAs benzo[k]fluoranteno (B[k]F), benzo[a]pireno (B[a]P) e benzo[b]fluoranteno (B[b]F). Os dois materiais foram sintetizados pelo metodo hidrotermal, sendo que PABA-MCM-41 foi sintetizado pelo metodo hidrotermal/co-condensacao, o qual foi funcionalizado pelo acido 4-aminobenzoico modificado. Os materiais mesoporosos sintetizados foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na regiao do infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espalhamento de raios-X a baixo angulo (SAXS), adsorcao/dessorcao de N2, microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV) e analise termogravimetrica (TG). Os experimentos de adsorcao em batelada foram utilizados para determinar os efeitos da concentracao inicial do adsorbato, tempo de contato e temperatura na remocao dos HPAs B[k]F, B[a]P e B[b]F. O metodo da co-condensacao mostrou-se eficiente na sintese do material mesoporoso funcionalizado PABA-MCM-41. Os dois materiais mesoporosos apresentaram mesoestruturas hexagonais tipicas da familia M41S, as quais foram confirmadas por SAXS, com isotermas do tipo IV e histerese do tipo H1. Tambem, apresentaram distribuicao uniforme do tamanho de mesoporos, alta area superficial e estabilidade termica. Os ensaios de adsorcao mostraram que ocorreu um aumento da quantidade adsorvida (qe) com o aumento da concentracao inicial dos HPAs, isto para os dois materiais mesoporosos utilizados, sendo que o equilibrio de adsorcao foi alcancado em cerca de 90 minutos. Os valores de qe obtidos no equilibrio foram de 12,49; 14,06 e 18,06 Êg g-1, respectivamente, na adsorcao do B[k]F, B[a]P e B[b]F pelo MCM-41 e de 22,51; 27,24 e 26,58 Êg g-1, respectivamente, na adsorcao dos mesmos pelo PABA-MCM-41. Os dados cineticos experimentais se ajustaram melhor ao modelo cinetico de pseudo-segunda ordem e o modelo de isoterma de Langmuir descreveu melhor o processo de adsorcao dos HPAs pelo MCM-41 e PABA-MCM-41. Foi verificado que em temperaturas mais altas houve um aumento na taxa inicial de adsorcao e na constante cinetica de adsorcao dos HPAs pelo PABA-MCM-41. Os parametros termodinamicos indicaram que o processo e espontaneo, endotermico e com uma tendencia para desordem do sistema na interface adsorvente/adsorbato. Com a funcionalizacao do MCM-41 foi verificado um aumento na eficiencia de adsorcao dos HPAs de 44,5; 48,4 e 32,0 %, respectivamente para o B[k]F, B[a]P e B[b]F.

Os eletrodos de metais nobres, considerados os melhores, implicam em altos custos para qualquer tipo de aplicação em larga escala. Com intuito de minimizar os custos e manter a eficiência, muitos estudos buscam materiais alternativos. O óxido de estanho apresenta-se como uma boa alternativa para material de eletrodo, principalmente por poder ser utilizado na forma de filme condutor transparente. Atualmente, é aplicado em sensores eletroquímicos para detecção de gases, painéis de cristal líquido e em células fotovoltaicas. Como se trata de um semicondutor, é comum o uso de dopantes para melhorar a condutividade elétrica do composto. Entre os diversos dopantes já estudados, o flúor apresenta resultados muito bons, sendo um dos mais utilizados hoje em dia. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre como esse aditivo influi sobre as características físico-químicas do óxido de estanho. A proposta do presente trabalho é estudar a influência do uso de haletos (F e Cl) como aditivos para o óxido de estanho. Inicialmente, foram preparados pós de SnO2 com diferentes concentrações de flúor ou cloro, através do método de precursores poliméricos. Esses pós foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, reflectância difusa de infravermelho e medidas de área superficial através de isoterma BET. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os aditivos concentram-se no contorno de grão. As amostras dopadas sofreram aumento de área superficial e mudança no espectro IV da superfície. Os padrões de difração de raios-X permaneceram inalterados, indicando que não houve formação de solução sólida ou qualquer outro tipo de alteração no retículo cristalino do Sn O2. Os pós também foram submetidos à análise térmica e estudos de mobilidade dinâmica eletroforética. Desses estudos foi possível concluir que a presença dos aditivos modifica a interface do óxido, influindo sobre sua acidez e hidrofobicidade. Além do estudo dos pós, também foi explorada a resposta eletroquímica do óxido dopado, na forma de filmes e pastilhas. As pastilhas foram preparadas através da sinterização dos pós. Os filmes foram preparados por dip coating utilizando vidro ou ouro como substrato. Devido à alta resistência elétrica das pastilhas e dos filmes suportados sobre vidro, não foi possível obter resposta eletroquímica satisfatória. Já os filmes suportados sobre ouro foram caracterizados eletroquimicamente usando eletrólito inerte, sonda eletroquímica (par redox Fe(CN)6-4 / Fe(CN6-3) e eletrólito simulando ambiente corrosivo. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os filmes são pouco homogêneos e que parte do substrato metálico ficou exposto. Os filmes dopados com flúor também foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. Um circuito equivalente foi ajustado às respostas obtidas. Parâmetros como resistência da transferência de carga e capacitância da dupla camada elétrica puderam ser calculados. / Alternative materiaIs for electrochemical applications are studied and developed due to the high cost of noble metaIs electrodes, still the best materiaIs for electrodes today. Tin oxide presents good results as an alternative electrode material. The material is capable to show both transparency and electrical conductivy when applied as a film. It is currently used as electrochemical sensors for gases detection, liquid crystal display\'s and photovoltaic cells. Being tin oxide a semiconductor, dopants are usually added in order to improve the conductivity. Among several already known additives, fiuorine is one of the most applied, providing very good results. However, there are few information about the fiuorine action over the phisycal-chemistry properties ofthe oxide. The present work focus on the infiuence of halide (F or Cl) doping over some tin oxide characteristics. At first, Sn O2 powders with different additive contents were prepared via a Pechini\'s method derived route. These powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, diffuse refiectance infrared spectroscopy and BET isoterm suface area measurement. From the obtained results, it can be infered that the additives are mainly in the grain surface. The doped samples showed higher surface areas and differences in the IR spectra. The XRD pattern showed neither shifts nor new phases. Therefore, there were neither solid solution formation nor any kind of crystaline lattice changing. Moreover, thermal analysis and electrophoretic dynamic mobility measurements were performed and showed that the additive presence modifies the tin oxide acidity and hydrofobicity. Besides, the electrochemical behavior of films and syntered tin oxide were explored. Films were prepared through dip coating and supported on glass or gold substrates. Syntered tin oxide was prepared in pellet shape. Pellets and glass supported films showed high resistivity, which leads to poor electrochemical response. Only the gold supported fiims showed good response. These films were electrochemicaly characterized with an inert electrolyte, an electrochemical probe (Fe(CN6-4 / Fe(CN6-3 redox pair) and an corrosive electrolyte. Scaning electronic microscopy was performed too. According to the results, the films are not homogeneous and the metallic substrate was exposed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were either performed with fiuorine-doped films. A proposed equivalent circuit was capable to fit the results. Charge transfer resistance and double layer capacity ofthe films could be calculated.

Neste trabalho, estudou-se o efeito da adição de acetonitrila na reatividade química em soluções micelares do detergente aniônico dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e do detergente catiônico brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (CTAB) e em agregados supramoleculares do sal biliar, colato de sódio (NaCh). Os sistemas utilizados para estudar a reatividade química na presença de acetonitrila foram: (a) fotorreatividade do estado excitado triplete de n-butil-3-nitrofenil éter (em SDS); (b) reação de hidrólise ácida do 2-(p-octoxifenil)-1,3-dioxolano no estado fundamental (em SDS); (c) constante de incorporação do co-íon N-dodecil-4-cianopiridínio (em CTAB); (d) a protonação/desprotonação do ácido fraco 4-metil-7-hidroxiflavílio, tanto no estado excitado como no estado fundamental (em SDS); e (e) a supressão dos estados excitados de 1-etilnaftaleno e 1-(1-naftil)-etanol (em NaCh). As modificações na estruturação do agregado micelar e nas propriedades do meio aquoso, provocadas pela presença de acetonitrila, fazem com que as moléculas orgânicas e os íons saiam mais rapidamente do agregado para a fase aquosa. As mudanças que ocorrem com a micela e com a partição de solutos diminuem o efeito catalítico da micela sobre a reatividade química. Os agregados de sal biliar possuem dois sítios distintos de ligação de solutos e a concentração mínima de sal biliar necessária para formar esses dois sítios depende da concentração de acetonitrila. Em concentrações de acetonitrila acima de 10 %, ocorre somente a formação de agregados com sítio primário, enquanto que acima de 30 % os agregados se desfazem por completo. Em baixas concentrações de acetonitrila (até aproximadamente 10 %), a dinâmica de dissociação de solutos do sítio secundário do agregado de sal biliar não modifica muito, enquanto que a velocidade de saída de solutos do sítio primário aumenta com a presença da acetonitrila. Desse modo, a acetonitrila pode ser empregada para acelerar a saída de uma espécie, tal como um intermediário reativo, do agregado primário, facilitando a aplicação de agregados de sal biliar como micro-reatores com dois sítios distintos de reação. / This work reports a study of the effect of the addition of acetonitrile on chemical reactivity in micellar solutions of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the cationic detergent hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and in supramolecular aggregates of the bile salt sodium cholate (NaCh). The systems employed in the study of chemical reactivity in the presence of acetonitrile were: (a) photoreactivity of the excited triplet state of N-butyl-3-nitrophenyl ether in SDS; (b) the acid catalyzed of 2-(p-octoxy-nitrophenyl)-1,3-dioxolane in the ground state in SDS; (c) incorporation of the coion N-dodecyl-4-cyanopyridine in CTAB; (d) protonation/deprotonation of the weak acid of the 4-methyl-7-hydroxyflavilium ion in the ground and excited state in SDS; and (e) quenching of the excited state of 1-ethylnaphthalene and 1-(1-naphthyl)-ethanol in NaCh. The modifications of the structure of the micellar aggregate and of the properties of the bulk aqueous phase induced by acetonitrile result in a faster rate of exit of organic molecules and ions from the aggregate into the aqueous phase. The changes that occur in the micelle and in the partitioning of solutes tend to diminish the catalytic effect of micelles on chemical reactivity. Bile salt aggregates possess two distinct sites for solubilization of solutes and the minimum concentration of bile salt necessary for the formation of these two sites depends on the concentration of acetonitrile. At acetonitrile concentrations above 10 %, only aggregates with the primary solubilization site are formed and, above 30 %, the aggregates are completely disrupted. At low acetonitrile concentrations (below 10 %), the dynamics of dissociation of solutes from the secondary site of bile salt aggregates changes very little, while the rate of exit of solutes from the primary site increases in the presence of acetonitrile. Thus, acetonitrile can be employed to accelerate the rate of exit of species such as reactive intermediates, facilitating the application of bile salt aggregates as two-reaction-site microreactors.

Orientador: Sandra Cristina dos Santos Rocha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T21:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braga_MatheusBoeira_M.pdf: 1934542 bytes, checksum: 516a23bf4dbe8407e817242208f20e1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O recobrimento de partículas é uma operação presente em vários setores industriais e tem como objetivo modificar as propriedades de superfície influenciando diretamente na qualidade, estabilidade e proteção do produto final. O principal enfoque deste trabalho foi aprimorar o estudo de recobrimento em termos de tensão superficial do sólido e características de molhabilidade e adesão antes e após a formação da primeira camada de recobrimento sobre a partícula. Ensaios de recobrimento em leito de jorro foram conduzidos, empregando-se: cinco suspensões poliméricas aquosas que se diferenciaram quanto às propriedades físicas (concentração de sólidos, tensão superficial e reologia) e, como inertes, partículas arredondadas de vidro e ABS® (copolímero acrilonitrila butadieno estireno) com diferentes energias superficiais, gerando sistemas com distintas características de molhabilidade e adesão. Para caracterização do sistema filme-suspensão, duas metodologias (A e B) foram testadas recobrindo lâminas de vidro e de ABS® com uma fina camada de suspensão polimérica, e para os conjuntos sólido/película que produziram uma superfície lisa e homogênea, estes foram avaliados quanto ao ângulo de contato, assim como para o sistema sólido-suspensão. A eficiência do processo e a cinética de crescimento das partículas, para ambos os sólidos e as cinco formulações, foram determinadas em cada ensaio de recobrimento e, buscou-se relacionar os resultados às características de superfície. A alta energia superficial do vidro exerceu grande influência sobre os sistemas sólido-suspensão e filme-suspensão, resultando em baixos valores de ângulo de contato. Devido à menor energia superficial do ABS®, a receptividade do sólido pelas suspensões foi menor, resultando em maiores valores de ângulo de contato e menores valores de trabalho de adesão. As forças de adesão diminuíram com o aumento da espessura do filme, porém, todos os valores de ângulo de contato se mantiveram abaixo de 70º, indicando boa molhabilidade e condições para o recobrimento. Os valores de eficiência se mantiveram acima de 60 %, e todos os valores de desvio médio para as duplicatas, abaixo de 10 %, indicando boa eficiência e reprodutibilidade do processo. A cinética de crescimento das partículas não apresentou diferença de comportamento após a formação da primeira camada de recobrimento, como poderia ser previsto pela alteração na molhabilidade após a formação do filme sobre a partícula / Abstract: Particle coating is an operation used in several industrial sectors and aims to modify the particle surface properties directly influencing the quality, stability and protection of the final product. The main focus of this work was to improve particle coating analyses in terms of the solid surface tension, wettability and adhesion characteristics before and after the formation of the first layer of coating on the particle. Testing of coating in spouted bed were conducted using five aqueous polymeric suspensions that differed in terms of physical properties (solids concentration, surface tension and rheology), and as nucleus, rounded particles of glass and ABS® with different energies surface, generating systems with different characteristics of wettability and adhesion. To characterize the film-suspension system, two methods (A and B) were tested covering blades of glass and ABS® with a thin layer of the polymer suspension. Contact angles were evaluated for the solid-suspension systems and for the solid/film sets where a smooth and homogeneous surface was produced. The process efficiency and growth kinetics of particles, for both solids and five formulations were determined in each coating test, and the results were related to surface characteristics. The high surface energy of the glass had a great influence on the solid-suspension and film-suspension systems, resulting in low values of contact angle. Due to the lower surface energy of ABS®, the receptivity of the suspension by the solid was lower, resulting in higher values of contact angle and lower values of work of adhesion. The adhesive forces decreased with increasing film thickness; however, all values of contact angle remained below 70 °, indicating good wettability and conditions for efficient coating. Coating efficiencies remained above 60%, and all values of mean deviation for duplicates, below 10%, indicating good efficiencies and reproducibility of the process. The growth kinetics of the particles showed no difference in behavior after the formation of the first covering layer, as could be predicted by the change in wettability after the film formation on the particle / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Les découvertes de traces de vie primitive, fossiles et biosignatures, suggèrent que celle-ci serait apparue il y 4,3 à 3,7 milliards d’années. Cette émergence est le résultat d’étapes menant des plus simples molécules organiques aux premières formes de vie unicellulaire.Ce travail de thèse examine l’hypothèse de l’apparition de la vie dans un environnement hydrothermal, dans lequel la pression, les gradients de température et de pH, la diversité des surfaces minérales et l’abondance d’énergie chimique auraient permis l’accumulation et la complexification de la matière organique. Il s’intéresse particulièrement aux étapes de concentration des nucléotides et de polymérisation des acides aminés, respectivement briques élémentaires du matériel génétique et des protéines, inhérentes au vivant.Cette thèse présente d’abord une étude des interactions de surfaces entre nucléotides en solution et minéraux en feuillets en conditions contrôlées de température, de pH et de salinité. Dans une deuxième partie, elle récapitule les résultats obtenus par l’observation in situ de l’effet des conditions hydrothermales et des surfaces minérales sur la polymérisation des acides aminés non activés.Ce travail suggère que les minéraux en feuillets, et plus particulièrement les argiles gonflantes, augmentent la concentration locale en nucléotide de trois ordres de grandeurs au moins en présentant un comportement très dépendant des conditions physicochimiques du milieu. De plus, il reconfirme l’importance de la température dans la polymérisation des acides aminés en solution, mais montre également que la pression et la présence de surfaces minérales ont une influence majeure sur la réactivité de ces molécules. Les environnements hydrothermaux semblent donc favorables à la concentration, la préservation et la complexification de la matière organique, étapes essentielles à l’émergence des propriétés du vivant. / The discovery of traces of primitive life, such as fossils and biosignatures, suggests that life may have appeared some 4.3 to 3.7 billion years ago. This emergence resulted from a chemical evolution with steps leading from simple organic molecules to the first single-celled organisms.This thesis tests the hypothesis of a hydrothermal origin of life. In such geochemical settings, pressure, temperature and pH gradients, mineral surfaces diversity and abundant chemical energy would have favored the accumulation and complexification of organic matter. This work focuses on the concentration of nucleotides and the polymerization of amino acids, which are the building blocks of genetic material and proteins, respectively.The first part of this thesis presents a large study of the interactions between nucleotides in aqueous solutions and phyllosilicates under controlled conditions of temperature, pH and salinity. The second part describes an in situ study of the effects of hydrothermal conditions and mineral surfaces in the polymerization of non-activated amino acids.This work suggests that sheet minerals, and especially swelling clays, increase the local concentration of nucleotides by three orders of magnitude and exhibit an adsorption behavior that is very dependent on the physical and chemical conditions of the environment. Moreover, this work confirms that the polymerization of amino acids in aqueous solutions is sensitive to temperature and it also underlines that pressure and mineral surfaces have a major role on the reactivity of these molecules. Hydrothermal environments thus favor the concentration, preservation and complexification of organic matter. These are crucial steps for the emergence of the properties of life in the chemical evolution.