This thesis comprises tribological studies of extremely well-defined surfaces of different designs. Both low-friction and high-friction surfaces were manufactured and experimentally evaluated. In the low-friction studies, lithography and anisotropic etching of silicon was first used as a texturing technique. The textured surfaces were subsequently PVD coated with TiN or DLC to achieve tribologically relevant interfaces. The results showed that under starved lubricated conditions, fine surface textures lowered the coefficient of friction and the wear rate. It was shown that also the orientation of the texture is of major importance for the lubricating function. Further, a novel embossing technique was developed, permitting texturing of steel and other materials. A micro mechanically designed diamond tool was used to emboss steel surfaces. The roller/piston contact from a hydraulic motor was simulated and introduction of an embossed texture on the piston decreased the level and the fluctuation of the friction. The effect of the texture was here similar to the effect of an additional polish step. However, in general it is not an easy task to substantially improve a boundary lubricated contact by introducing a texture. Studies of high friction surfaces were performed on micro mechanically designed diamond surfaces equipped with sharp pyramids or ridges. Just as theory predicts, the coefficient of friction was dependent on the shape of the ploughing bodies, but not on the counter material or the load. The tested surfaces resulted in static coefficients of friction between 1.1 and 1.6, depending on surface design and orientation. These are extremely high values, and therefore very interesting for practical applications requiring a high static friction. Conclusively, the present thesis shows that it is possible to design and produce surfaces both for improved lubrication in sliding contact and for substantially improved high friction performance in static contacts.

This thesis deals with the use of electric fields for evaluation and control of chemical systems. An electric field can result in the flow of charge across an interface between a metal and a solution, by means of chemical reactions. This interplay between electricity and chemistry, i.e. electrochemistry, is a field of crucial importance both within research and industry. Applications based on electrochemical principles encompass such diverse areas as batteries and fuel cells, pH electrodes, and the glucose monitor used by people suffering from diabetes.A major part of the present work concerns the use of static electric fields in solutions containing a non-contacted metal surface. In such a setup it is possible to control the extent of electrochemical reactions at different positions on the metal. This allows the formation and evaluation of various types of gradients on electrodes, via indirectly induced electrochemical reactions. This approach is a new and simple way of forming for instance molecular gradients on conducting surfaces. These are very advantageous in biomimetic research, because a gradient contains a huge amount of discrete combinations of for example two molecules. The basis for the technique is the use of bipolar electrochemistry. Briefly, a surface can become a bipolar electrode (an electrode that acts as both anode and cathode) when the electric field in the solution exceeds a certain threshold value, thereby inducing redox reactions at both ends. In our experiments, the driving force for these reactions will vary along the electrode surface. Since the result of an electrochemical reaction can be the deposition or removal of material from an electrode, bipolar electrochemistry can be used to create gradients of that material on a surface. In order to gain a deeper understanding of these processes, the potential and current density distributions at bipolar electrodes were investigated with different methods. Especially the use of imaging techniques was important for the visualization and analysis of the gradients. Using this knowledge, the formation of more complex gradients was facilitated, and the results were further compared to simulations based on simple conductivity models. These simulations also provided us with means to predict the behavior of new and interesting setup geometries for pattering applications.The other major part is more application driven and deals with the use of alternating electric fields for chemical analysis, a technique known as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In this work, EIS has been applied for the analysis of engine oils and industrial cutting fluids. Emphasis was placed on practical aspects of the measurement procedure, and on the evaluation of the results using statistical methods. It was for example shown that it was possible to simultaneously determine the amount of different contaminants in low conducting solutions. Generally, EIS is used to measure the impedance of a solution or a solid, often as a function of the frequency of the alternating electric field. The impedance of a system is closely correlated to its complex dielectric constant, and EIS can therefor be used to examine many chemical and physical processes. It is further well suited for characterizing low conducting media with little or no redox-active species. The evaluation of impedance data is often a quite complex task, which is why we have made use of statistical methods that drastically reduce the effort and quickly reveal significant intrinsic parameters.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-10T17:35:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ARTHUR THIAGO THAMAY MEDEIROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGDsign 2018..pdf: 119262402 bytes, checksum: 2bbca76fb01ef0bbd2554ccff0da302d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-10T17:35:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ARTHUR THIAGO THAMAY MEDEIROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGDsign 2018..pdf: 119262402 bytes, checksum: 2bbca76fb01ef0bbd2554ccff0da302d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / A presente pesquisa apresenta uma análise visual dp ladrilho hidráulico de Campina Grande, abrangendo os exemplares da Fábrica Metro Materiais, a antiga "Fábrica de Mosaicos Resistência", inaugurada em 1947. Popularmente conhecido como mosaicos, essa tipologia de revestimento foi um elemento construtivo importante na constituição histórica da arquitetura de Campina. A cidade foi palco de grande desenvolvimento em diversos setores industriais e, por isso, torna-se importante a investigação da trajetória das fábricas de ladrilhos hidráulicos que funcionaram no município. A pesquisa investiga os padrões e demais aspectos iconográficos dos ladrilhos produzidos pela Fábrica Metro, com o objetivo de analisar, registrar e compreender os desenhos de maneira técnico-construtiva. Justifica-se a pesquisa, conforme o seu valor científico e académico, devido à escassez de literatura sobre o tema de análises visuais a respeito desses artefatos, resultando na preservação dos modelos, através do registro do patrimônio industrial campinense abordado na pesquisa. Assim, a contribuição dos resultados, bem como os conceitos apresentados sobre as técnicas de composição dos ladrilhos hidráulicos, abre caminhos para conhecimentos que podem ser aplicados em demais projetos distintos na área do design de superfície. / The present research presents a visual analysis of the hydraulic tile of Campina Grande, covering the examples of the Metro Materiais Factory, the former "Fábrica de Mosaicos Resistência", inaugurated in 1947. Popularly known as mosaics, this type of tile coating was an important constructive element in the historical constitution of the Campina architecture. The city was a stage of great development in several industrial sectors and, therefore, it becomes important to investigate the trajectory of the hydraulic tile factories that worked in the municipality. The research investigates the patterns and other iconographic aspects of the tiles produced by Metro Materiais, with the purpose of analyzing, registering and understanding the drawings in a technical-constructive manner. The research, according to its scientific and academic value, is justified due to the scarcity of literature on the subject of visual analysis regarding these artrfacts, resulting in the preservation of the models, through the record of the Campina Grande's industrial patrimony studied in the research. Thus, the contribution of the results, as well as the concepts presented on the techniques of composition of the hydraulic tiles, opens paths for knowledge that can be applied in other projects in the area of surface design

Este trabalho tem por objetivo o design e a fabricação de superfícies tácteis a partir de padrões modulares encaixáveis. Estas superfícies foram construídas em diferentes materiais naturais (minerais e madeiras) e em distintos processos de fabricação inovadores (usinagem por jato de água, usinagem por controle numérico computadorizado ou CNC e corte a laser). A intenção foi desenvolver uma metodologia de design & tecnologia para aplicá-la em painéis de revestimento que possam ser produzidos em baixa escala de forma semi-industrial. A grande variedade de materiais naturais encontrados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul; a carência de design associado a estes materiais quando do produto final e o volume de rejeitos oriundos deste beneficiamento, foram os principais motivadores para a utilização destas matérias primas. O estudo de diferentes técnicas de design de superfície auxilia na transformação destes materiais, para que os mesmos passem a ter o formato de módulo. Dentro deste contexto, foram estudadas as técnicas desenvolvidas pelo artista Maurits Cornelis Escher. Ele dedicou boa parte de sua vida profissional à composição de desenhos que, justamente, partem da utilização da simetria, modularidade, continuidade e encaixe. Neste sentido, após a compreensão das técnicas utilizadas por Escher, alguns de seus desenhos foram aplicados nos materiais selecionados através dos processos de fabricação adequados, possibilitando a construção das diferentes superfícies tácteis. Os resultados obtidos identificam que a utilização de processos de fabricação inovadores para interferência nos materiais naturais são ferramentas importantes para a promoção de uma nova geração de produtos locais. Conclui-se que estas interferências viabilizam a fabricação de produtos com maior valor estético, social e econômico. / This work aims at the design and the manufacturing of tactile surfaces from modular plug patterns. These surfaces were built in different natural materials (mineral and wood) and in distinct innovative manufacturing processes (waterjet machining, computerized numerical control machining or CNC and laser cutting). The objective was to develop a design & technology methodology for applying it in coating panels that can be produced on a semiindustrial small scale. The huge variety of natural materials found in Rio Grande do Sul State, the lack of design associated to these materials as to the final product and the volume of waste from this processing were the main motivators for the use of these raw materials. The study of these different techniques of surface design helps the transformation of these materials in order that they start to have the modular format. Within this context, the techniques developed by the artist Maurits Cornelis Escher were studied. He devoted much of his professional life to the composition of drawings beginning exactly with the use of symmetry, modularity continuity and joint. In this sense, after understanding the techniques used by Escher, some of his drawings were applied in the materials selected through suitable manufacturing processes, enabling the construction of different tactile surfaces. The results obtained identify that the utilization of innovative manufacturing processes to interfere in the natural materials are important tools for the promotion of a new generation of local products. It is conclude that these interferences enable the manufacture of products with greater aesthetic, social and economic value.

Thesis (MTech (Surface Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007 / This thesis focuses on an educational Surface Design Intervention (SDI) for inmates. It covers the present day situation, from 2006 to 2007, in a Western Cape correctional facility, regarding the needs of a selected group of inmates. This group of 20 inmates consists of 10 HIV/Aids positive and 10 HIV/Aids negative participants. The thesis argues that there is potential to plan, design and implement an educational SDI, in a group-work situation, with these participants in order to establish the SDI as a skills-development programme and a therapeutic-intervention and income-generating resource. In addition, this research study aims to understand and interpret how the various inmate participants, in a social setting, construct the world around them and what effect and impact the SDI has on them. This intervention is facilitated by two qualified art therapists and involves the use of different art materials through which the prison inmates express and explore their thoughts, feelings and concerns in a safe, contained and supportive space. The health and wellness literature provided the conceptual scaffolding against which to frame the SDI. The literature indicated that a holistic approach to rehabilitation and instruction is vital to help inmates function optimally in daily life. Ultimately, the SDI process indicates the value of identity formation, emotional expression and ethical development. The thesis concludes that oppositional discourses present in the lives of these prisoners can, and indeed should be reconciled in order for them to achieve a positive affirmation of their status. These polarities, once bridged, offer a moderating influence on these prisoners' lives, which contribute to their wellbeing and success both inside and potentially outside of prison.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo o design e a fabricação de superfícies tácteis a partir de padrões modulares encaixáveis. Estas superfícies foram construídas em diferentes materiais naturais (minerais e madeiras) e em distintos processos de fabricação inovadores (usinagem por jato de água, usinagem por controle numérico computadorizado ou CNC e corte a laser). A intenção foi desenvolver uma metodologia de design & tecnologia para aplicá-la em painéis de revestimento que possam ser produzidos em baixa escala de forma semi-industrial. A grande variedade de materiais naturais encontrados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul; a carência de design associado a estes materiais quando do produto final e o volume de rejeitos oriundos deste beneficiamento, foram os principais motivadores para a utilização destas matérias primas. O estudo de diferentes técnicas de design de superfície auxilia na transformação destes materiais, para que os mesmos passem a ter o formato de módulo. Dentro deste contexto, foram estudadas as técnicas desenvolvidas pelo artista Maurits Cornelis Escher. Ele dedicou boa parte de sua vida profissional à composição de desenhos que, justamente, partem da utilização da simetria, modularidade, continuidade e encaixe. Neste sentido, após a compreensão das técnicas utilizadas por Escher, alguns de seus desenhos foram aplicados nos materiais selecionados através dos processos de fabricação adequados, possibilitando a construção das diferentes superfícies tácteis. Os resultados obtidos identificam que a utilização de processos de fabricação inovadores para interferência nos materiais naturais são ferramentas importantes para a promoção de uma nova geração de produtos locais. Conclui-se que estas interferências viabilizam a fabricação de produtos com maior valor estético, social e econômico. / This work aims at the design and the manufacturing of tactile surfaces from modular plug patterns. These surfaces were built in different natural materials (mineral and wood) and in distinct innovative manufacturing processes (waterjet machining, computerized numerical control machining or CNC and laser cutting). The objective was to develop a design & technology methodology for applying it in coating panels that can be produced on a semiindustrial small scale. The huge variety of natural materials found in Rio Grande do Sul State, the lack of design associated to these materials as to the final product and the volume of waste from this processing were the main motivators for the use of these raw materials. The study of these different techniques of surface design helps the transformation of these materials in order that they start to have the modular format. Within this context, the techniques developed by the artist Maurits Cornelis Escher were studied. He devoted much of his professional life to the composition of drawings beginning exactly with the use of symmetry, modularity continuity and joint. In this sense, after understanding the techniques used by Escher, some of his drawings were applied in the materials selected through suitable manufacturing processes, enabling the construction of different tactile surfaces. The results obtained identify that the utilization of innovative manufacturing processes to interfere in the natural materials are important tools for the promotion of a new generation of local products. It is conclude that these interferences enable the manufacture of products with greater aesthetic, social and economic value.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-09-06T21:52:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Pablo Lu?s dos Santos Portela - PPGDCI.pdf: 2083854 bytes, checksum: 8c858517946ff2bca9099ced306d99db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T21:52:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Pablo Lu?s dos Santos Portela - PPGDCI.pdf: 2083854 bytes, checksum: 8c858517946ff2bca9099ced306d99db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-08 / The purpose of this study is to introduce the palm, Bahia cultural symbolic element, in a different context from the culinary, and bring it to the area of the textile surface design, by authorial creation of standards in a contemporary language. To this end, it sought theoretical and conceptual support in authors who discuss surface design, textile design, printing, fashion, Bahian culture. He tried to understand the involvement of the pattern into two categories of analysis, which were: language and differentiation; cultural and symbolic device. The character of this research highlighted by the interdisciplinary approach, experimental and qualitative, which provided support throughout the trodden path. The study, to build the methodology of deconstruction and reinterpretation, was to follow, explore, play, interpret the palm from the decomposition of its morphological structure for seven months. This procedure was based on the method of decontextualization and recontextualization of contemporary surface design. To place the palm with the culture, fashion and Bahian art, selected authors and by conducting interviews with artists and designers Bahia. Research has developed a long creative process from the palm that has gone through different stages, experiments and records, such as intervention with the collective participation of students enrolled of discipline Artistic Design of UEFS; palm fixation test on paper and fabric; palm dyeing fabric; construction cloths; detailing the period of decomposition of the formal structure of the palm; creation of manuals oil palm observation drawings. Then came the composition of the standards that resulted in the series of prints named "The palm vein", with their respective analyzes of the printed fabrics and discussions of the results. / A proposta deste estudo ? apresentar o dend? enquanto elemento simb?lico cultural baiano, em outro contexto diferente do culin?rio, e traz?-lo para a ?rea do design de superf?cie t?xtil, atrav?s da cria??o autoral de padr?es, numa linguagem contempor?nea. Para tanto, buscou-se apoio te?rico-conceitual em autores que discutem o design de superf?cie, o design t?xtil, a estamparia, a moda e a cultura baiana. Procurou-se compreender o envolvimento da estampa em duas categorias de an?lise, que foram: linguagem e diferencia??o; dispositivo cultural e simb?lico. O car?ter desta pesquisa destacou-se pela abordagem interdisciplinar, experimental e qualitativa, que proporcionou sustenta??o em todo o percurso trilhado. O estudo, para construir a metodologia da desconstru??o e ressignifica??o, consistiu em acompanhar, explorar, interpretar o dend?, desde a decomposi??o da sua estrutura morfol?gica no per?odo de sete meses. Esse procedimento foi fundamentado no m?todo da descontextualiza??o e recontextualiza??o do design de superf?cie contempor?neo. Para situar o dend? na cultura, na moda e na arte baiana, contou-se com autores selecionados e atrav?s da realiza??o de entrevistas com artistas e designers baianos. A pesquisa desenvolveu um longo processo criativo a partir do dend? que passou por diferentes est?gios, experimentos e registros, como: atividade de interven??o com a participa??o coletiva entre alunos matriculados da disciplina Desenho Art?stico da UEFS; testes de fixa??o do dend? em papel e tecido; tingimento do dend? em tecido; constru??o de pan?s; detalhamento do per?odo de decomposi??o da estrutura formal do dend?; cria??o de desenhos manuais de observa??o do dend?. Em seguida, ocorreu a composi??o dos padr?es que resultou na s?rie de estampas nomeada ?Na veia do dend??, com as respectivas an?lises sobre os tecidos impressos e as discuss?es dos resultados obtidos.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop an optimised Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) matrix based on the modified Andreasen and Andersen optimum particle packing model by using available South African materials. The focus of this study was to determine the optimum combined fibre and superplasticiser content for UHPC by using a response surface design. The UHPC was appropriately designed, produced and tested. Various changes in mechanical properties resulting from different combinations of steel fibre and superplasticiser contents was investigated. The flowability, density and mechanical properties of the designed UHPC were measured and analysed. Both the fibre and superplasticiser content play a significant role in the flowability of the fresh concrete. The addition of fibres significantly improved the strength of the concrete. The results show that the superplasticiser content can be increased if a more workable mix is required without decreasing the strength significantly. The statistical analysis of the response surface methodology confirms that the designed models can be used to navigate the design space defined by the Central Composite Design. The optimum combined fibre and superplasticiser content depend on the required mechanical properties and cost. Using the modified Andreasen and Andersen particle packing model and surface response design methodology, it is possible to efficiently produce a dense Ultra-High-Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) with a relatively low binder amount, low fibre content and good workability. The effect of heat curing on the mechanical properties was investigated. It was concluded that heat curing is not recommended when considering the long-term strength development. The estimated strength development of concrete obtained by using the fib Model Code 2010 (2013) does not incorporate the detrimental effect of high curing temperatures on long-term strength and therefore overestimate the long-term strengths. The strength estimates for both early and long-term ages can be improved by considering this effect in the strength development functions obtained from fib Model Code 2010 (2013). The effect of specimen size on the compressive and flexural tensile strength of UHPFRC members were established. It was found that the specimen size has a significant effect on the measured cube compressive strength. Smaller beam specimens showed higher ductility compared to those of the larger beam specimens. The crack width decreased as the beam’s depth decreased. A lower variability was experienced in the beams with limited depth (< 45 mm). Further testing is required to determine whether a span-to-depth ratio of 10 would yield optimum results. The utilisation of by-products, such as undensified silica fume and fly ash, as cement replacement materials makes UHPFRC sustainable, leading to a reduced life-cycle cost. The calculated Embodied Energy per unit strength (EE/unit strength) and Embodied Carbon per unit strength (EC/unit strength) values for the UHPFRC mixture yield lower values compared to that of the 30 MPa concrete mixture, indicating that UHPFRC can be used to reduce the environmental footprint of the concrete industry. The inverse analysis method used was successful in providing an improved simplified stress-strain response for the UHPFRC. The analysis provided valuable information into the stress-strain, load-deflection and moment-curvature responses of the UHPFRC. Standard material test results were used to theoretically calculate moment-curvature responses and were then compared to the experimental results obtained. The study demonstrated that it is possible to efficiently produce a dense and workable UHPFRC with relatively low binder amount and low fibre content. This can result in more cost-effective UHPFRC, thus improving the practical application thereof. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Civil Engineering / MEng (Structural engineering) / Unrestricted

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