The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of wide peening and cleaning (WPC) also known as fine particle peening on the surface properties and cutting performance of cemented carbide inserts. In WPC, the surface of the material is bombarded with millions of high-velocity fine shot generating a uniform layer of plastic deformation near the surface. The plastically deformed layer will have higher compressive residual stress levels, higher surface hardness, experience changes in surface morphology and changes in microstructure. Selecting suitable peening parameters is crucial for achieving proper results. In this study, tools are treated under different pressures varying between 0.2 to 0.4 MPa, and for different peening durations of 2.5 to 10 s. The cutting performance of uncoated tools treated with WPC was examined while turning ductile cast iron and AISI 4140. To have a better understanding, the surface morphology, microstructure, surface roughness, cutting edge radius, residual stresses, and surface hardness were measured and discussed. The results are also compared with untreated tools. The compressive residual stresses were significantly higher after WPC. In addition, uncoated tools treated with WPC resulted in a 12-30% higher tool life over untreated tools. Based on the findings outlined in this thesis, WPC can be recommended as a surface treatment on uncoated cemented carbide inserts for increasing tool life. Also, this study shows significant potential for using WPC as a pre-coating treatment for improving coating adhesion on cemented carbide cutting inserts. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

<p>The papermaking industry uses a large amount of starch each year, both as a wet-end additive and as a rheological modifier in surface sizing and coating colors. It is important to be able to reduce the amount of chemicals used in the papermaking and surface treatment process, to reduce costs and to make the process even more efficient. Interest in new high-performance starches is great. By using these new types of starches, improved recycling of barrier products may be obtained as well as a reduction in the use of synthetic sizing agents. The objectives of this work were to understand the behavior of temperature-responsive hydrophobically modified starches, where the solubility in water simply can be adjusted by temperature or by polymer charge, to improve the barrier properties, like the water vapor permeability, mechanical properties and water resistance (Cobb and contact angle) of papers surface sized by starch-containing solutions, and to investigate the potential for industrial use of these temperature-responsive starches. It was demonstrated that the temperature-responsive starches phase separate upon cooling and, depending on the charge density of the starch, a particulate precipitation or a gel-like structure was obtained. The starch with zero net charge showed a larger increase in turbidity than the starch with a cationic net charge, indicating that particulate precipitation is favored by a zero net charge and that the formation of a gel network is favored by charged starch molecules. Further, the starches formed inclusion complexes with surfactants, giving stabilization to the starches in the presence of surfactants. The net charge density of the starch and the charge of the surfactant determined whether or not an inclusion complex would form between them. Important mechanisms for the stability of the starch seemed to be formation of mixed micellar-like structures between the hydrophobic chain of the starch and the surfactant along the starch backbone in addition to formation of inclusion complexes between the starch and the surfactant. The hydrophobically modified starches showed higher hydrophobic surface character when applied to the paper surface above the critical phase separation temperature than with application at room temperature. Free films of the temperature-responsive starches showed good barrier against oxygen, but no barrier against water vapor. The mechanical properties decreased with addition of glycerol to the films.</p>

The control of cell adhesion to synthetic polymers is a key factor in tissue engineering, resting on the ability to direct specific cell types to adhere and proliferate in order to stimulate tissue reconstruction. But often the surface properties are compromised for the sake of the bulk properties, leading to surfaces that do not support sufficiently the level of bioactivity required and accordingly the polymeric biomaterial will fail clinically. Laser treatment offers a unique means of enhancing the osteoblast cell response of the surface of a polymeric biomaterial, whilst keeping the already sufficient bulk properties intact. To this end, infra-red (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) lasers have been employed to modify the wettability characteristics of nylon 6,6, as wetting is often the primary factor dictating the adhesion and bonding potential of materials, as a route to enhancing the surface in terms of osteoblast cell response. What is more, modifying wettability characteristics in this way is a highly attractive means of estimating the biofunctionality of a polymer. IR (CO2) and UV (F2 and KrF excimer) lasers were employed to carry out two different processes: laser whole area irradiative processing and laser-induced patterning. With both CO2 and the excimer lasers changes in the wettability characteristics could be effected with subsequent enhancement of osteoblast cell response. This was also the case with both laser-induced patterning and laser whole area irradiative processing. Essentially, an approach has been established whereby the osteoblast cell response on the surfaces of laser treated nylon 6,6 can be predicted through the laser-induced wettability characteristics modification, particularly for the laser whole area irradiative processed nylon 6,6. This ultimately allows one to determine the osteoblast cell response of the laser surface treated nylon 6,6 surfaces directly from the laser operating parameters. In concurrence with established wetting theory the laser whole area irradiative processing of the nylon 6,6 surfaces caused increased surface roughness, increased surface oxygen content, increased polar component, γP , and increased total surface energy, γT ; thereby generating surfaces displaying reduced contact angle, θ, making the nylon 6,6 surfaces more hydrophilic. The laser-induced patterned samples differed from current theory insofar as the nylon 6,6 surfaces became less hydrophilic due to an increase in θ despite an increase in surface roughness, an increase in surface oxygen content, an increase in γP and an increase in γT . This phenomena can be explained by the transition in wetting regimes from a Wenzel regime to a mixed-state wetting regime. Nevertheless, collation of the wettability characteristics results revealed that θ was a strong correlative decreasing function of both γP and γT , indicating that surface energy played a large role in determining the wetting nature of the nylon 6,6. It was found that for all laser whole area irradiative processed nylon 6,6 surfaces the osteoblast cell response was an increasing correlative and therefore predictive function of θ and was a decreasing function of γP . To an extent, the surface oxygen content and surface roughness could be used indirectly to foretell the osteoblast cell response of the nylon 6,6 surfaces. This is on account of the CO2 and KrF excimer laser whole area irradiative processing bringing about increased surface toxicity, which above a certain level hindered the osteoblast cell response. For the laser-induced patterned nylon 6,6 samples there did not appear to be any particular correlative trend between the modified surface parameters and osteoblast cell response. This can be accounted for by the transition in wetting regimes. Another important factor is that cell morphologies were modulated over all samples which suggests that varying surface parameters on account of laser surface treatment gave rise to variations in cell signaling. It was determined that θ, γP and γT all had very strong correlative relationships with the cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity reduced upon an increase in θ until a minimum constant was achieved, whereas the cytotoxicity remained constant at low γP and γT until a point at which the cytotoxicity began to increase. These results are noteworthy as they allow one to deduce that, with constant cytotoxicity levels, the osteoblast cell response appeared to be modulated by the wettability characteristics. But once the cytotoxicity increased, the toxicity began to dominate and so negated the identified positive wettability characteristic correlations with osteoblast cell response. Practically, the surface roughness and surface oxygen content could be implemented indirectly to estimate the cytotoxicity. Increase in cytotoxicity was the result of the laser processing with higher fluences generating excessive melting. As a result of this, it is possible to deduce that there was a maximum threshold fluence, beyond which the toxicity of the nylon 6,6 began to dominate, giving rise to a less enhanced osteoblast cell response. On account of the correlative trends which have been identified between the laser surface treatment, wettability characteristics and osteoblast cell response of nylon 6,6 it is likely for one to have the ability to estimate the osteoblast cell response in vitro. This is significant as it indicates that laser surface modification of polymeric materials could have tremendous potential for application within the field of regenerative medicine.

The use of natural fibres (e.g. flax, hemp etc.) instead of synthetic fibres (carbon and glass etc.) as composite reinforcements not only benefits the environment, but also provides economical lightweight products for transports. Although there are a few studies reported in literature on use of flax fibres, there is no comprehensive guide on use of flax fibres with bio-resins to re-engineer bio- composite systems that can be used in vehicle structures. The state-of-art of the current research towards using natural fibre reinforced composites is reviewed by the thesis. The review covers the performances of flax composites, concentrating on the effect of matrix types and existing development methods. The review also identifies the rational of selecting tannin resins and bio-epoxy resins to combine with flax fibre reinforcements. In the experimental work, mimosa tannin resin (natural phenolic resin) and pine- oil derived supersap epoxy resin are selected to manufacture the fully renewable flax composites. By tailoring the fibre configurations and chemical surface treatments, the resultant composites were investigated to provide information for engineers to understand the composite behaviours and properties. Mechanical properties (tension, flexural, shear, impact etc.) and physical properties (moisture, ageing etc.) were assessed through adequate tests and analysing methods. In addition, bio-sandwich structures based on the novel studied composites and commercial bio-foams were evaluated to study the energy absorption which could be very important in vehicle design. Based on the results, flax/supersap epoxy and flax/tannin composites are suitable for possible exterior structural and interior non-structural applications, respectively. The developed flax fibre composites with innovative bio-matrices have a potential to prevail in modern vehicle applications, due to the competitive performances, economic viability and environmental acceptability.

The thesis evaluates the influence of the addition of polypropylene fibers on the properties of concrete. One of the major elements is to compare different finishes polypropylene fibers without static functions, including low temperature plasma treatment plasma. The main work is to test the knowledge of the properties of fresh concrete with these fibers, as well as testing volume changes and finally testing these concretes on physical and mechanical properties

Para avaliar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos superficiais sobre a resistência ao cisalhamento da união entre uma liga metálica (Co-Cr-Mo - Remanium CD) e uma resina composta (Z-250) e analisar o tipo de fratura durante a separação dos espécimes, sessenta discos metálicos foram fundidos, regularizados e polidos, submetidos a quatro ciclos térmicos (vácuo, 960ºC, 8 minutos) e divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos. Cada grupo recebeu um tipo de tratamento: Grupo ASB: Asperização com ponta diamantada (No 3118); Grupo ASI: Asperização e aplicação do silano (3M); Grupo AAP: Asperização e aplicação do Alloy Primer (Kuraray); Grupo JSB: Jateamento com óxido de alumínio (50µm, 75lib/pol2); Grupo JSI: Jateamento e aplicação do silano; Grupo JAP: Jateamento e aplicação do Alloy Primer. Todos os espécimes receberam aplicação do adesivo Single Bond e da resina Z-250 (3M), foram armazenados em água deionizada a 37ºC por 24 horas e separados em ensaio de cisalhamento. Os resultados e desvio-padrão de cada grupo, expressos em MPa foram: ASB: 12,708±2,962; ASI: 16,343±2,714 e AAP: 16,723±2,666; JSB: 25,958±5,650; JSI: 28,185±3,322; JAP: 28,670±3,246. Os maiores valores foram produzidos pelos grupos jateados (JSB, JSI e JAP); o silano e o Alloy primer aumentaram a retentividade entre a resina Z-250 e a liga de Co-Cr-Mo, independente da textura superficial e sem apresentar diferença entre os mesmos; todos os espécimes apresentaram falha adesiva na interface testada. / To evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on shear bond strength between a metallic alloy (Co-Cr-Mo - Remanium CD) and a composite resin (Z-250) and to evaluate the fracture mode after testing, sixty disks were casted, polished, submitted to four thermal cycles (960ºC/8min) and divided randomly in six groups. Each group received a different type of treatment: Group ASB: roughen with diamond bur (No 3118); Group ASI: roughen and application of a ceramic Primer; Group AAP: roughen and application of a metallic Primer; Group JSB: Sandblasting with 50 µm aluminum oxide (75lib/pol2); Group JSI: Sandblasting and application of a ceramic Primer; Group JAP: Sandblasting and application of a metallic Primer. All the specimens received the application of an adhesive (Single Bond) and a composite resin (Z-250 /3M). The groups were stored in distilled water at 37ºC during 24 hours and submitted to shear bond strength test. The results and the standard deviation of each group (expressed in MPa) were: JSB: 25,958±5,650; JSI: 28,185±3,322; JAP: 28,670±3,246; ASB: 12,708±2,962; ASI: 16,343±2,714 and AAP: 16,723±2,666. The highest values were obtained by the sandblasted groups (JSB, JSI e JAP). In spite of the surface, ceramic primer and alloy primer increased the retention between the composite resin Z-250 and the Co-Cr-Mo alloy without statistical differences on the results; all of the specimens showed adhesive failures.

As alterações de superfície dos implantes de titânio (Ti) influenciam funções celulares e formação de tecido adjacente aos mesmos, mas é controverso se tais alterações trariam vantagens quando esses implantes fossem colocados em tecido ósseo de baixa qualidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta do tecido ósseo de baixa qualidade (tipo IV) a implantes de Ti com diferentes tratamentos de superfície. Para isso, implantes de Ti com superfície nanotexturizada (Ti-Nano), microtexturizada (Ti-Porous) e sem tratamento de superfície (Ti-Usinado) foram implantados em tíbias de coelhos. Após duas e seis semanas, o tecido ósseo formado ao redor dos implantes foi avaliado em cortes histológicos por desgaste e histomorfometricamente foram avaliados: a porcentagem de contato ossoimplante (BIC), porcentagem de área de osso mineralizado formado entre as espiras do implante (BABT), porcentagem da área de osso formada na área espelho (BAMA). Vários outros parâmetros morfométricos foram avaliados a partir de imagens e reconstruções tridimensionais obtidos por microtomografia. Ao final de seis semanas, foi avaliado o torque de remoção. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) com dois fatores de variação (tratamento de superfície e tempo de implantação) seguido do teste de Tukey (p&le;0,05). Apesar de algumas diferenças estatisticamente significantes para alguns dos parâmetros morfométricos, tais diferenças não são biologicamente importantes para que pudessem ser atribuídas aos tratamentos de superfície. Tanto que, histologicamente não se observou diferença nos padrões de formação óssea ou tipo de osso formado que pudesse ser associado aos tratamentos de superfície e o torque de remoção também não foi afetado pelos tratamentos. Em conclusão, esses resultados mostraram que os tratamentos de superfície, embora sejam na escala micrométrica ou nanométrica, não induzem repostas do tecido ósseo tipo IV diferentes daquelas induzidas por superfícies sem tratamento. / Some alterations in titanium (Ti) implant surfaces influence cell functions and tissue formation in areas adjacent to the implants, but it is controversial whether these changes would bring advantages when these implants were placed in bone of poor quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of poor quality bone tissue (type IV) to Ti implants with different surface treatments. For this, Ti implants with nanotextured surface (Ti-Nano), microtextured (Ti-Porous) and without surface treatment (Ti-Machined) were implanted into tibias of rabbits. After two and six weeks, the bone tissue around the implants was assessed in undecalcified histological sections and histomorphometrical analysis to evaluate: the percentage of bone-implant contact (BIC), percentage of the area of mineralized bone formed between threads (BABT), the percentage area of bone formed in the mirror area (BAMA). Several other morphometric parameters were evaluated from images and three-dimensional reconstructions obtained by microtomography. At the end of six weeks the removal torque was evaluated. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with two factors of variation (surface treatment and time) followed by Tukey test (p&le;0.05). Despite some statistically significant differences for some of the morphometric parameters, such differences are not biologically important and they could not be attributed to the surface treatments. In keeping with this, histological analysis failed to show any difference in bone formation that could be associated to the surface treatments and removal torque was not affected by treatments either. In conclusion, these results showed that the surface treatments, irrespective of being on the micrometer or nanometer scale, do not induce responses of type IV bone tissue different from those induced by untreated surfaces.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar o aco inoxidavel ferritico UNS S44400 quanto a sua resistencia a corrosao em comparacao a dois acos inoxidaveis austeniticos UNS S30403 e S31603, utilizando ensaios de perda de massa e eletroquimicos, tanto em meio acido quanto em meio contendo cloreto. A utilizacao dos inoxidaveis ferriticos vem crescendo em detrimento da utilizacao dos austeniticos tanto no Brasil, quanto no mundo, principalmente devido ao cenario instavel do preco do Ni. Sendo assim, cada vez mais se torna necessaria a obtencao de argumentos tecnicos e cientificos que permitam comparar diferencas entre as duas familias, mostrando suas vantagens e desvantagens. Os metodos utilizados para a avaliacao da resistencia a corrosao generalizada foram perda de massa (apos imersao) e polarizacao potenciodinamica em 0,5M H2SO4. A resistencia a corrosao por pite foi estudada atraves de polarizacao potenciodinamica ciclica em 3,5%NaCl. No caso especifico dos meios contendo cloreto, alem de se estudar os materiais com acabamento de lixa #600, obtido em laboratorio, optou-se por um estudo mais detalhado em funcao do acabamento superficial obtido em usina. Os acabamentos examinados foram: (i) material recozido, decapado em Usina e lixado em laboratório (até lixa #600) - (LL); (ii) material recozido e decapado em Usina - (RD); e (iii) material recozido, decapado em Usina, tratado termicamente em laboratório e lixado (até lixa #600) - (SL). Em meio acido, os acos austeniticos nao apresentaram corrosao, enquanto o ferritico apresentou uma taxa de corrosao constante de 0,0146 mg.cm-2.min-1 (8,4x10-4 A.cm-2) para imersoes ate 24h. Pela aplicacao do metodo de extrapolacao do trecho linear de Tafel foi obtido valor similar de densidade de corrente, de 4,57x10-4 A.cm-2, ou seja possuem a mesma ordem de grandeza. Diferentemente dos resultados obtidos em meio acido, nos ensaios de resistencia a corrosao em meio contendo cloreto, o aco UNS S44400 apresentou potencial de pite superior (em 3,5%NaCl) ao UNS S30403 e valores muito proximos ao do aco UNS S31603, para todas as condicoes de acabamento superficial examinadas. Alem disso, foi observado um relevante efeito das condicoes de tratamento termico de solubilizacao dos materiais: o tratamento de solubilizacao realizado em laboratorio aumentou o potencial de pite. Os resultados de potencial de pite medio - Ep - obtidos antes do tratamento termico foram: 77mVAg/AgCl para o UNS S44400, 43mVAg/AgCl para o UNS S30403 e 345mVAg/AgCl para o UNS S31603, sendo que apos solubilizacao o Ep medio foi de: 336mVAg/AgCl; 294mVAg/AgCl e 374mVAg/AgCl, respectivamente. Por sua vez, ha diferenca de desempenho quando aplicados os diferentes acabamentos superficiais. Com relacao ao acabamento proveniente de Usina, ou seja, recozido e decapado (RD), foi o que resultou em melhor desempenho. Apesar da media resultante alta para o acabamento RD, a dispersao dos resultados tambem foi alta. Comparando-se os acos UNS S44400 e UNS S31603, recozidos e decapados o 444 teve um potencial de pite de (500 + 173)mVAg/AgCl, e o aco 316 apresentou (568 + 167)mVAg/AgCl. Nota-se, portanto, que quando a aplicacao exige resistencia a corrosao em meio contendo ion cloreto, o aco 444 pode substituir o 316L. / The main reason of this work is the characterization of the ferritic stainless steel UNS44400 regarding its corrosion resistance when compared to two austenitic steels, UNS 30403 and UNS31603, using loss of weight and electrochemical tests, in acid and chloride environments. The application of ferritic stainless steel is increasing, both in the Brazilian an international market, especially because of the nickel cost instability. So, more information is necessary regarding each kind of material, allowing the comparison of these two families showing their advantages and disadvantages in different applications. For that reason, the main purpose of this work is the characterization of the corrosion resistance of a ferritic stainless steel, UNS S44400, comparing it with two austenitic stainless steels, UNS S30403 and S31603. Weight loss and electrochemical tests were conducted in acid or chloride environments. The general corrosion resistance was analyzed through weight loss measurements and electrochemical polarization in 0,5M H2SO4. The pitting corrosion resistance was studied through polarization in 3,5%NaCl. For the tests in chloride environment, it was done a study comparing laboratory and mill finishing proceducts: annealed and pickled and wet sand in laboratory - (LL); annealed and pickled - (RD); annealed and pickled, heat treated in laboratory and wet sand in laboratory - (SL). In acid environment, the austenitic stainless steel did not show weight loss, while the ferritic had a constant corrosion rate of 0,0146 mg.cm-2.min-1 (8,4x10-4. A.cm-2) until 24 hours of immersion. This result was confirmed by the extrapolation of linear portion of the polarization curves (Tafel method), whose current density was 4,57x10-4 A.cm-2. In chloride environment, the UNS S44400 steel showed higher pitting potential in 3,5%NaCl compared to UNS S30403 and similar results for all finishes when compared with UNS S31603. Besides, it was observed that the heat treatment that was done in laboratory raised pitting potential. The pitting potential results were: before heat treatment, 77mVAg/AgCl for UNS S44400, 43mVECS, for UNS S30403 and 345mVAg/AgCl for UNS S31603; and after heat treatment they were: 336mVAg/AgCl; 294mVAg/AgC; and 374mVAg/AgCl, respectively. The annealed and pickled material that was tested directly from the Mill (RD) presented the highest pitting potential showing the importance of pickling process. Comparing the annealed and pickled UNS S44400 steel with UNS S31603, the mean pitting potential was (500 + 173)mVAg/AgCl and (568 + 167)mVAg/AgCl respectively, and considering the deviation of the tests, it was proved that it is possible to apply both UNS S44400 or UNS S31603 when a high pit corrosion resistance is required.

Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência de união entre cimento resinoso e as amostras de zircônia irradiadas como o laser de Er,Cr:YSGG em quatro parâmetros. Foram utilizadas 78 unidades experimentais (12,4 mm x 7,6 mm x 1,6 mm) a partir de blocos de Y-TZP (zircônia tetragonal estabilizada com ítrio) pré-sinterizados. A fim de obter superfícies padronizadas, os espécimes foram lixados com uma sequência decrescente de lixas (600, 1200, 1500). Em seguida, os blocos foram sinterizados em um forno específico, de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Os grupos experimentais foram compostos a partir de um fator de variação - tratamento de superfície. Foram formados 6 grupos experimentais (n=13) Controle, sem tratamento de superfície, grupo Rocatec, com tratamento triboquímico (Rocatec System Plus 3M ESPE), e 4 grupos laser (Waterlase Iplus Biolase Inc. Irvine, CA, EUA comprimento de onda 2780nm, 700?s, de 50% de ar e 50% de água, ponta MZ6 600?m): L3W 20Hz (53,57J/cm2), grupo L3W 50Hz (21,43J/cm2), grupo L6W 20Hz (107,14J/cm2), grupo L6W 50Hz (42,68J/cm2). Um espécime de cada grupo foi analisado através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura MEV (10000x). Após dos tratamentos de superfície, em cada bloco de zircônia foram colados 6 cilindros de resina usando cimento dual contendo MDP (Panavia F 2.0). Todas as amostras foram armazenadas em água destilada a 37ºC. O teste de microcisalhamento foi feito na máquina de ensaio universal (Instron 5565 EUA). Três dos 6 tubos colados em cada bloco foram avaliados depois de 24 horas de armazenamento em água a 37ºC e os 3 restantes foram avaliados depois de 2000 ciclos térmicos (5ºC - 30ºC). O tipo de falha foi determinado através de estereomicroscópio. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes de análise de variância (ANOVA) e de Tukey com um nivel de significância de p<0,01. Resultados: O grupo controle positivo (ROCATEC) apresentou diferença significativa (p <0,001) com os demais grupos. Quando foi simulado o envelhecimento térmico (termociclagem), todos os grupos apresentaram diferença significativa (p <0,001) na resistência de união comparada com o protocolo sem termociclagem. O tratamento de superfície convencional ainda é preconizado como uma alternativa válida para melhorar a resistência de união na zircônia. O uso de laser de Er,Cr:YSGG com uma largura de pulso de 700?s dentro dos parâmetros estudados não promoveu mudanças na superfície de zircônia que favorecessem a adesão com cimento resinoso. A termociclagem influenciou negativamente em todos os grupos experimentais. / This study aimed to evaluate the bond strength between resin cement and the irradiated zirconia samples a the Er, Cr: YSGG laser in four parameters. It was used 78 experimental units (12.4mm x 7.6mm x 1.6mm) from pre-sintered Y-TZP (Ytriumstabilized Tetragonal Zirconia) blocks. In order to obtain standardized surfaces the specimens were sanded with a decreasing sanding sequence (600,1200,1500). Then, the blocks form sintered in a specific oven, according to the manufacturer\'s recommendations. The experimental groups were composed of a variation factor - the surface treatment. Thus, 6 experimental groups were formed (n=13). Control, without surface treatment, the Rocatec group, with triboquimic treatment (Rocatec System Plus 3M ESPE), and 4 laser groups (Waterlase Iplus Biolase Inc. Irvine, CA USA wavelength 2780nm, 700?s, 50% air and 50% water, MZ6 600?m tip): L3W 20Hz (53.57J / cm2), L3W 50Hz group (21.43J / cm2), L6W 20Hz group (107.14J / cm2), group L6W 50Hz (42.68J / cm2). One specimen from each group was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (10000x). After the surface treatments, 6 resin cylinders were bonded to each zirconia block using dual cement containing MDP (Panavia F 2.0). All samples were stored in distilled water at 37 ° C. The micro-shear test was performed on the universal test machine (Instron 5565 USA). 3 of the 6 tubes pasted in each block were evaluated after 24 hours of storage in 37 ° C water and the remaining 3 were evaluated after 2000 thermal cycles (5 ° C - 30 ° C). The type of failure was determined by stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed by a test for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tukey with a significance level of p <0.01. Results: The positive control group (ROCATEC), evaluated immediately after cementation, showed a better bond strength and there was no significant difference when thermal aging was simulated (thermocycling), nor did it differ significantly from the groups without thermocycling of 3w20Hz or 6w50hz. Conventional surface treatment is still advocated as a valid alternative to improve bond strength in zirconia. The use of Er, Cr: YSGG laser with a pulse width of 700?s within the studied parameters did not promote changes in the zirconia surface that favored adhesion with resin cement. Thermocycling influenced negatively all experimental groups.

O permanente contato das vedações externas dos edifícios com os materiais integrantes das vedações externas dos edifícios (fachadas e telhados) com os agentes de degradação provocam o surgimento de manchas, que normalmente estão associadas à deposição de poluentes e a proliferação de microorganismos. Para inibir o surgimento dessas manchas existem, atualmente, diversos métodos disponíveis, sendo que nenhum tem se mostrado efetivo. Esta tese de doutorado, com base em um extenso programa laboratorial - com o uso de métodos como MEV, FTIR, ângulo de contato, crescimento acelerado de microrganismos, atividade fotocatalítica, entre outros-, criou um novo método, destinado aos materiais de construção silicosos e porosos, que se baseia na modificação de suas propriedades superficiais, por meio da sobreposição de uma camada hidrofóbica por uma hidrofílica. Para se obter essa disposição superficial, utilizou-se um hidrofugante à de octil-silicone, que apresenta elevada repelência à água e maior durabilidade, e um semicondutor à base de dióxido de titânio, que apresenta atividade fotocatalítica quando incidido por radiação ultravioleta. Como resultado, o método proposto (denominado na tese por WR+TiO2-sequencial) apresenta, comprovadamente, os seguintes benefícios: (i) redução de manchas causadas pela adesão de partículas com características apolares, similares às partículas de poluição dos grandes centros urbanos; (ii) limpeza espontânea de certos tipos de manchas, decorrentes dos processos fotocatalíticos que promovem a oxidação/redução de matéria orgânica; (iii) inibição do crescimento de microrganismo em escala laboratorial; (iv) redução da absorção total de água e, principalmente, da cinética do ganho de massa. Por isso, edificações cujas vedações externas venham a ser tratadas com o método aqui proposto são, potencialmente, células ativas para a sustentabilidade do ambiente construído, pois: reduzem o consumo de energia, reduz os custos de manutenção e contribuem para despoluição da atmosfera urbana. / Building roofs and façades usually show blackening surfaces after few years in large cities. On porous and silicious materials those soiling is caused by particles pollution depositions and mould growth, and the available methods available to prevent this phenomenum do not have a good performance along its service life. This thesis, based on an intensive laboratory research with many test technics as SEM, FTIR, contact angle, accelerated mould growth, and photocatalytical activity, create a new method to prevent soiling on porous and silicous building materials. This method modify the materials surface properties, making the outer surface layers with nano-actived titanium dioxide particles, which has photocatalitycal activity under UV radiation, and below it a hydrophobic layer, composed by octyl-silicones. The main results in laboratory scale experiments obtained by this new method (so-called in this thesis by WR+TiO2-sequencial) are: (i) stainings reductions caused by apolar agent, (ii) self-cleaning properties for some stain and after UV radiation exposition, (iii) mould growth resistance, and (iv) water absorption reduction. As a consequences, building envelopes trated with the new method is supposed to contribute to built and environment sustantability, because: can reduce the energy consumption, reduce de maintenance costs e has a de-pollution properties.