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The Role of Grp170 in SP-C<sup>Δexon4</sup> ERADJameel, Amer 05 August 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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SORTING AND SECRETION OF SURFACTANT PROTEIN CJohnson Conkright, Juliana j. 11 October 2001 (has links)
No description available.
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Genetic studies on susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis mediated by MARCO, SP-D and CD14 : molecules affecting uptake of mycobacterium tuberculosis into macrophagesWagman, Chandre K. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is ranked amongst the top tuberculosis (TB) burden countries in the world and
the Western Cape has a particularly high incidence of the disease. Previous studies have
showed that several genes may play crucial roles in susceptibility to TB. In this study, we
investigated the role of three genes previously associated with susceptibility to TB and
progression to disease. These genes were Surfactant protein D (SFTPD), Macrophage
receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) and CD14. The proteins from these genes bind
M. tuberculosis and are involved in the uptake of the bacteria into macrophages.
The study investigated the role of ten polymorphisms from SFTPD and MARCO within a
South African Coloured (SAC) population, where tuberculosis is highly prevalent. A casecontrol
study design was used and polymorphisms were genotyped with Taqman®
genotyping assays and amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction
(ARMS-PCR). The results were analysed for association with disease, linkage disequilibrium,
haplotypes and gene-gene interactions. Allele and genotype frequencies were also determined
which allowed for comparisons to other populations.
Five SNPs were associated with TB: two in SFTPD (rs1923537; rs2255326) and three in
MARCO (rs1318645; rs3943679; rs2119112). The associated SNPs were located in regions
other than exons and the effects of polymorphisms in these regions are not well understood
but studies in other genes have shown them to play a functional role. Gene-gene interaction
analysis showed that polymorphisms interacted with each other within and between genes,
illustrating the importance of epistasis and the complexity of the genetic influences on TB.
In addition to the case-control association studies, the role of the rs2569190 promoter SNP in
CD14 was assessed. Gene-expression analysis was conducted with qPCR and a reporter gene
assay and results from both of these approaches showed that individuals with the TT
genotype had a twofold greater expression level than individuals with the CC genotype.
Previously, the TT genotype has been associated with stronger promoter activity and
expression of soluble CD14 in serum. Since the TT genotype was present at a higher
frequency in the control group, we speculate that greater expression of CD14 may contribute
to a more TB resistant phenotype. The work presented in this study illustrates the importance of the host genetic component of
TB. Genetic studies will eventually revolutionize the current treatment regime as the
identification of vulnerable individuals and populations will aid in the development of
personalised medicines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is een van die top tuberkulose (TB) lande in die wêreld en die Wes-Kaap het
veral ‘n hoë insidensie van die siekte. Vorige studies het gewys dat verskeie gene bydra to die
vatbaarheid vir tuberkulose. In hierdie studie het ons drie gene, wat voorheen vir vatbaarheid
vir tuberkulose en progressie na die siekte ondersoek is, bestudeer. Hierdie gene is Surfactant
protein D (SFTPD), Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) en CD14.
Die proteïene van hierdie gene bind M. tuberculosis en is betrokke in die opname van die
bakterieë in die makrofages.
Hierdie studie het tien polimorfismes van SFTPD en MARCO in die Suid-Afrikaanse
Kleurlingbevolking (SAK), wat ‘n hoë TB insidensie het, getoets. Pasiënt-kontrole assosiasie
studies is gedoen en polimorfismes is gegenotipeer met Taqman® genotiperingsisteem en die
amplifikasie refraktoriese mutasie sisteem polimerase ketting reaksie (ARMS-PCR). Die
resultate is geanaliseer vir assosiasies met TB, koppelings disekwilibrium, haplotipes en
geen-geen interaksies. Alleel en genotype frekwensies is ook bepaal en vergelyk met die van
ander bevolkings.
Vyf enkel nukleotied polimorfismes (ENPs) is met TB geassosieer: twee in SFTPD
(rs1923537; rs2255326) en drie in MARCO (rs1318645; rs3943679; rs2119112). Die
geassosieerde ENPs was nie in eksons nie. Die effek van polimorfismes in areas anders as
eksons word nie goed verstaan nie, maar studies het bewys dat hulle wel ‘n funksionele rol
kan hê. Geen-geen interaksie analise het gewys dat polimorfismes interaksies met mekaar
binne sowel as tussen gene gehad het, wat die belangrikheid van epistase en die kompleksiteit
van genetiese invloede op TB illustreer.
Tesame met die pasiënt-kontrole assosiasie studies is die rol van die rs2569190 promoter
ENP in CD14 ook ondersoek. Geenuitdrukkingsanalise is gedoen met qPKR en
rapporteerder geen toetse. Die resultate van beide hierdie benaderings het gewys dat
individue met die TT genotipe twee keer soveel uitdrukkingsvlakke gehad het as individue
met die CC genotipe. Die TT genotipe is voorheen geassosieer met sterk promoter aktiwiteit
en die uitdrukking van oplosbare CD14 in serum. Aangesien die TT genotipe meer in die kontrolegroep gevind is, spekuleer ons dat die hoër uitdrukking van CD14 kan bydra tot ‘n
meer TB weerstandbiedende fenotipe.
Hierdie werk illustreer die belangrikheid van die gasheer genetiese komponent in TB.
Genetiese studies sal in die toekoms die huidige behandeling regime revolusioneer, aangesien
die identifikasie van individue en bevolkings met ‘n hoë risiko om TB te ontwikkel sal bydra
tot die ontwikkeling van persoonlike medisynes. / The National Research Foundation (NRF); the South African Medical Research Council
(MRC); Stellenbosch University and the Harry Crossley Foundation.
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Cryptococcus Neoformans Interactions with Surfactant Proteins: Implications for Innate Pulmonary ImmunityGeunes-Boyer, Scarlett Gabriel Thoreau January 2009 (has links)
<p>Concurrent with the global escalation of the AIDS pandemic, cryptococcal infections are increasing and are of significant medical importance. Although improvements in antifungal therapy have advanced the treatment of cryptococcosis, the mortality rate is approximately 12% in medically advanced countries, and approaches 50% in less developed regions. Additionally, <italic>C. neoformans</italic> can cause infection in seemingly healthy individuals, elevating its status as a primary human pathogen. Although numerous studies have examined virulence properties, less is understood regarding host immune factors in the lungs during early stages of fungal infection. In the present thesis studies, I examined the roles played by pulmonary surfactant proteins in response to <italic>C. neoformans in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic>. We demonstrate that SP-D, but not SP-A, binds to the yeast and increases phagocytosis of poorly encapsulated yeast cells by macrophages, yet concomitantly protects the pathogenic microbes from macrophage-mediated defense mechanisms. Furthermore, we show that SP-D functions as risk factor in vivo</italic> by protecting the yeast cells against oxidant species and thus facilitating disease progression. The results of these studies provide a new paradigm on the role played by surfactant protein D during host responses to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> and, consequently, impart insight into potential future treatment strategies for cryptococcosis.</p> / Dissertation
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The Impact of Surfactant Protein D, Interleukin‑5, and Eosinophilia on CryptococcosisHolmer, Stephanie January 2013 (has links)
<p><italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that initiates infection following inhalation. As a result, the pulmonary immune response provides a first line of defense against <italic>C. neoformans</italic>. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an important regulator of pulmonary immune responses and is typically host protective against bacterial and viral respiratory infections. However, SP-D is not protective against <italic>C. neoformans</italic>. This is evidenced by previous work from our laboratory demonstrating that SP-D-deficient mice infected with a highly virulent <italic>C. neoformans</italic> strain (H99 Stud) have a lower fungal burden and live longer compared to wild-type (WT) control animals. We hypothesized that SP-D alters susceptibility to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> by dysregulating the innate pulmonary immune response following infection. For this reason, inflammatory cells and cytokines were compared in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from WT and SP-D<super>-/-</super> mice after <italic>C. neoformans</italic> infection. Post-infection, mice lacking SP-D had reduced eosinophil infiltration and IL-5 in lung lavage fluid. To further explore the interplay of SP-D, eosinophils, and IL-5, mice expressing altered levels of eosinophils and/or IL-5 were used to assess the role these innate immune mediators play during the host response to <italic>C. neoformans</italic>. IL-5 overexpressing mice had increased pulmonary eosinophilia and were more susceptible to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> infection as compared to WT mice. Furthermore, the response to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> infection in SP-D<super>-/-</super> mice could be restored to that of WT mice by increasing IL-5 and eosinophils, via crossing the IL-5 transgene onto the SP-D<super>-/-</super> background. Together, these studies support the conclusion that SP-D increases susceptibility to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> infection by promoting <italic>C. neoformans</italic>-driven pulmonary IL-5 and eosinophil infiltration.</p> / Dissertation
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Regionally Altered Immunosignals of Surfactant Protein-G, Vascular and Non-Vascular Elements of the Neurovascular Unit after Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice, Rats, and SheepMichalski, Dominik, Reimann, Willi, Spielvogel, Emma, Mages, Bianca, Biedermann, Bernd, Barthel, Henryk, Nitzsche, Björn, Schob, Stefan, Härtig, Wolfgang 20 January 2024 (has links)
The surfactant protein-G (SP-G) has recently been discovered in the brain and linked to
fluid balance regulations. Stroke is characterized by impaired vessel integrity, promoting water
influx and edema formation. The neurovascular unit concept (NVU) has been generated to cover not
only ischemic affections of neurons or vessels but also other regionally associated cells. This study
provides the first spatio-temporal characterization of SP-G and NVU elements after experimental
stroke. Immunofluorescence labeling was applied to explore SP-G, vascular and cellular markers
in mice (4, 24, and 72 h of ischemia), rats (24 h of ischemia), and sheep (two weeks of ischemia).
Extravasated albumin indicated vascular damage within ischemic areas. Quantifications revealed
decreasing SP-G signals in the ischemia-affected neocortex and subcortex. Inverse immunosignals
of SP-G and vascular elements existed throughout all models. Despite local associations between
SP-G and the vasculature, a definite co-localization was not seen. Along with a decreased SP-
G-immunoreactivity in ischemic areas, signals originating from neurons, glial elements, and the
extracellular matrix exhibited morphological alterations or changed intensities. Collectively, this
study revealed regional alterations of SP-G, vascular, and non-vascular NVU elements after ischemia,
and may thus stimulate the discussion about the role of SP-G during stroke.
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Veränderungen der Immunreaktivität von Surfactant-Protein-G nach experimenteller fokaler zerebraler Ischämie in Maus, Ratte und SchafReimann, Willi 09 January 2024 (has links)
Surfactant-Proteine (SP) sind von kritischer Bedeutung für die physiologische Atmung und besitzen vielfältige Verknüpfungen zur Genese pulmonaler Pathologien. Dagegen ist das Wissen über die Rolle von SP bei Erkrankungen des Gehirns begrenzt.
Surfactant-Protein-G (SP-G) als zuletzt bekanntgewordener Vertreter der SP-Familie wird vermutlich als hirneigenes und rheologisch aktives Protein in räumlicher Nähe zur Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BHS) exprimiert. Im Rahmen verschiedener akuter und chronischer zerebraler Pathologien werden die Bedeutung von SP-G-Profilveränderungen und seine möglichen regulatorischen Aufgaben in der zerebralen Flüssigkeitshomöostase bereits vielfältig diskutiert. Naheliegend ist eine räumliche und pathophysiologische Beziehung von SP-G zu Komponenten der Neurovaskulären Einheit (NVU) und zum glymphatischen System (GS) auch bei der fokalen zerebralen Ischämie. Dabei ist die Entwicklung neuer therapeutischer Angriffspunkte und die Überwindung des „translational roadblock“ gerade bei dieser Erkrankung von entscheidender Bedeutung für eine zukünftig bessere klinische Versorgung von Schlaganfall-Patient:innen.
Diese Studie stellt die erste räumliche und zeitliche Charakterisierung von SP-G zusammen mit vaskulären, glialen und neuronalen Komponenten der NVU nach fokaler zerebraler, Ischämie in verschiedenen Modellen in Maus, Ratte und Schaf dar. Im Zentrum der Untersuchungen standen immunfluoreszenzbasierte qualitative und quantitative Analysen ischämiebedingter Veränderungen von SP-G und dessen regionale Assoziationen zu Elementen der NVU an unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten nach zerebraler Ischämie.
Mit dem Ziel einer verbesserten Übertragbarkeit wurden mehrere Spezies und Modelle berücksichtigt: ein Filamentmodell in der Maus, ein thromboembolisches Modell in der Ratte und ein koagulationsbasiertes Großtiermodell im Schaf. Um mögliche zeitabhängige Prozesse zu berücksichtigen, wurden mehrere postischämische Beobachtungspunkte gewählt mit einer Spannbreite von 4 h bis 72 h für die Nagermodelle und 14 d für das Schafmodell.
Qualitative Dreifach-Fluoreszenzfärbungen kortikaler und subkortikaler Hirnregionen zeigten SP-G als sensitiven Marker der Ischämie mit einem Verlust der Signalintensität sowie charakteristischen morphologischen Signalveränderungen über alle Zeitpunkte, Tiermodelle und Hirnregionen hinweg – in enger Assoziation zu ischämisch veränderten NVU-Elementen und Gefäßen.
Bildgestützte quantitative statistische Analysen der inter-hemisphäriellen, im Zusammenhang mit der Ischämie stehenden, Veränderungen der Fluoreszenzsignale von SP-G und dem ischämiesensitiven Basalmembranbestandteil Kollagen IV zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten untersuchten die zeitliche Dynamik der qualitativen Signalveränderungen von SP-G eingehender. Im Mausmodell zeigte sich eine statistisch signifikante, verminderte SP-G-Immunreaktivität (Ir) in von der Ischämie betroffenen neo- und subkortikalen Hirnregionen, mit einem maximalen Verlust der Signalintensität im Infarktkern 4 h und 24 h nach fokaler zerebraler Ischämie. Beginnend in der ischämischen Grenzzone zeigte sich entlang des Neokortex ein gradueller Verlust der SP-G-Ir, bereits 4 h nach Insult mit zunehmender Effektstärke bei länger andauernder Ischämie von 24 h.
SP-G-Ir zeigte zwar keine direkte Überlappung mit dem Gefäßsystem, jedoch eine signifikante negative Korrelation zur invers erhöhten Kollagen IV-Ir in der Ischämie, die analog zu SP-G mit einem Maximum der Signalveränderungen im ischämischen Kerngebiet und gradueller Zunahme der Immunsignale über den Neokortex reagierte. Besonders für die ischämische Grenzzone präsentierte sich SP-G als frühzeitiger sensitiver Marker mit einem signifikanten Verlust der Immunmarkierung noch vor der Demarkierung des Infarkts durch erhöhte Kollagen IV-Ir ischämisch geschädigter Gefäße. Auch für subkortikale Regionen bestätigte sich die statistisch signifikante, negative Korrelation beider Marker in vergleichbarem Ausmaß.
SP-G zeigte im nicht von der Ischämie betroffenen Gewebe eine ausgeprägte peri-nukleäre neuronale Zellassoziation und homogene Expression im Neuropil der untersuchten Vorderhirne von Mäusen und Ratten. Im Zusammenhang mit dem ischämischen Insult resultierten zuverlässig Signalveränderungen von SP-G-Ir entlang der subkortikalen ischämischen Grenzzone. Auch war ein Verlust der parenchymatösen Neuropil-Färbung sowie der auffälligen peri-nukleären SP-G-Markierung in allen analysierten ischämischen Hirnregionen erkennbar.
Ischämiebedingte Veränderungen der SP-G-Ir gingen einher mit einer Störung der Permeabilitätsbarriere der BHS, bei der SP-G in enger räumlicher Beziehung zu extravasalem Serumalbumin detektiert wurde. Weitere Assoziation zu Komponenten der NVU zeigten sich im ischämiebedingten Signalverlust von SP-G bei gleichzeitigem Anstieg der CNP-Ir von Oligodendrozyten ebenso wie mit gemeinsamen ischämisch-morphologischen Veränderungen von Mikro- und Astroglia (visualisiert durch Iba- bzw. GFAP-Ir). Veränderungen von Aquaporin 4- und SP-G-Ir markierten in gleicher Weise die ischämische Grenzzone, von der aus sich ein Verlust der Fluoreszenzsignale beider Marker in der von maximaler Ischämie betroffenen Zone anschloss.
Die ermittelten ischämisch-morphologischen Signalveränderungen der NVU-Marker stimmten mit Beobachtungen früherer Untersuchungen überein. Trotz der engen räumlichen Assoziationen konnte eine sichere Ko-Expression von SP-G mit glialen oder Gefäß-Markern jedoch in keinem Tiermodell gezeigt werden – ein Aspekt, der durch Laserscanning-Mikroskopie verifiziert wurde. Die charakteristischen SP-G-Signalalterationen und ischämiebedingten Veränderungen der NVU im Filamentmodell der Maus bestätigten sich im thromboembolischen Modell der Ratte weitgehend. Untersuchungen im Großtiermodell des Schafs zeigten den Verlust der SP-G-Ir im Infarkt auch 14 d nach koagulationsbedingter Ischämieinduktion und verifizierten SP-G als Marker der Ischämie über einen langen post-ischämischen Zeitraum.
Kombinierte Immunmarkierungen von SP-G und Fibronektin zeigten eine regionale Assoziation ischämischer Veränderungen beider Marker und deuteten auf mögliche Verbindungen von SP-G zum extrazellulären Raum auch über klassische
NVU-Komponenten hinaus.
Die mutmaßlichen rheologischen Eigenschaften von SP-G, seine in früheren Untersuchungen gezeigte Präsenz in perivaskulären bzw. glymphatischen Räumen und bekannte Verknüpfungen zu pathologischen Veränderungen des Liquorsystems suggerierten im Vorfeld mögliche Verknüpfungen von SP-G und flüssigkeitsregulatorischen Systemen im Gehirn.
Die beobachteten ischämischen Veränderungen von SP-G sowie seine Assoziation mit vaskulären und glialen Komponenten der NVU weisen auf eine mögliche Beteiligung von SP-G an regulatorischen Aufgaben in der NVU hin, speziell im Kontext mit vaskulärer Integrität, Schutz des Endothels sowie Erhalt der Barrierefunktion der BHS. Eine Beteiligung von SP-G an der Flüssigkeitshomöostase und der Regulation von Fließeigenschaften scheint auch im ischämischen Parenchym denkbar – mit Implikationen im Hinblick auf das klinisch besonders relevante post-ischämische zerebrale Ödem. Die Assoziation von SP-G mit AQP4, sowie Hinweise auf eine Beteiligung in der Beseitigung von Abfallprodukten und der Regulation von Entzündungsreaktionen weisen auf SP-G als möglichen neuen Angriffspunkt in der Schlaganfalltherapie hin.
Allerdings ist die Ableitung funktioneller SP-G-Aspekte aus den größtenteils morphologischen Ergebnissen dieser Studie begrenzt und birgt die Gefahr der Überinterpretation von Daten. Weitere Limitationen sind die vorhandene Datenquantifizierung in nur einem Tiermodell sowie die auf die Immunfluoreszenz-mikroskopie beschränkte Methodik.
Zusätzliche Untersuchungen weiterer ischämierelevanter Marker, die Erweiterung von Tier- und Ischämiemodellen, die Untersuchung auch deutlich längerer oder transienter Ischämiezeiten sowie die Analyse humaner Proben werden nötig sein, um die Rolle von SP-G in der zerebralen Ischämie genauer einordnen zu können.
Insgesamt bietet die vorliegende Studie eine erste regionale und zeitliche Charakterisierung von SP-G nach experimenteller fokaler zerebraler Ischämie mit Hinweisen auf mögliche regulatorische Funktionen von SP-G im Rahmen der ischämisch veränderten NVU sowie der Flüssigkeitsregulation des Gehirns. Die Ergebnisse geben somit Anlass, SP-G im Kontext des ischämischen Schlaganfalls künftig noch eingehender zu untersuchen.:1 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1
2 Einführung 3
2.1 Surfactant und Surfactant-Proteine 3
2.2 Surfactant-Proteine im Zentralen Nervensystem 5
2.3 Surfactant-Protein-G (SP-G) 6
2.4 Ischämischer Schlaganfall 8
2.5 Neurovaskuläre Einheit und Blut-Hirn-Schranke 12
2.6 Glymphatisches System und zerebrales Ödem 15
3 Zielsetzung 17
4 Material und Methoden 18
4.1 Material 18
4.1.1 Primärantikörper 18
4.1.2 Versuchstiere 19
4.2 Methoden 19
4.2.1 Ischämieinduktion und Tiermodelle 19
4.2.2 Gewebeaufarbeitung 21
4.2.3 Fluoreszenzmehrfachfärbungen 22
4.2.4 Histologische Kontrollen 24
4.2.5 Fluoreszenzmikroskopie 25
4.2.6 Bildgestützte Analyse und semiquantitative Auswertung 25
5 Ergebnisse 30
5.1 SP-G und Elemente des Gefäßsystems nach Ischämie in der Maus 30
5.1.1 Semiquantitative Analysen ischämischer Veränderungen von SP-G und Kollagen IV 37
5.2 SP-G und Komponenten der Neurovaskulären Einheit (NVU) nach Ischämie in der Maus 41
5.3 SP-G, Elemente des Gefäßsystems und der NVU nach Ischämie in der Ratte 46
5.4 SP-G und Elemente der NVU nach Ischämie im Schaf 51
6 Diskussion 53
6.1 SP-G und das Gefäßsystem in der Ischämie 53
6.2 Störungen der Blut-Hirn-Schranke und zerebrales Ödem 55
6.3 Aquaporin 4 und glymphatisches System 56
6.4 SP-G im Kontext von NVU und extrazellulärer Matrix 58
6.5 SP-G in verschiedenen Ischämiemodellen 60
6.6 Methodenbedingte Limitationen 61
7 Zusammenfassung 63
8 Literaturverzeichnis 67
9 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 79
10 Verzeichnis der wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen 80
11 Danksagung 81
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Envolvimento das pequenas vias aéreas na Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo: papel da inflamação, das alterações do surfactante e da apoptose de células epiteliais / Expression of acute phase cytokines, surfactant proteins, and epithelial apoptosis in small airways of human ARDSPires Neto, Ruy de Camargo 04 October 2011 (has links)
Alguns estudos sugerem que as pequenas vias aéreas têm um papel importante na fisiopatologia da lesão pulmonar aguda/ síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (LPA/SDRA). O epitélio respiratório que reveste as vias aéreas é capaz de liberar mediadores inflamatórios e está relacionado ainda com a produção de surfactante nas vias aéreas. Até o presente momento, existem poucos estudos que avaliaram se estas funções do epitélio que reveste as pequenas vias aéreas encontram-se alteradas na SDRA. No presente estudo, nós mensuramos a expressão da proteína de surfactante (PS) A e PS-B, a expressão de citocinas inflamatórias interleucina (IL)-6 e IL-8, e um índice de apoptose do epitélio que reveste as pequenas vias aéreas de pacientes com SDRA que foram submetidos a autópsia e comparamos estes resultados com os de indivíduos controle. Foram incluídos no estudo pulmões de autópsia de 31 pacientes com SDRA (PaO2/FiO2200, 45±14 anos, 16 homens) e 11 controles (52±16 anos, 7 homens). A expressão de IL-6, IL-8, PS-A e PS-B no epitélio das pequenas vias aéreas (diâmetro2.0mm) foi verificada através de reações de imunohistoquímica e análise de imagem. O índice de apoptose epitelial das vias aéreas foi avaliado através do método de TUNEL e da expressão de FAS/FASL. Avaliou-se ainda a densidade de células inflamatórias positivas para IL-6 e IL-8 na parede das pequenas vias aéreas. As vias aéreas dos pacientes com SDRA apresentaram maior expressão epitelial de IL-8 (p=0,006) e maior densidade de células inflamatórias expressando IL-6 (p=0,004) e IL-8 (p<0,001) quando comparadas com o grupo controle. Não houve diferenças na expressão epitelial de PS-A e PS-B ou no índice de apoptose epitelial entre os grupos SDRA e controle. Nossos resultados mostram que as pequenas vias aéreas participam da inflamação pulmonar de pacientes com SDRA, caracterizada pelo aumento na expressão de interleucinas próinflamatórias tanto em células inflamatórias da parede da via aérea quanto no epitélio. Nossos resultados sugerem ainda que a apoptose não é um mecanismo importante de morte de células epiteliais das vias aéreas de pacientes com SDRA / Recent studies suggest a role for distal airway injury in the pathophysiology of human ALI/ARDS. The epithelium lining the airways modulates airway function secreting a large number of molecules such as surfactant components and inflammatory mediators. So far, there is little information on how these secretory functions of the small airways are altered in ARDS. In the present study we assessed the airway expression of surfactant protein (SP) A and SP B, the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, and an index of airway epithelial apoptosis of patients with ARDS submitted to autopsy and compared the results with those of control subjects. We studied autopsy lungs of 31 ARDS patients (PaO2/FiO2200, 45±14 years, 16 males) and 11 controls (52±16 years, 7 males). Using immunohistochemistry and image analysis, we quantified the expression of IL-6, IL-8 and SP-A and SP-B in the epithelium of small airways (diameter2.0mm). Airway epithelial apoptosis index was obtained with the TUNEL assay and FAS/FASL expression. We also quantified the density of inflammatory cells expressing IL-6 and IL-8 within the small airway walls. ARDS airways showed an increase in the epithelial expression of IL-8 (p=0.006) and an increased density of inflammatory cells expressing IL-6 (p=0.004) and IL-8 (p<0.001) when compared to controls. There were no differences in SP-A and SP-B epithelium expression or in epithelial apoptosis index between ARDS and controls. Our results show that the distal airways are involved in ARDS lung inflammation with higher expression of pro-inflammatory interleukins in both airway epithelial and inflammatory cells. Our results also suggest that apoptosis is not a major mechanism of airway epithelial cell death in ARDS
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Estudo da interação de líquidos iônicos com proteínas modelo / Study on the interaction of ionic liquids with model proteins.Raw, Juliana 25 October 2016 (has links)
Líquidos iônicos (LIs) são sais que se encontram no estado líquido em temperaturas menores que 100ºC e que vêm ganhando protagonismo na área chamada química verde, prometendo: substituir solventes nocivos ao meio ambiente, aprimorar componentes eletrônicos, favorecer biocatálises dentre outros. Sua alta estabilidade e baixa toxicidade são frequentemente afirmadas, porém, devem ainda ser melhor investigadas. Com o objetivo de implementar o entendimento da interação dos líquidos iônicos com sistemas de relevância biológica, realizamos um estudo sistemático acerca da interação de 3 diferentes líquidos iônicos anfifílicos de mesma cabeça polar e diferentes caudas carbônicas ([C10mim][Cl], [C12mim][Cl] e [C14mim][Cl]) com 3 diferentes proteínas modelo, através das técnicas de absorção óptica, fluorescência, dicroísmo circular (CD) e espalhamento de raios-X a baixos ângulos (SAXS). Para Tanto, utilizamos as proteínas BSA e HSA (Albuminas de Soro Bovino e Humano, respectivamente) além da lisozima. Observamos a supressão da fluorescência das proteínas em todos os casos analisados, onde a diminuição da intensidade correspondeu a, para as proteínas BSA, HSA e lisozima, respectivamente, (55±3)%, (16.1±0.8)% e (4.1±0.2)%, em presença de 0.6mM de [C14mim][Cl], (38±2)%, (13.2±0.7)% e (0.6±0.1)% em presença de 0.6mM de [C12mim][Cl] e (11.0±0.5)%, (9.2±0.5)% e (0.0±0.1)% em presença de 0.6mM de [C10mim][Cl]. Os espectros de absorbância e fluorescência de todos os sistemas nos indicam uma interação de contato entre as proteínas e os líquidos iônicos. Constatamos também o deslocamento do pico de fluorescência, das proteínas BSA e HSA, para menores comprimentos de onda (blue-shift), na medida em que a concentração de LI era aumentada. O máximo deslocamento () alcançado correspondeu a (21±1)nm para ambas albuminas, enquanto que a lisozima não apresentou deslocamento significativo. O blue-shift pode ser explicado pela aproximação das cadeias carbônicas e formações de pontes de hidrogênio nas proximidades dos triptofanos. De acordo com a técnica de SAXS, evidenciamos o aumento do raio de giro das proteínas, na medida em que adicionamos LIs. O raio de giro da BSA, da HSA e lisozima em ausência de LI são (29±1)Å, (30±1)Å e (15±1)Å, respectivamente, e passam para (46±1)Å, (44±1)Å e (20±1)Å respectivamente, em presença de 0.6mM de [C14mim][Cl]. As curvas de SAXS também apresentaram o indício da formação de estruturas micelares a partir de uma dada concentração. Além da alteração em sua estrutura terciária, os dados de CD indicam uma leve perda de estrutura secundária de ambas as albuminas (BSA e HSA), passando de 80 para 65% de -hélice em ausência e presença de 0.6mM de [C14mim][Cl], respectivamente. Sugerimos que as interações das proteínas com os líquidos iônicos, embora inicialmente movidas por forças eletroestática, possuem como principal fator o efeito hidrofóbico, portanto quanto maior a cadeia carbônica do LI maior é sua interação com a proteína. Tal interação causa o desenovelamento das proteínas e formação de um complexo e estruturas micelares a altas concentrações de LI. Acreditamos que este trabalho traz novas informações acerca da interação dos LIs com proteínas modelo, indicando sua capacidade de alterar a conformação das mesmas. / Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts that are liquid at temperatures smaller than 100 ° C and are gaining prominence in the so-called green chemistry, promising: replace harmful solvents to the environment, improve electronic components, and favor biocatalysis, among others. Its high stability and low toxicity are often asserted; nevertheless, they are ascribed to ILs due to its small volatility. With the aim of improving the understanding of the interaction of ILs with biological relevant systems, we conducted a systematic study of the interaction of three different ionic liquids of the same polar head and different paraffinic tails ([C10mim][Cl], [C12mim][Cl] and [C14mim][Cl]) with three different model proteins, through the techniques of optical absorption, fluorescence, circular dicrhoism (CD) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). To do so, we use BSA and HSA proteins (Bovine Serum Albumin and the Human Serum Albumin, respectively) and lysozyme. We observed fluorescence quenching, of all studied proteins, where the decrease in the fluorescence was (for BSA, HAS and lysozyme, respectively): (55 ± 3)%, (16.1 ± 0.8)% to (4.1 ± 0.2 )% in the presence of 0.6mm [C14mim][Cl], (38 ± 2)%, (13.2 ± 0.7)% to (0.6 ± 0.1)% in the presence of 0.6mm [C12mim][Cl] and ( 11.0 ± 0.5)% (9.2 ± 0.5)% and (0.0 ± 0.1)% in the presence of 0.6mm [C10mim][Cl]. UV-vis absorbance spectra and fluorescence indicate all systems in a contact interaction between proteins and ionic liquids. We also note the shift of the fluorescent peak of BSA and HSA proteins for shorter wavelengths (blue-shift), as the IL content was increased. The maximum shift () achieved corresponded to (21 ± 1) nm for both albumins, whereas no significant displacement was observed for lysozyme. The blue-shift can be explained by the approach of carbon chains and formation of hydrogen bonds in the vicinity of tryptophan. SAXS data indicate an increasing in the proteins radius of gyration value as ILs was added in the solution. The turning radius of BSA, HSA and lysozyme in the absence of IL are (29 ± 1) Å, (30 ± 1) Å and (15 ± 1) Å, respectively, and go to (46 ± 1) Å, ( 44 ± 1) Å and (20 ± 1) Å, respectively, in the presence of 0.6mm [C14mim][Cl]. The SAXS curves also show evidence of the formation of micellar structures from a given concentration. Besides the change in its tertiary structure, the CD data indicates a slight loss of secondary structure of both albumins (BSA and HSA), from 80 to 65% of -helix in the absence and presence of 0.6mm [C14mim][Cl], respectively. We suggest that the interactions of the protein with the ionic liquid, although initially driven by electrostatic forces, have a major factor hydrophobic effect and thus the higher the carbon chain of greater IL is its interaction with the protein. This interaction causes unfolding of the protein and formation of a micellar structures at high concentrations of IL. We believe this work provides new information about the interaction of ILs with model proteins, indicating its ability to alter the conformation of the same.
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Envolvimento das pequenas vias aéreas na Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo: papel da inflamação, das alterações do surfactante e da apoptose de células epiteliais / Expression of acute phase cytokines, surfactant proteins, and epithelial apoptosis in small airways of human ARDSRuy de Camargo Pires Neto 04 October 2011 (has links)
Alguns estudos sugerem que as pequenas vias aéreas têm um papel importante na fisiopatologia da lesão pulmonar aguda/ síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (LPA/SDRA). O epitélio respiratório que reveste as vias aéreas é capaz de liberar mediadores inflamatórios e está relacionado ainda com a produção de surfactante nas vias aéreas. Até o presente momento, existem poucos estudos que avaliaram se estas funções do epitélio que reveste as pequenas vias aéreas encontram-se alteradas na SDRA. No presente estudo, nós mensuramos a expressão da proteína de surfactante (PS) A e PS-B, a expressão de citocinas inflamatórias interleucina (IL)-6 e IL-8, e um índice de apoptose do epitélio que reveste as pequenas vias aéreas de pacientes com SDRA que foram submetidos a autópsia e comparamos estes resultados com os de indivíduos controle. Foram incluídos no estudo pulmões de autópsia de 31 pacientes com SDRA (PaO2/FiO2200, 45±14 anos, 16 homens) e 11 controles (52±16 anos, 7 homens). A expressão de IL-6, IL-8, PS-A e PS-B no epitélio das pequenas vias aéreas (diâmetro2.0mm) foi verificada através de reações de imunohistoquímica e análise de imagem. O índice de apoptose epitelial das vias aéreas foi avaliado através do método de TUNEL e da expressão de FAS/FASL. Avaliou-se ainda a densidade de células inflamatórias positivas para IL-6 e IL-8 na parede das pequenas vias aéreas. As vias aéreas dos pacientes com SDRA apresentaram maior expressão epitelial de IL-8 (p=0,006) e maior densidade de células inflamatórias expressando IL-6 (p=0,004) e IL-8 (p<0,001) quando comparadas com o grupo controle. Não houve diferenças na expressão epitelial de PS-A e PS-B ou no índice de apoptose epitelial entre os grupos SDRA e controle. Nossos resultados mostram que as pequenas vias aéreas participam da inflamação pulmonar de pacientes com SDRA, caracterizada pelo aumento na expressão de interleucinas próinflamatórias tanto em células inflamatórias da parede da via aérea quanto no epitélio. Nossos resultados sugerem ainda que a apoptose não é um mecanismo importante de morte de células epiteliais das vias aéreas de pacientes com SDRA / Recent studies suggest a role for distal airway injury in the pathophysiology of human ALI/ARDS. The epithelium lining the airways modulates airway function secreting a large number of molecules such as surfactant components and inflammatory mediators. So far, there is little information on how these secretory functions of the small airways are altered in ARDS. In the present study we assessed the airway expression of surfactant protein (SP) A and SP B, the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, and an index of airway epithelial apoptosis of patients with ARDS submitted to autopsy and compared the results with those of control subjects. We studied autopsy lungs of 31 ARDS patients (PaO2/FiO2200, 45±14 years, 16 males) and 11 controls (52±16 years, 7 males). Using immunohistochemistry and image analysis, we quantified the expression of IL-6, IL-8 and SP-A and SP-B in the epithelium of small airways (diameter2.0mm). Airway epithelial apoptosis index was obtained with the TUNEL assay and FAS/FASL expression. We also quantified the density of inflammatory cells expressing IL-6 and IL-8 within the small airway walls. ARDS airways showed an increase in the epithelial expression of IL-8 (p=0.006) and an increased density of inflammatory cells expressing IL-6 (p=0.004) and IL-8 (p<0.001) when compared to controls. There were no differences in SP-A and SP-B epithelium expression or in epithelial apoptosis index between ARDS and controls. Our results show that the distal airways are involved in ARDS lung inflammation with higher expression of pro-inflammatory interleukins in both airway epithelial and inflammatory cells. Our results also suggest that apoptosis is not a major mechanism of airway epithelial cell death in ARDS
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