The efficient production of hydrogen hydrates is a major goal in the attempt to exploit those materials as an alternative means for storing hydrogen. Up to now, a few processes have been reported in the literature which yield less than 1 wt% of hydrogen stored into clathrate hydrate or semi-clathrate forms. One main obstacle to the entrapment of sensible amounts of hydrogen (i.e., up to 4 wt% ) into a clathrate matrix appears to be of a kinetic origin, in that the mass transfer of hydrogen gas into clathrate structures is drastically limited by the (relatively) macroscopic scale of the gas-liquid or gas-ice interfaces involved. In this communication, we present a novel process for an enhanced production of binary hydrates of hydrogen and other hydrate-forming gases, which is characterized by the use of nanotechnology for reducing the size of hydrate particles down to a few nanometers. This drastic reduction of particle size, down to three orders of magnitude smaller than that obtainable by macroscopic methods, allows to reduce the kinetic hindrance to hydrate formation. This process has a huge potential for increasing the amount of hydrogen stored, as it has provided ca. 1 wt% of hydrogen, with THF as a co-former. The present process also allows to use several non-water soluble coformers; first reports of hydrogen/cyclopentane and hydrogen/tetrahydrothiophene hydrates are presented.

Surfactant assisted solution exfoliation of expanded graphite by means of sonication was carried out in an attempt to produce non-covalent charge functionality on the surface of graphene for the directed self assembly of graphene films on patterned substrates via electrostatic interactions. This thesis includes the results of experimental research associated with: 1) quantifying the effectiveness of various di-functionalized dithienothiophene surfactant small molecules, 2) further understanding the surface affinity and interaction mechanism between these surfactant molecules and the surface of expanded graphite and graphene and 3) experimentally testing the feasibility of the directed self-assembly of graphene films by means of charge functionalization of graphene by the surfactant molecules adsorbed onto the surface of exfoliated graphene.

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs)are anthropogenic fluorinated surfactants that have been detected in almost every environmental compartment studied, yet their production and applications are far outweighed by those of other higher molecular weight fluorinated surfactants used in commerce. These fluorinated surfactants are widely incorporated in commercial products, yet their post-application fate has not been extensively studied. This thesis examines various biological and environmental processes involved in the fate of these surfactants upon consumer disposal. Specific focus was directed towards the environmental chemistry of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonates (PFPAs), and perfluoroalkyl phosphinates (PFPiAs), and their potential roles as sources of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the environment. PAPs are established biological precursors of PFCAs, while PFPAs and PFPiAs are newly discovered PFAAs in the environment. Incubation with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) microbes demonstrated the ability of PAPs to yield both fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), which are established precursors of PFCAs, and the corresponding PFCAs themselves. WWTP biosolids-applied soil-plant microcosms revealed that PAPs can significantly accumulate in plants along with their degradation metabolites. This has implications for potential wildlife and human exposure through the consumption of plants grown and/or livestock raised on farmlands that have been amended with contaminated biosolids. A number of compound-and environmental-specific factors were observed to significantly influence the partitioning of PFPAs and PFPiAs between aqueous media and soil, as well as, aquatic biota during sorption and bioaccumulation experiments respectively. In both processes, PFPAs were primarily observed in the aqueous phase, while PFPiAs predominated in soil and biological tissues, consistent with the few environmental observations of these chemicals made to date. Detection of the PAP diesters (diPAPs), PFPiAs, and fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSAs),all of which are used commercially, in human sera is evidence of human exposure to commercial fluorinated products, but the pathways by which this exposure occurs remain widely debated. Overall, this work presents novel findings on the environmental fate of commercial fluorinated surfactants and each of the process studied shows a clear link between the use of commercial products and the fluorochemical burden currently observed in the environment.

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs)are anthropogenic fluorinated surfactants that have been detected in almost every environmental compartment studied, yet their production and applications are far outweighed by those of other higher molecular weight fluorinated surfactants used in commerce. These fluorinated surfactants are widely incorporated in commercial products, yet their post-application fate has not been extensively studied. This thesis examines various biological and environmental processes involved in the fate of these surfactants upon consumer disposal. Specific focus was directed towards the environmental chemistry of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonates (PFPAs), and perfluoroalkyl phosphinates (PFPiAs), and their potential roles as sources of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the environment. PAPs are established biological precursors of PFCAs, while PFPAs and PFPiAs are newly discovered PFAAs in the environment. Incubation with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) microbes demonstrated the ability of PAPs to yield both fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), which are established precursors of PFCAs, and the corresponding PFCAs themselves. WWTP biosolids-applied soil-plant microcosms revealed that PAPs can significantly accumulate in plants along with their degradation metabolites. This has implications for potential wildlife and human exposure through the consumption of plants grown and/or livestock raised on farmlands that have been amended with contaminated biosolids. A number of compound-and environmental-specific factors were observed to significantly influence the partitioning of PFPAs and PFPiAs between aqueous media and soil, as well as, aquatic biota during sorption and bioaccumulation experiments respectively. In both processes, PFPAs were primarily observed in the aqueous phase, while PFPiAs predominated in soil and biological tissues, consistent with the few environmental observations of these chemicals made to date. Detection of the PAP diesters (diPAPs), PFPiAs, and fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSAs),all of which are used commercially, in human sera is evidence of human exposure to commercial fluorinated products, but the pathways by which this exposure occurs remain widely debated. Overall, this work presents novel findings on the environmental fate of commercial fluorinated surfactants and each of the process studied shows a clear link between the use of commercial products and the fluorochemical burden currently observed in the environment.

This thesis showcases a work that focused on developing processes with improved economic and environmental signatures. It illustrates the strengths of chemists and chemical engineers working together towards sustainable solutions. The joint collaboration between Drs. Liotta and Eckert allows the combination of disciplines to overcome economic and environment obstacles. This thesis depicts the application of chemical engineering and chemistry for industrial processes towards reducing cost and environmental impact. In chapter 2, a synthetic sequence yielding a pharmaceutical precursor was optimized for continuous processing. The precursor was for the pharmaceutical drug Ro 31-8959, which acts as a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor. A continuous flow reactor was designed, built and utilized successfully for the two-step reaction of the diazoketone pharmaceutical precursor, (1-benzyl-3-chloro-2-hydroxy-propyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. The best configuration for the continuous flow reactor involved a single and double coiled stainless steel reactor packed with glass beads. The yield obtained for the diazoketone was quantitative. In chapter 3, the cleavable surfactant (cleavable surfactants decompose in non-surface active ingredients upon stimulus), n-octyl thiirane oxide was synthesized, characterized and its surface activity and loss of surface activity upon heating was demonstrated. The n-octyl thiirane oxide surfactant activity was measured using a dye, Suddan III, and compared to a commercially available surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. In chapter 4, 5-amino-1H-tetrazole was synthesized using two novel synthetic routes starting from benign chemicals. Both routes involved Sharpless click chemistry in the first step to form the tetrazole ring. Both routes also used hydrogen transfer as the last step for the formation of the 5-amino-1H-tetrazole. These syntheses eliminated the use of highly toxic and/or explosive chemicals such as cyanamide, hydrazoic acid, and hydrazine. Finally in chapter 5, phase transfer catalysis was used as a means to improve reaction rates and yields between a siloxylated reagent (in the liquid phase) and insoluble ionic reagents (in the solid phase). The activity of commercial phase transfer catalysts like tetra-n-butylammonium bromide was compared to the activity of two novel custom-made siloxylated phase transfer catalysts. Surprisingly, the tetra-n-butylammonium resulted in superior rate constants to the custom made siloxylated phase transfer catalysts.

[pt] O presente estudo investiga a estrutura e a potencial aplicação de nanopartículas formadas por copolímeros que possuem um bloco neutro e outro bloco aniônico combinados a um surfactante catiônico. Em água, os blocos aniônicos se complexam eletrostaticamente às micelas de surfactante, interconectando-as e formando um núcleo concentrado, que pode até apresentar estrutura líquido-cristalina. Os blocos neutros são hidrofílicos e por isso formam uma casca que estabiliza as nanopartículas em água. Devido à formação do núcleo concentrado de micelas, espera-se que estas nanopartículas sejam capazes de incorporar uma maior quantidade de moléculas hidrofóbicas em comparação a micelas de surfactante puro na mesma concentração. Os resultados indicam que quanto mais longo é o bloco aniônico, mais alta é a incorporação das moléculas hidrofóbicas. Por outro lado, o bloco neutro tem um papel importante para aumentar a estabilidade das nanopartículas em meio aquoso. A incorporação de moléculas hidrofóbicas no núcleo das nanopartículas causa alterações na organização das micelas, levando à formação de diferentes estruturas líquido-cristalinas ou a alterações nas distâncias de correlação. Com base nas propriedades das nanopartículas, foi proposta uma formulação aquosa capaz de incorporar uma quantidade significativa de um filtro solar orgânico. Com os resultados obtidos para esta formulação, foi possível demonstrar sua eficácia em evitar a degradação de cabelos por irradiação ultravioleta, o que torna este sistema um candidato de alto potencial para aplicação na indústria de cosméticos. / [en] The present study investigates the structure and potential application of core-shell nanoparticles formed by block copolymers (consisted of an anionic and a neutral blocks) and a cationic surfactant. In water, the anionic blocks electrostatically complex to the surfactant micelles, interconnecting them and forming a concentrated nucleus, which may form even liquid-crystalline structures. Because the neutral blocks are hydrophilic, they form a shell which stabilizes the nanoparticles in water. The concentrated nuclei of micelles are expected to uptake a higher amount of hydrophobic molecules than the regular micelles of pure surfactant in the same concentration. The longer is the anionic block forming the nucleus, the higher is the uptake of hydrophobic substances. On the other hand, the neutral block plays a key role to increase nanoparticle stability in aqueous medium. The uptake of hydrophobic molecules increased the ordering of the micelles in the nucleus, leading either to the formation of different liquid-crystalline structures or to variations in the correlation distances. Taking these results in to account, we proposed an aqueous formulation with a considerable uptake capacity of an organic sunscreen. The results obtained for this formulation demonstrate its efficacy to avoid hair degradation by ultraviolet radiation exposition, which make this system a potential candidate for applications in the cosmetic industry.

L’utilisation de technologies d’extraction est cruciale dans l’industrie cosmétique. Cette étape de procédé consomme beaucoup d’énergie et de grandes quantités de matières premières. De plus, les solvants utilisés ne sont pas tous anodins, et certains sont issus de produits pétroliers. Afin de mieux préserver l’environnement et la santé humaine, il faut trouver des alternatives aux solvants et aux méthodes d’extractions conventionnelles. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé l’eau comme solvant et des technologies innovantes pour créer de nouvelles méthodes. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse font tout d’abord un état de l’art des méthodes d’extractions utilisant l’eau comme solvant. L’ensemble de ces méthodes très anciennes, comme récentes, ont toutes leurs spécificités en termes de matrices et de molécules extraites. Puis nous nous sommes intéressés à une méthode ancienne qu’est l’hydrodistillation. L’extraction et la séparation simultanée des composés hydrosolubles et volatiles des feuilles de boldo (Peumus boldus, Mol.) est ensuite effectuée à l’aide des micro-ondes. L’optimisation des paramètres ont ensuite aboutis sur un scale-up à l’échelle pilote. L’intensification et la mise en continu de l’extraction des feuilles de boldo assisté par ultrasons sont ensuite explorés. Puis, nous étudions une méthode en cours de maturation avec l’assistance des tensioactifs pour l’extraction de composés hydrophiles et hydrophobes du romarin (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) dans l’eau. Enfin, nous avons exploré une méthode d’extraction encore en R&D. Elle utilise uniquement l’eau pour obtenir des composés hydrophobes de l’écorce d’orange douce ( Citrus sinensis L.) à l’aide d’un appareil micro-ondes pour atteindre un état subcritique. / The use of innovative extraction technologies is of outmost importance in the cosmetic industry. This process step is consuming large amounts of energy and materials. Furthermore, some solvents used are not benign. Some of them are from oil products. In order to better preserve the environment and human health, we must find alternatives to solvents and conventional extraction methods. To pursue this goal, we will use water as solvent and innovative technologies to create new extraction methods of natural products. The work presented in this thesis first establishes a review of extraction methods. All those methods, old as well as new ones, are specific in terms of target matrix or extracted molecules. Then, we focused on a mature extraction method: hydrodistillation. The simultaneous extraction and separation of water soluble compounds as well as volatile compounds from boldo leaves (Peumus boldus, Mol.), is undertaken with the help of microwaves. The parameters optimization leads to a pilot scale-up. The intensification and continuous mode transition of the ultrasound assisted extraction of boldo leaves is then studied. Afterwards, we studied the maturing method of surfactant addition to water. This is in order to extract hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Finally, we explored an extraction method still in R&D. This method use only water in order to extract hydrophobic compounds of sweet orange peels ( Citrus sinensis L.) with a microwave device.

Les performances des bassins de stations d'épuration sont directement liées au transfert d'oxygène de bulles d'air généralement insufflées par des aérateurs vers des micro-organismes capables de détériorer certains polluants des eaux usées. Une prédiction précise du transfert de matière de l'oxygène dans ces bassins reste toutefois encore délicate. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer des outils d'analyse aux interfaces afin de mieux appréhender localement les différents mécanismes régissant le transfert de matière gaz/liquide. Cette simplification se base sur l'étude du transfert d'oxygène : (i) pour une bulle millimétrique isolée, (ii) dans un liquide au repos, (iii) sans particules solides (système diphasique). À l'aide de techniques de visualisation, il est possible d'évaluer l'influence de la composition de la phase liquide sur le coefficient de transfert côté́ liquide par PLIF (Fluorescence Induite par un Plan Laser) et sur le comportement hydrodynamique de la bulle (diamètre, vitesse, forme) par caméra rapide. L'influence du diamètre de la bulle sur le transfert de matière visualisé est également évaluée. Le coefficient de transfert côté liquide n'étant pas le seul paramètre représentatif du transfert de matière, des techniques expérimentales spécifiques sont développées afin d'estimer avec précision le coefficient de diffusion de l'oxygène dans la phase liquide d'intérêt ainsi que sa concentration à saturation au travers d'une interface gaz/liquide plane en cellule de Hele-Shaw. Via ces différentes techniques expérimentales développées durant la thèse, une cartographie précise de l'influence de la phase liquide sur le transfert d'oxygène est établie en évaluant dans un premier temps l'influence de certains composants isolés (sel, glucose, alcool, tensio-actifs, médicaments, etc.). Ainsi, il sera observé que certains composants, comme les tensio-actifs, peuvent fortement diminuer le transfert de matière. Les corrélations généralement utilisées afin de caractériser ce transfert de matière ne parvenant pas toujours à représenter de telles diminutions, ces résultats seront par la suite comparés à ceux obtenus dans des eaux de stations d'épuration afin d'approfondir la compréhension des différents mécanismes limitant ce transfert d'oxygène / The performance of tanks in sewage treatment plants is highly related to the oxygen transfer from air bubbles, usually injected through di��users, to microorganisms able to degrade pollutants contained in wastewaters. However, characterizing accurately the oxygen mass transfer in such processes is still a challenging issue mainly because of the liquid phase complexity. The aim of this PhD manuscript is to develop specific techniques to better understand the various mechanisms that locally govern the gas/liquid mass transfer process. This study focuses on the oxygen mass transfer, (i) from a single bubble, (ii) rising in a stagnant liquid, (iii) free from solid particles (biphasic system). Efficient visualization techniques allow the impact of the liquid phase composition on the liquid- side mass transfer coefficient (using PLIF (Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence)) and on the bubble hydrodynamic behavior (bubble diameter, shape, velocity) using high-speed cameras to be evaluated. Moreover, the impact of the bubble diameter on the mass transfer visualized is considered. Since the liquid-side mass transfer coefficient is often not sufficient to fully characterize mass transfer, specific experimental techniques, based on planar gas/liquid interfaces in Hele-Shaw cells, are proposed to estimate the diffusion coefficient of oxygen and the oxygen saturation concentration in several liquids of interest. Using the visualization techniques developed during this PhD thesis, the impact of the liquid phase on the oxygen mass transfer is evaluated by introducing different compounds in the liquid phase (salts, glucose, alcohol, surfactants, drugs, etc.). It is interesting to note that some compounds, such as surfactants, can drastically bother the oxygen mass transfer. Since the correlations classically used to characterize mass transfer cannot explain such performance degradation, the results obtained (with liquids whose composition is known) are finally compared to those obtained with wastewater from sewage treatment plants to better understand the factors that can alter the oxygen mass transfer

Nanocápsulas poliméricas (NC) foram descritas como uma nova geração de veículos para bloqueadores solares. Um estudo anterior demonstrou que a presença de monoestearato de sorbitano (MS) e polissorbato 80 (P80), ao invés de fosfatidilcolina em suspensões de nanocápsulas, conferiu uma maior fotoestabilidade à quercetina (QUE) e ao metoxicinamato de octila (OMC) co-encapsulados em função do espalhamento de luz de nanocápsulas, que agem como filtro solar físico. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas as bases físico-químicas dessas descobertas. Para alcançar o objetivo, o número de partículas por volume (N) foi determinado por turbidimetria e propriedades de espalhamento de luz das NC. Análise térmica e microscopia óptica também foram realizadas. Formulações de NC contendo QUE e OMC foram preparadas pelo método de deposição interfacial da poli-e-caprolactona, utilizando dois diferentes sistemas de tensoativos: Epikuron 170® (fosfatidilcolina) ou MS e P80. As NC apresentaram adequados diâmetros, índices de polidispersão, potencial zeta e pH. Formulações preparadas com QUE não apresentaram diferença significativa (P>0,05) para o N (partículas.cm-3), curiosamente o valor de N para×as partículas preparadas com MS e P80 foi menor do que as partículas preparadas com fosfatidilcolina (P<0,05), demonstrando que o espalhamento de luz não foi consequência de um N maior. Através de espalhamento de luz estático (Razão de Rayleigh) e espalhamento múltiplo de luz (TurbiscanLab®) foi verificado que a fotoestabilidade da QUE e do OMC foi relacionada a um maior espalhamento de luz das suspensões devido à natureza de seus componentes. A análise térmica demonstrou que os tensoativos e a QUE não interagem com a porção cristalina do PCL e que o MS e o P80 propiciaram melhor estabilidade química, do que as NC que continham Epikuron 170®. Análise microscópica mostrou nanocristais de QUE nas formulações explicando a influência das QUE nas análises espectroscópicas. Concluindo, NC preparadas com MS e P80 são mais eficazes em espalhar à luz do que aquelas preparadas com fosfatidilcolina. / Polymeric nanocapsules (NC) have been described as a new generation of carriers for UV blockers. A previous study demonstrated that the presence of the stabilizers sorbitan monostearate (SM) and polysorbate 80 (P80) instead of phophatidylcholine in nanocapsule suspensions caused a better photostability of co-encapsulated quercetin (QUE) and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) because of the light scattering of nanocapsules, which, act as physical sunscreen. In this work, was investigated the physicochemical basis of those findings. To reach the objective, the number of particles per volume (N) was determined by turbidimetry and the light scattering properties of the NC. Thermal analyses and optical microscopy were also performed. NC formulations containing OMC and QUE were prepared by interfacial deposition of poly(e-caprolactone) using two different surfactant systems: Epikuron 170® (phosphatidylcholine) or SM and P80. The NC presented adequate mean diameters polydispersity indexes, zeta potential and pH. Formulations prepared with QUE showed similar (p>0.05) N values (particles×cm-3), interestingly the N value for particles prepared with SM and P80 was smaller than particles the prepared with phosphatidylcholine (p<0.05), demonstrating that the light scattering was not a consequence of a higher N in the suspension. Through static light scattering (Rayleigh Ratio) and multiple light scattering (TurbiscanLab®) was found that the photostability of QUE and OMC was related to a higher light scattering of suspensions due to the nature of its components. Thermal analysis demonstrated that the surfactants and QUE did not interact with the crystalline portion of PCL and that SM and P80 provided better chemical stability for the NC containing QUE than Epikuron 170®. Microscopy analysis showed QUE nanocrystals in the formulations explaining the influence of QUE in the spectroscopic analyses. In conclusion, NC prepared with SM and P80 are more effective in scatter the light than those prepared with phosphatidylcholine.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:49:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Naidilene Aguilar.pdf: 1193572 bytes, checksum: 7f22fc898dd29c394190df17d986794b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-15 / The Lung Carcinoma (LG) represents the major challenge to the global health, becoming the leading cause of death by cancer among men and women in Brazil. The natural history of the disease includes high mortality rates and aggressive evolution, often with the patient coming to the doctor when the disease is already advanced. The incidence of this disease has its peak between the ages of 55 and 65 years old. The occurrence of lung cancer is intrinsically linked to the exposure to carcinogens, so that 90% of the cases are associated with active smoking. Thus, this study evaluated the feasibility of tumor lines through tests with four types of drugs of different classes. Recently, several experiments were performed with drugs that selectively inhibit the spread of tumor cells but have no effect on primary growth (Ross et al., 1969). This communication is in agreement with experiments performed to study the effect anti-metastatic of some drugs on the tumor spread. Thus, our study experiments to use the surfactants, Triton® X-100 (Sigma), Tween® 20 (BioAgency), SDS (Vetec) and CDs (Sigma) in varying concentrations, in order to evaluate cell viability. In this study we used two tumor cell lines, the H460 and A549, respectively classified as large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The screening of the substances with potential cytotoxic effect was done by the colorimetric test using MTT (3 - (4, 5-dimethyl-2-y1) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), as described by Mosmann (1983). The results showed variations in cell viability shown by the strains under study when treated with different types of drugs resulting in a viability proportional to the type and concentration of the drug. He was taken into consideration the different classes and chemical structures of the substances tested to discuss the different results and different strains. The SDS showed greater cytotoxic effect and the CD with the lowest or no effect under the same 8 conditions, Tween 20 and Triton X-100 had similar effects, with Triton X-100 getting a greater reduction in cell viability / O carcinoma de pulmão (CP) representa um grande desafio à saúde mundial, configurando-se como a principal causa mortis por câncer entre homens e mulheres no Brasil. A história natural da doença inclui elevada letalidade e evolução agressiva, quase sempre com o paciente chegando ao médico quando a doença já se encontra em fase avançada. A incidência desta doença tem o seu auge entre as idades de 55 e 65 anos. A ocorrência do câncer de pulmão está intrinsecamente associada à exposição a agentes carcinogênicos, de forma que 90% dos casos estão associados ao fumo ativo. Neste sentido, este trabalho avaliou a viabilidade de linhagens tumorais frente a testes com quatro tipos de drogas diferentes. Recentemente, várias experiências foram realizadas com fármacos que inibem seletivamente a disseminação de células tumorais, mas não têm nenhum efeito sobre o crescimento primário (ROSSO et al.,1969). A presente comunicação esta de acordo com experimentos realizados para estudar o efeito anti metastático de algumas drogas na disseminação do tumor. Sendo assim, nosso estudo experimenta utilizar os tensoativos, Triton® X-100 (Sigma), Tween® 20 (BioAgency), SDS (Vetec) e CDs (Sigma) em concentrações variadas, com objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade celular. Nesse estudo utilizamos duas linhagens celulares tumorais a H460 e A549, classificadas respectivamente como carcinoma de células grandes e adenocarcinoma. A triagem das substâncias com potencial efeito citotóxico foi feita através do teste colorimétrico utilizando MTT (3 - (4, 5-dimetil-2-y1) 2, 5-difenil brometo de tetrazólium), descrito por Mosmann (1983). Os resultados demonstraram variações na viabilidade celular apresentadas pelas linhagens em estudo quando tratadas com os diferentes tipos de drogas, resultando numa viabilidade proporcional ao tipo e concentração da droga. Foi levado em consideração as diferentes classes e estruturas químicas das 6 substâncias testadas para discutir os diferentes resultados encontrados bem como as diferentes linhagens. O SDS destacou se com maior efeito citotóxico e a CD com o menor ou nenhum efeito nas mesmas condições, o Tween 20 e o Triton X-100 obtiveram efeitos semelhantes com o Triton X-100 acarretando maior redução da viabilidade celular