INTRODUÇÃO: As fraturas diafisárias do fêmur e da tíbia encontram-se em destaque devido a sua elevada incidência e alto impacto econômico e social. A osteossíntese com uso da haste intramedular (HIM) é o procedimento cirúrgico de escolha. A infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) relacionada a HIM é considerada uma complicação grave e de difícil tratamento. OBJETIVOS: 1. Determinar a incidência de ISC após a implantação de HIM para fixação de fraturas diafisárias de fêmur e tíbia. 2. Avaliar os possíveis fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo observacional do tipo coorte. Para definição de ISC, foram utilizados os critérios do CDC-NHSN. A incidência de ISC foi calculada como a relação entre o número de pacientes com ISC em relação ao número total de pacientes. Para avaliação dos potenciais fatores associados, foram analisados aqueles relacionados aos pacientes (idade, gênero, índice de massa corpórea, presença de focos ativos de infecção à distância, presença condições imunossupressoras, avaliação de estado físico segundo escore ASA, etilismo, tabagismo, uso de drogas ilícitas, politrauma, etiologia do trauma, tipo de fratura quanto à exposição óssea, classificação da fratura segundo Müller AO, classificação segundo Tcherne para as fraturas fechadas, classificação segundo Gustilo-Anderson para as fraturas expostas, permanência em outro serviço de saúde, uso prévio de fixador externo, antecedente de manipulação cirúrgica na topografia da fratura, uso de hemoderivados); dos fatores relacionados ao ambiente cirúrgico e ao ato operatório (classificação da ferida quanto ao potencial de contaminação, duração da cirurgia, tricotomia, possível contaminação intraoperatória, uso de antimicrobianos relacionados ao procedimento cirúrgico, uso de drenos, ocorrência de hipotermia ou hipóxia no período perioperatório, tipo de HIM utilizada, fresagem, necessidade de necessidade de reparo do revestimento cutâneo associado à topografia da fratura, uso de terapia por pressão negativa) e dos fatores relacionados à microbiota (colonização por S. aureus ou A. baumannii). RESULTADOS: 221 pacientes foram incluídos e completaram o período de 12 meses de seguimento. A incidência de ISC associada à osteossíntese com HIM foi de 11,8%. Na análise inicial por regressão logística não ajustada, os seguintes fatores apresentaram associação com ISC: etiologia do trauma relacionada a acidentes de carro e bicicleta, classificação Müller AO do traço da fratura 2 ou 3, uso prévio de fixador externo, cirurgias com maiores tempos de duração, uso de drenos, uso de terapia por pressão negativa e necessidade de reparo do revestimento cutâneo na topografia da fratura. Na análise ajustada por regressão logística múltipla, contudo, apenas o uso prévio de fixador externo e a necessidade de reparo do revestimento cutâneo mantiveram-se associados à ocorrência de ISC. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de ISC associada à fixação de fraturas diafisárias de fêmur e tíbia com HIM foi de 11,8%. O uso prévio de fixadores externos e a necessidade de reparo do revestimento cutâneo na topografia da fratura foram fatores associados à ocorrência de infecção / BACKGROUND: Diaphyseal fractures of femur and tibia are prominent due to its high incidence and high economic and social impact. Intramedullary nailing (IN) is the surgical procedure of choice. Surgical site infection (SSI) related to this procedure is considered a difficult to treat complication. OBJECTIVES: Determine the incidence of SSI after IM in femoral and tibial diaphyseal fractures and evaluate possible risk factors. METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study. SSI was defined according to CDC-NHSN criteria. Incidence of SSI was calculated as the ratio between the number of patients with SSI and total number of patients. Analysis of potential risk factors included patients-related factors (age, gender, body mass index, active foci of infection, immunosuppressive conditions, ASA score, alcohol or illicit drug abuse, smoking, polytrauma, etiology of fracture, type of fracture if closed or open, classification of fracture according to Müller AO, Tcherne classification for closed fractures, to Gustilo-Anderson classification for open fractures, previous surgical manipulation, use of blood products); environmental and surgical-related factors (surgical wound classification, duration of surgery, hair removal, intraoperative contamination, antimicrobial use, presence of drains, hypothermia or hypoxia in the perioperative period, type of IN used, reaming, need for muscle or skin flap repair, use of negative pressure therapy) and microbiotarelated factors (S. aureus and A. baumannii colonization). RESULTS: 221 patients were included and completed the 12-month follow-up period. Incidence of SSI was 11.8%. In the initial analysis by unadjusted logistic regression, following factors were associated SSI: trauma etiology related to car and bicycle accidents, Müller AO classification of the fracture morphology groups 2 or 3, previous use of external fixator, surgeries with larger length of time, presence of drains, use of negative pressure therapy and need for muscle or skin flap repair. In the multiple logistic regression-adjusted analysis, previous use of external fixator and need for muscle or skin flap repair remained associated with SSI. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of SSI associated with IN for femoral and tibial diaphyseal fractures was 11.8%. Previous use of external fixators and need for muscle or skin flap repair were factors associated with occurrence of infection

<p>Abstrakt</p><p>Bakgrund: Länge har man varit medveten om vikten av god hygien och dess inverkan på</p><p>smittspridning. Det mest effektiva sättet att minska postoperativa sårinfektioner (SSI) är att arbeta</p><p>förebyggande och att ha en god hygien. Frekvensen av SSI ökar, och som en del av den förebyggande</p><p>vården ingår den preoperativa förberedelsen. Att inte ha kunskap och stöd till att utföra en sådan</p><p>åtgärd korrekt är en stor brist och kan leda till att patienter drabbas av SSI och därmed ett ökat</p><p>postoperativt lidande.</p><p>Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva vårdpersonalens syn på betydelsen av hygienisk preoperativ</p><p>förberedelse hos ortopedpatienter.</p><p>Metod: Studien genomfördes på ett länssjukhus i mellersta norrland under våren 2008, där alla</p><p>ortopedavdelningar på sjukhuset deltog. En kvalitativ intervjumetod användes med manifest</p><p>innehållsanalys av materialet.</p><p>Resultat: All personal som ingått i studien anser att den hygieniska preoperativa förberedelsen är av</p><p>stor vikt. Trots faktorer som stress, personalbrist och hög arbetsbelastning kände personalen att de</p><p>ville vara noggrann i sitt arbete och göra det bästa för patienten, även genomföra en bra förberedelse</p><p>innan operation. Den största orsaken till att de frångick de skrivna rutinerna var att patienterna hade</p><p>ont, samt vid akuta situationer då det var svårt att planera sitt arbete.</p><p>Diskussion: Trots att personalen visste om förberedelsens betydelse för frekvensen av SSI och att de</p><p>tyckte att riktlinjerna inte förändrats på många år, valde de medvetet att vissa gånger frångå de rutiner</p><p>som finns och de tog inget eget ansvar för att hålla sig uppdaterad kring ny forskning.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>Background: Long has one been aware about the importance of good hygiene and its effect on</p><p>infection control. The most effective way to decrease surgical site infections (SSI) is to work</p><p>preventive and to have a good hygiene. The frequency of SSI increases and as a part of the preventive</p><p>care the hygienic preoperative preparation is included. To not have knowledge and aids to carrying out</p><p>such a measure correct is a big deficiency and can lead to patients being hit of SSI and with that</p><p>increased postoperative suffering</p><p>Aim: The study's aim was to describe the care personnel's view on the importance of hygiene</p><p>preoperative preparation at orthopaedic patients.</p><p>Method: The study was implemented on a county hospital in the north central part of Sweden during</p><p>the spring of 2008, where all orthopaedic departments on the hospital participated. A qualitative</p><p>interview method was used with a manifest content analysis of the material.</p><p>Results: All personnel as been included in the study were unanimous that hygienic preoperative</p><p>preparation was of big importance. Despite factors like stress, lack of personnel and high workload,</p><p>they wanted to be accurate in their work and do what’s best for the patient. That also implemented a</p><p>good preparation before operation. The major reason to not follow the guidelines where that the</p><p>patients was in acute pain, and in emergency situations when it were impossible to plan its work.</p><p>Discussion: Despite the knowledge about the importance of preparation for the frequency of SSI and</p><p>they thought that the guideline not been changed on many years, they sometimes deliberately chose</p><p>not to follow the guideline. The nurses took no responsibility in order to keep updated around new</p><p>research.</p>

<p>Postoperativ sårinfektion är en komplikation som var tionde patient drabbas av efter ett kirurgiskt ingrepp. Det medför inte bara lidande och förlängd vårdtid för patienten utan kan även vara direkt livshotande. Den förlängda vårdtiden medför dessutom kostnader för samhället, och resurser skulle kunna användas till annan vård. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sådana omvårdnadsåtgärder som sjuksköterskan kan vidta för att förebygga postoperativa sårinfektioner. Evidensbaserade omvårdnadsåtgärder som, var för sig minskar risken för att patienten ska drabbas av en postoperativ sårinfektion, och tillsammans utgör grunden för en säker vård. Databassökning av vetenskapligt material inom området ligger till grund för resultatet. Genom aktuell forskning presenteras och lyfts olika omvårdnadsåtgärder som reducerar risken för patienten att drabbas av en postoperativ sårinfektion. Viktiga omvårdnadsåtgärder är: korrekt hårborttagning, bibehållen normotermi, dusch med desinfektion, glukoskontroll, administrering av antibiotikaprofylax och postoperativ sårvård. Ny forskning inom området efterfrågas för att kunna följa utvecklingen, eftersom den befintliga är publicerad för många år sedan. För att patienten ska kunna erbjudas en säker vård behövs kontinuerlig utbildning under sjuksköterskeutbildningen men även i den kliniska verksamheten. Regelbunden uppföljning och utvärdering bör också ske i den kliniska verksamheten för att omvårdnadsåtgärderna ska vara effektiva.</p> / <p>Postoperative surgical wound infection is a complication that every tenth patient suffering after a surgical procedure. The consequences are the suffering and prolonged length of stay for the patient and can also be directly fatal. The prolonged duration of treatment is a high cost in society and resources could be used for other care. The purpose of literature review was to describe nurse’s interventions, which can be taken to prevent postoperative surgical wound infections. Evidence-based care interventions which reduce the risk of the patients suffering a postoperative surgical wound infection and together they represent a safe care. The result is based on search in databases for scientific materials in the subject area. Through current research highlights interventions which reduce the risk of the patient suffering a postoperative wound infection. Essential nursing interventions which are identified as: Hair removal, warming, shower with disinfectant, glucose monitoring, administration of antibiotic prophylaxis and wound care. New research in this area is requested to follow the developments since the current research is getting old. If the care should be safe for patient there must be education in nursing training as well as in the clinical work. Continuous follow-up should also occur in the clinical work in order to get feedback if the nursing interventions are effective.</p>

<p>The primary aim was to register the incidence of surgical wound infections (SWI) in sternotomy and leg incisions and potential risk factors for SWI following coronary artery by-pass graft (CAGB) procedures. Patients’ perspectives of SWI and the subsequent treatment were also considered. </p><p>Risk factors were registered for 374 patients. Patients were contacted by telephone 30 and 60 days after surgery and interviewed according to a questionnaire about symptoms and signs of wound infections. SWI was defined according to The Centers for Disease Control. Patients with mediastinitis were also interviewed within four months about how they experienced care, how they coped and how they thought the mediastinitis would influence their future life. </p><p>SWIs were diagnosed in 30 % of the patients. Seventy-three percent of the SWIs of the leg were diagnosed within 30 days of surgery and 27% were diagnosed within 31 to 60 days. Female gender and use of a monofilament suture for skin closure were the most important risk factors for SWI of the leg. Low preoperative haemoglobin concentration was the most important risk factor for sternal SWI. Patients with mediastinitis had higher BMI and had more often received erythrocyte transfusions on postoperative day 2 or later than those without infections. Patients without a diagnosis of diabetes who had increased blood glucose concentrations during the intermediate postoperative period had an increased risk of mediastinitis. It was not possible to separate the effect of diabetes as a risk factor for SWI from that of hyperglycaemia as such. Patients’ experiences were influenced by the staffs’ medical knowledge, how care was given and how well information was provided. Perceived danger and stress influenced how they coped with the situation. The patients believed that the mediastinitis would not affect the final outcome of the CABG procedure, even though their confidence in this was influenced by uncertainties about the rehabilitation process.</p>

The primary aim was to register the incidence of surgical wound infections (SWI) in sternotomy and leg incisions and potential risk factors for SWI following coronary artery by-pass graft (CAGB) procedures. Patients’ perspectives of SWI and the subsequent treatment were also considered. Risk factors were registered for 374 patients. Patients were contacted by telephone 30 and 60 days after surgery and interviewed according to a questionnaire about symptoms and signs of wound infections. SWI was defined according to The Centers for Disease Control. Patients with mediastinitis were also interviewed within four months about how they experienced care, how they coped and how they thought the mediastinitis would influence their future life. SWIs were diagnosed in 30 % of the patients. Seventy-three percent of the SWIs of the leg were diagnosed within 30 days of surgery and 27% were diagnosed within 31 to 60 days. Female gender and use of a monofilament suture for skin closure were the most important risk factors for SWI of the leg. Low preoperative haemoglobin concentration was the most important risk factor for sternal SWI. Patients with mediastinitis had higher BMI and had more often received erythrocyte transfusions on postoperative day 2 or later than those without infections. Patients without a diagnosis of diabetes who had increased blood glucose concentrations during the intermediate postoperative period had an increased risk of mediastinitis. It was not possible to separate the effect of diabetes as a risk factor for SWI from that of hyperglycaemia as such. Patients’ experiences were influenced by the staffs’ medical knowledge, how care was given and how well information was provided. Perceived danger and stress influenced how they coped with the situation. The patients believed that the mediastinitis would not affect the final outcome of the CABG procedure, even though their confidence in this was influenced by uncertainties about the rehabilitation process.

Abstrakt Bakgrund: Länge har man varit medveten om vikten av god hygien och dess inverkan på smittspridning. Det mest effektiva sättet att minska postoperativa sårinfektioner (SSI) är att arbeta förebyggande och att ha en god hygien. Frekvensen av SSI ökar, och som en del av den förebyggande vården ingår den preoperativa förberedelsen. Att inte ha kunskap och stöd till att utföra en sådan åtgärd korrekt är en stor brist och kan leda till att patienter drabbas av SSI och därmed ett ökat postoperativt lidande. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva vårdpersonalens syn på betydelsen av hygienisk preoperativ förberedelse hos ortopedpatienter. Metod: Studien genomfördes på ett länssjukhus i mellersta norrland under våren 2008, där alla ortopedavdelningar på sjukhuset deltog. En kvalitativ intervjumetod användes med manifest innehållsanalys av materialet. Resultat: All personal som ingått i studien anser att den hygieniska preoperativa förberedelsen är av stor vikt. Trots faktorer som stress, personalbrist och hög arbetsbelastning kände personalen att de ville vara noggrann i sitt arbete och göra det bästa för patienten, även genomföra en bra förberedelse innan operation. Den största orsaken till att de frångick de skrivna rutinerna var att patienterna hade ont, samt vid akuta situationer då det var svårt att planera sitt arbete. Diskussion: Trots att personalen visste om förberedelsens betydelse för frekvensen av SSI och att de tyckte att riktlinjerna inte förändrats på många år, valde de medvetet att vissa gånger frångå de rutiner som finns och de tog inget eget ansvar för att hålla sig uppdaterad kring ny forskning. / Abstract Background: Long has one been aware about the importance of good hygiene and its effect on infection control. The most effective way to decrease surgical site infections (SSI) is to work preventive and to have a good hygiene. The frequency of SSI increases and as a part of the preventive care the hygienic preoperative preparation is included. To not have knowledge and aids to carrying out such a measure correct is a big deficiency and can lead to patients being hit of SSI and with that increased postoperative suffering Aim: The study's aim was to describe the care personnel's view on the importance of hygiene preoperative preparation at orthopaedic patients. Method: The study was implemented on a county hospital in the north central part of Sweden during the spring of 2008, where all orthopaedic departments on the hospital participated. A qualitative interview method was used with a manifest content analysis of the material. Results: All personnel as been included in the study were unanimous that hygienic preoperative preparation was of big importance. Despite factors like stress, lack of personnel and high workload, they wanted to be accurate in their work and do what’s best for the patient. That also implemented a good preparation before operation. The major reason to not follow the guidelines where that the patients was in acute pain, and in emergency situations when it were impossible to plan its work. Discussion: Despite the knowledge about the importance of preparation for the frequency of SSI and they thought that the guideline not been changed on many years, they sometimes deliberately chose not to follow the guideline. The nurses took no responsibility in order to keep updated around new research.

Postoperativ sårinfektion är en komplikation som var tionde patient drabbas av efter ett kirurgiskt ingrepp. Det medför inte bara lidande och förlängd vårdtid för patienten utan kan även vara direkt livshotande. Den förlängda vårdtiden medför dessutom kostnader för samhället, och resurser skulle kunna användas till annan vård. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sådana omvårdnadsåtgärder som sjuksköterskan kan vidta för att förebygga postoperativa sårinfektioner. Evidensbaserade omvårdnadsåtgärder som, var för sig minskar risken för att patienten ska drabbas av en postoperativ sårinfektion, och tillsammans utgör grunden för en säker vård. Databassökning av vetenskapligt material inom området ligger till grund för resultatet. Genom aktuell forskning presenteras och lyfts olika omvårdnadsåtgärder som reducerar risken för patienten att drabbas av en postoperativ sårinfektion. Viktiga omvårdnadsåtgärder är: korrekt hårborttagning, bibehållen normotermi, dusch med desinfektion, glukoskontroll, administrering av antibiotikaprofylax och postoperativ sårvård. Ny forskning inom området efterfrågas för att kunna följa utvecklingen, eftersom den befintliga är publicerad för många år sedan. För att patienten ska kunna erbjudas en säker vård behövs kontinuerlig utbildning under sjuksköterskeutbildningen men även i den kliniska verksamheten. Regelbunden uppföljning och utvärdering bör också ske i den kliniska verksamheten för att omvårdnadsåtgärderna ska vara effektiva. / Postoperative surgical wound infection is a complication that every tenth patient suffering after a surgical procedure. The consequences are the suffering and prolonged length of stay for the patient and can also be directly fatal. The prolonged duration of treatment is a high cost in society and resources could be used for other care. The purpose of literature review was to describe nurse’s interventions, which can be taken to prevent postoperative surgical wound infections. Evidence-based care interventions which reduce the risk of the patients suffering a postoperative surgical wound infection and together they represent a safe care. The result is based on search in databases for scientific materials in the subject area. Through current research highlights interventions which reduce the risk of the patient suffering a postoperative wound infection. Essential nursing interventions which are identified as: Hair removal, warming, shower with disinfectant, glucose monitoring, administration of antibiotic prophylaxis and wound care. New research in this area is requested to follow the developments since the current research is getting old. If the care should be safe for patient there must be education in nursing training as well as in the clinical work. Continuous follow-up should also occur in the clinical work in order to get feedback if the nursing interventions are effective.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:47:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008 / Objetivos: 0 estudo procurou determinar os fatores de risco associados a infeccao de sitio cirurgico e do trato urinario pos-transplante simultaneo de rim-pancreas. Foi tambem estudada a incidencia de infeccao de sitio cirurgico e infeccao do trato urinario nesta coorte de pacientes e os principais patogenos causadores destas infeccoes. Metodo: 0 estudo foi realizado no Hospital São Paulo, hospital terciario de ensino da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. 0 estudo utilizou uma coorte de pacientes que incluiu todos os pacientes que realizaram transplante simultaneo de rim-pancreas no periodo de 01 de dezembro de 2000 a 31 de dezembro de 2006 (119 receptores). Estes pacientes foram acompanhados atraves do prontuario, por um periodo de um mes pos-transplante, para desenvolvimento de infeccao de sitio cirurgico, e durante todo 0 periodo de internacao apos 0 transplante para 0 desenvolvimento de infeccao do trato urinario hospitalar. Os criterios usados para 0 diagnostico de infeccao hospitalar foram definidos pelo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). E foram realizados dois estudos tipo caso-controle aninhado (do ingles Nested Case Control), onde foram avaliados os fatores de risco para infeccao de sitio cirurgico e infeccao do trato urinario nesta coorte de pacientes. A analise multivariada foi realizada pela tecnica de regressao logistica multipla, utilizando as variaveis com p&#8804; 0,05 na analise univariada. 0 metodo utilizado foi 0 Stepwise forward. Resultados: A mortalidade nos primeiros 30 dias apos 0 transplante foi 11,8%. A infeccao de sitio cirurgico ocorreu em 55 (46,2%) pacientes submetidos ao transplante. Os principais microrganismos foram: Klebsiella pneumoniae, 10 (28%); Staphylococcus aureus, 8 (22%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 8 (22%); Acinetobacter baumannii, 4 (11 %). Ap6s a regressao logistica multivariada, as variaveis independentemente associadas a ISC foram: necrose tubular aguda (OR=4,4; IC95%= 1,77 - 10,99; p=0,001); fistula renal ou pancreatica pos-­transplante (OR=7,25; IC95%= 1,35 - 38,99; p=0,02) e rejeicao do enxerto (OR=4,28; IC95%= 1,59 - 11,48; p=0,004). A infeccao do trato urinario ocorreu em 29 (24,4%) pacientes submetidos ao transplante. Os principais microrganismos foram: Klebsiella pneumoniae 13 (43,5%), Acinetobacter baumannii 7 (23,5%), Enterobacter spp 2(7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2 (7%).Apos a regressao logistica multivariada, as variaveis independentemente associadas a ITU foram: tempo de hipertensao arterial (OR=1, 1; IC95%= 1,00 - 1,02; p=0,01); uso de alcool pelo doador (OR=7,49; IC95%= 1,01 - 55,66; p=0,04) e uso de drogas vasoativas no doador (OR=0,08; IC95%= 0,01 - 0,84; p=0,03) e, como fator protetor: diurese residual pre-transplante (OR=0,16; IC95%= 0,04 - 0,59; p=0,006). Conclusao: Nosso estudo demonstrou que variaveis relacionadas ao procedimento cirurgico estao mais relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de infeccao de sitio cirurgico e que variaveis relacionadas ao receptor e doador estao mais relacionadas ao surgimento de infeccao do trato urinario em pacientes submetidos a transplante simultaneo rim­-pancreas. Nosso estudo e um dos primeiros a avaliar fatores de risco para essas duas importantes infeccoes nosocomiais nessa coorte de pacientes. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações