Estima-se que há mais de 50 anos, as furadeiras elétricas (FE) têm sido empregadas em cirurgias ortopédicas nos hospitais brasileiros para a perfuração óssea. Trata-se de equipamento elétrico, termossensível, não indicado para uso cirúrgico, não avaliado anteriormente quanto à eficácia da esterilização, suspeitando-se de risco potencial para infecções do sítio cirúrgico ou relacionadas a próteses ortopédicas. Os objetivos desse estudo foram: avaliar a carga microbiana de FE do uso cirúrgico e avaliar a eficácia da esterilização por óxido de etileno (ETO) de FE novas intencionalmente contaminadas. Trata-se de pesquisa experimental, laboratorial, randomizada e aplicada desenvolvida no laboratório de pesquisas experimentais da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo. O trabalho foi realizado em duas fases. As condições assépticas foram rigorosamente seguidas para o controle das variáveis. Quinze FE analisadas na fase I, tiveram distribuição aleatória e cega, capturadas em um centro cirúrgico de um hospital escola. Foram cultivados: o ar gerado pelo motor e alíquotas de 10 µL do lavado das superfícies interna e externa das FE. Ainda nessa fase foi realizado um controle positivo onde uma FE foi contaminada com Serratia marcescens e um teste do método de filtração por membrana de porosidade de 0,45 µm com uma FE limpa, onde as membranas que filtraram diferentes quantidades do lavado foram cultivadas. Na fase II foram analisadas 22 FE e três perfuradores de osso (PO). Dezesseis FE constituíram o grupo experimental (GE), seis o controle positivo (GCP) e três PO constituíram o controle negativo (GCN). Todos os equipamentos previamente limpos e esterilizados foram submetidos à contaminação com esporos de Bacillus atrophaeus. As FE do GCP foram analisadas após a exposição ao contaminante, furadeiras do GE e perfuradores do GCN foram submetidos à limpeza e esterilização por ETO antes de serem analisados. Foram cultivados: ar gerado pelo motor e membrana filtrante após a filtração do lavado das superfícies interna e externa dos equipamentos. Foram realizadas coloração e microscopia: Gram para culturas positivas; Wirtz-Conklin para culturas positivas com bacilos Gram positivos. Os resultados mostraram que a carga microbiana de FE do uso cirúrgico é baixa e foi detectada em duas ocasiões no cultivo do ar, 1 ufc/FE e em uma ocasião no cultivo de alíquotas do lavado, 9 ufc/FE. O controle positivo realizado com Serratia marcescens comprovou a sensibilidade do método para amostras contendo alta concentração de contaminantes. O método filtração por membrana mostrou-se sensível para detectar baixa contaminação das FE, sendo o eleito para o teste de esterilidade. Os controles positivos apresentaram crescimento do microrganismo contaminante, comprovando a aderência ao material. Os controles negativos não apresentaram crescimento. Das 16 FE do GE, duas apresentaram crescimento sendo cada uma delas de 1ufc do contaminante inicial respectivamente no cultivo do ar e no cultivo da membrana. Foi comprovada a eficiência de 99,99999881% do processo de esterilização por ETO, com a probabilidade de sobrevivência de 1,19 x 10-8. Nas condições do desenvolvimento do experimento, a eficácia da esterilização das FE por ETO foi comprovada / Electric drills have been used to perform orthopedic surgeries in Brazilian hospitals for almost more than 50 years. This electric equipment is heat-sensitive and it is not appropriate to use in surgical procedures. Until now the efficacy of sterilization of this item had been not evaluated as a potential risk for the occurrence of surgical site infection or infection related to orthopedic prosthesis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the bioburden of the used electric drills and to evaluate the sterility of the new electric drills contaminated artificially. It is an experimental and randomized study performed in the research laboratory of the Nursing School of the São Paulo University. The study was performed in two phases following rigorous aseptic techniques to control the variables. In the first phase fifteen electric drills were taken in the operating room of the university hospital and included in the study using aleatory and blind methods. Cultures were performed from the air produced by the drill engine and the aliquots of 10µL of the rinsed water from the internal and external surface of the electric drill. One electric drill was included as a positive control and was contaminated with Serratia marcescens. A membrane filter with porous of 0,45 µm were cultured after had been exposed to the rinsed water from the internal and external surface of the clean electric drill. In the second phase were analyzed twenty two electric drills and three orthopedic drilling machines. Sixteen electric drills were included in the experimental group, six were the positive control group and three orthopedic drilling machines in the negative control group. All the equipments previously cleaned and sterilized were submitted to the contamination with Bacillus atrophaeus. The electric drills included in the positive control group were analyzed after exposed to the contaminant and the electric drills of the experimental group and orthopedic drills included in the negative control group were submitted to clean and ethylene oxide sterilization before to start the analysis. The air produced by the drill engine and the membrane filter after exposed to the rinsed water of the internal and external surface of the electric drill were cultured. It was performed Gram microscopy and Wirtz-Conklin to Gram positive bacilli. The results showed low bioburden in the electric drills in two episodes. So, 1 cfu/electric drill was found in one episode of the air culture and 9 cfu/electric drill in one episode of culture of the aliquot. The positive control with Serratia marcescens demonstrated the sensibility of the method in samples with high concentration of contaminants. The method of membrane filtration showed sensible to detect low bioburden of the electric drills. So it is elected for the sterility test. The positive controls showed the growth of the contaminant microrganism demonstrating the adherence to the material surface. The negative controls did not show growth. Two of the sixteen electric drills included in the experimental group showed each one growth of 1cfu of the initial contaminant of the air and the membrane cultures respectively. So the efficiency of the sterilization process was 99,99999881% and the probability of find survivor was 1,19 x 10-8. In these conditions the study demonstrates that the efficacy of the ethylene oxide sterilization was proved

INTRODUÇÃO: As fraturas diafisárias do fêmur e da tíbia encontram-se em destaque devido a sua elevada incidência e alto impacto econômico e social. A osteossíntese com uso da haste intramedular (HIM) é o procedimento cirúrgico de escolha. A infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) relacionada a HIM é considerada uma complicação grave e de difícil tratamento. OBJETIVOS: 1. Determinar a incidência de ISC após a implantação de HIM para fixação de fraturas diafisárias de fêmur e tíbia. 2. Avaliar os possíveis fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo observacional do tipo coorte. Para definição de ISC, foram utilizados os critérios do CDC-NHSN. A incidência de ISC foi calculada como a relação entre o número de pacientes com ISC em relação ao número total de pacientes. Para avaliação dos potenciais fatores associados, foram analisados aqueles relacionados aos pacientes (idade, gênero, índice de massa corpórea, presença de focos ativos de infecção à distância, presença condições imunossupressoras, avaliação de estado físico segundo escore ASA, etilismo, tabagismo, uso de drogas ilícitas, politrauma, etiologia do trauma, tipo de fratura quanto à exposição óssea, classificação da fratura segundo Müller AO, classificação segundo Tcherne para as fraturas fechadas, classificação segundo Gustilo-Anderson para as fraturas expostas, permanência em outro serviço de saúde, uso prévio de fixador externo, antecedente de manipulação cirúrgica na topografia da fratura, uso de hemoderivados); dos fatores relacionados ao ambiente cirúrgico e ao ato operatório (classificação da ferida quanto ao potencial de contaminação, duração da cirurgia, tricotomia, possível contaminação intraoperatória, uso de antimicrobianos relacionados ao procedimento cirúrgico, uso de drenos, ocorrência de hipotermia ou hipóxia no período perioperatório, tipo de HIM utilizada, fresagem, necessidade de necessidade de reparo do revestimento cutâneo associado à topografia da fratura, uso de terapia por pressão negativa) e dos fatores relacionados à microbiota (colonização por S. aureus ou A. baumannii). RESULTADOS: 221 pacientes foram incluídos e completaram o período de 12 meses de seguimento. A incidência de ISC associada à osteossíntese com HIM foi de 11,8%. Na análise inicial por regressão logística não ajustada, os seguintes fatores apresentaram associação com ISC: etiologia do trauma relacionada a acidentes de carro e bicicleta, classificação Müller AO do traço da fratura 2 ou 3, uso prévio de fixador externo, cirurgias com maiores tempos de duração, uso de drenos, uso de terapia por pressão negativa e necessidade de reparo do revestimento cutâneo na topografia da fratura. Na análise ajustada por regressão logística múltipla, contudo, apenas o uso prévio de fixador externo e a necessidade de reparo do revestimento cutâneo mantiveram-se associados à ocorrência de ISC. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de ISC associada à fixação de fraturas diafisárias de fêmur e tíbia com HIM foi de 11,8%. O uso prévio de fixadores externos e a necessidade de reparo do revestimento cutâneo na topografia da fratura foram fatores associados à ocorrência de infecção / BACKGROUND: Diaphyseal fractures of femur and tibia are prominent due to its high incidence and high economic and social impact. Intramedullary nailing (IN) is the surgical procedure of choice. Surgical site infection (SSI) related to this procedure is considered a difficult to treat complication. OBJECTIVES: Determine the incidence of SSI after IM in femoral and tibial diaphyseal fractures and evaluate possible risk factors. METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study. SSI was defined according to CDC-NHSN criteria. Incidence of SSI was calculated as the ratio between the number of patients with SSI and total number of patients. Analysis of potential risk factors included patients-related factors (age, gender, body mass index, active foci of infection, immunosuppressive conditions, ASA score, alcohol or illicit drug abuse, smoking, polytrauma, etiology of fracture, type of fracture if closed or open, classification of fracture according to Müller AO, Tcherne classification for closed fractures, to Gustilo-Anderson classification for open fractures, previous surgical manipulation, use of blood products); environmental and surgical-related factors (surgical wound classification, duration of surgery, hair removal, intraoperative contamination, antimicrobial use, presence of drains, hypothermia or hypoxia in the perioperative period, type of IN used, reaming, need for muscle or skin flap repair, use of negative pressure therapy) and microbiotarelated factors (S. aureus and A. baumannii colonization). RESULTS: 221 patients were included and completed the 12-month follow-up period. Incidence of SSI was 11.8%. In the initial analysis by unadjusted logistic regression, following factors were associated SSI: trauma etiology related to car and bicycle accidents, Müller AO classification of the fracture morphology groups 2 or 3, previous use of external fixator, surgeries with larger length of time, presence of drains, use of negative pressure therapy and need for muscle or skin flap repair. In the multiple logistic regression-adjusted analysis, previous use of external fixator and need for muscle or skin flap repair remained associated with SSI. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of SSI associated with IN for femoral and tibial diaphyseal fractures was 11.8%. Previous use of external fixators and need for muscle or skin flap repair were factors associated with occurrence of infection

<p>Abstrakt</p><p>Bakgrund: Länge har man varit medveten om vikten av god hygien och dess inverkan på</p><p>smittspridning. Det mest effektiva sättet att minska postoperativa sårinfektioner (SSI) är att arbeta</p><p>förebyggande och att ha en god hygien. Frekvensen av SSI ökar, och som en del av den förebyggande</p><p>vården ingår den preoperativa förberedelsen. Att inte ha kunskap och stöd till att utföra en sådan</p><p>åtgärd korrekt är en stor brist och kan leda till att patienter drabbas av SSI och därmed ett ökat</p><p>postoperativt lidande.</p><p>Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva vårdpersonalens syn på betydelsen av hygienisk preoperativ</p><p>förberedelse hos ortopedpatienter.</p><p>Metod: Studien genomfördes på ett länssjukhus i mellersta norrland under våren 2008, där alla</p><p>ortopedavdelningar på sjukhuset deltog. En kvalitativ intervjumetod användes med manifest</p><p>innehållsanalys av materialet.</p><p>Resultat: All personal som ingått i studien anser att den hygieniska preoperativa förberedelsen är av</p><p>stor vikt. Trots faktorer som stress, personalbrist och hög arbetsbelastning kände personalen att de</p><p>ville vara noggrann i sitt arbete och göra det bästa för patienten, även genomföra en bra förberedelse</p><p>innan operation. Den största orsaken till att de frångick de skrivna rutinerna var att patienterna hade</p><p>ont, samt vid akuta situationer då det var svårt att planera sitt arbete.</p><p>Diskussion: Trots att personalen visste om förberedelsens betydelse för frekvensen av SSI och att de</p><p>tyckte att riktlinjerna inte förändrats på många år, valde de medvetet att vissa gånger frångå de rutiner</p><p>som finns och de tog inget eget ansvar för att hålla sig uppdaterad kring ny forskning.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>Background: Long has one been aware about the importance of good hygiene and its effect on</p><p>infection control. The most effective way to decrease surgical site infections (SSI) is to work</p><p>preventive and to have a good hygiene. The frequency of SSI increases and as a part of the preventive</p><p>care the hygienic preoperative preparation is included. To not have knowledge and aids to carrying out</p><p>such a measure correct is a big deficiency and can lead to patients being hit of SSI and with that</p><p>increased postoperative suffering</p><p>Aim: The study's aim was to describe the care personnel's view on the importance of hygiene</p><p>preoperative preparation at orthopaedic patients.</p><p>Method: The study was implemented on a county hospital in the north central part of Sweden during</p><p>the spring of 2008, where all orthopaedic departments on the hospital participated. A qualitative</p><p>interview method was used with a manifest content analysis of the material.</p><p>Results: All personnel as been included in the study were unanimous that hygienic preoperative</p><p>preparation was of big importance. Despite factors like stress, lack of personnel and high workload,</p><p>they wanted to be accurate in their work and do what’s best for the patient. That also implemented a</p><p>good preparation before operation. The major reason to not follow the guidelines where that the</p><p>patients was in acute pain, and in emergency situations when it were impossible to plan its work.</p><p>Discussion: Despite the knowledge about the importance of preparation for the frequency of SSI and</p><p>they thought that the guideline not been changed on many years, they sometimes deliberately chose</p><p>not to follow the guideline. The nurses took no responsibility in order to keep updated around new</p><p>research.</p>

<p>Postoperativ sårinfektion är en komplikation som var tionde patient drabbas av efter ett kirurgiskt ingrepp. Det medför inte bara lidande och förlängd vårdtid för patienten utan kan även vara direkt livshotande. Den förlängda vårdtiden medför dessutom kostnader för samhället, och resurser skulle kunna användas till annan vård. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sådana omvårdnadsåtgärder som sjuksköterskan kan vidta för att förebygga postoperativa sårinfektioner. Evidensbaserade omvårdnadsåtgärder som, var för sig minskar risken för att patienten ska drabbas av en postoperativ sårinfektion, och tillsammans utgör grunden för en säker vård. Databassökning av vetenskapligt material inom området ligger till grund för resultatet. Genom aktuell forskning presenteras och lyfts olika omvårdnadsåtgärder som reducerar risken för patienten att drabbas av en postoperativ sårinfektion. Viktiga omvårdnadsåtgärder är: korrekt hårborttagning, bibehållen normotermi, dusch med desinfektion, glukoskontroll, administrering av antibiotikaprofylax och postoperativ sårvård. Ny forskning inom området efterfrågas för att kunna följa utvecklingen, eftersom den befintliga är publicerad för många år sedan. För att patienten ska kunna erbjudas en säker vård behövs kontinuerlig utbildning under sjuksköterskeutbildningen men även i den kliniska verksamheten. Regelbunden uppföljning och utvärdering bör också ske i den kliniska verksamheten för att omvårdnadsåtgärderna ska vara effektiva.</p> / <p>Postoperative surgical wound infection is a complication that every tenth patient suffering after a surgical procedure. The consequences are the suffering and prolonged length of stay for the patient and can also be directly fatal. The prolonged duration of treatment is a high cost in society and resources could be used for other care. The purpose of literature review was to describe nurse’s interventions, which can be taken to prevent postoperative surgical wound infections. Evidence-based care interventions which reduce the risk of the patients suffering a postoperative surgical wound infection and together they represent a safe care. The result is based on search in databases for scientific materials in the subject area. Through current research highlights interventions which reduce the risk of the patient suffering a postoperative wound infection. Essential nursing interventions which are identified as: Hair removal, warming, shower with disinfectant, glucose monitoring, administration of antibiotic prophylaxis and wound care. New research in this area is requested to follow the developments since the current research is getting old. If the care should be safe for patient there must be education in nursing training as well as in the clinical work. Continuous follow-up should also occur in the clinical work in order to get feedback if the nursing interventions are effective.</p>

<p>The primary aim was to register the incidence of surgical wound infections (SWI) in sternotomy and leg incisions and potential risk factors for SWI following coronary artery by-pass graft (CAGB) procedures. Patients’ perspectives of SWI and the subsequent treatment were also considered. </p><p>Risk factors were registered for 374 patients. Patients were contacted by telephone 30 and 60 days after surgery and interviewed according to a questionnaire about symptoms and signs of wound infections. SWI was defined according to The Centers for Disease Control. Patients with mediastinitis were also interviewed within four months about how they experienced care, how they coped and how they thought the mediastinitis would influence their future life. </p><p>SWIs were diagnosed in 30 % of the patients. Seventy-three percent of the SWIs of the leg were diagnosed within 30 days of surgery and 27% were diagnosed within 31 to 60 days. Female gender and use of a monofilament suture for skin closure were the most important risk factors for SWI of the leg. Low preoperative haemoglobin concentration was the most important risk factor for sternal SWI. Patients with mediastinitis had higher BMI and had more often received erythrocyte transfusions on postoperative day 2 or later than those without infections. Patients without a diagnosis of diabetes who had increased blood glucose concentrations during the intermediate postoperative period had an increased risk of mediastinitis. It was not possible to separate the effect of diabetes as a risk factor for SWI from that of hyperglycaemia as such. Patients’ experiences were influenced by the staffs’ medical knowledge, how care was given and how well information was provided. Perceived danger and stress influenced how they coped with the situation. The patients believed that the mediastinitis would not affect the final outcome of the CABG procedure, even though their confidence in this was influenced by uncertainties about the rehabilitation process.</p>

The primary aim was to register the incidence of surgical wound infections (SWI) in sternotomy and leg incisions and potential risk factors for SWI following coronary artery by-pass graft (CAGB) procedures. Patients’ perspectives of SWI and the subsequent treatment were also considered. Risk factors were registered for 374 patients. Patients were contacted by telephone 30 and 60 days after surgery and interviewed according to a questionnaire about symptoms and signs of wound infections. SWI was defined according to The Centers for Disease Control. Patients with mediastinitis were also interviewed within four months about how they experienced care, how they coped and how they thought the mediastinitis would influence their future life. SWIs were diagnosed in 30 % of the patients. Seventy-three percent of the SWIs of the leg were diagnosed within 30 days of surgery and 27% were diagnosed within 31 to 60 days. Female gender and use of a monofilament suture for skin closure were the most important risk factors for SWI of the leg. Low preoperative haemoglobin concentration was the most important risk factor for sternal SWI. Patients with mediastinitis had higher BMI and had more often received erythrocyte transfusions on postoperative day 2 or later than those without infections. Patients without a diagnosis of diabetes who had increased blood glucose concentrations during the intermediate postoperative period had an increased risk of mediastinitis. It was not possible to separate the effect of diabetes as a risk factor for SWI from that of hyperglycaemia as such. Patients’ experiences were influenced by the staffs’ medical knowledge, how care was given and how well information was provided. Perceived danger and stress influenced how they coped with the situation. The patients believed that the mediastinitis would not affect the final outcome of the CABG procedure, even though their confidence in this was influenced by uncertainties about the rehabilitation process.

Abstrakt Bakgrund: Länge har man varit medveten om vikten av god hygien och dess inverkan på smittspridning. Det mest effektiva sättet att minska postoperativa sårinfektioner (SSI) är att arbeta förebyggande och att ha en god hygien. Frekvensen av SSI ökar, och som en del av den förebyggande vården ingår den preoperativa förberedelsen. Att inte ha kunskap och stöd till att utföra en sådan åtgärd korrekt är en stor brist och kan leda till att patienter drabbas av SSI och därmed ett ökat postoperativt lidande. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva vårdpersonalens syn på betydelsen av hygienisk preoperativ förberedelse hos ortopedpatienter. Metod: Studien genomfördes på ett länssjukhus i mellersta norrland under våren 2008, där alla ortopedavdelningar på sjukhuset deltog. En kvalitativ intervjumetod användes med manifest innehållsanalys av materialet. Resultat: All personal som ingått i studien anser att den hygieniska preoperativa förberedelsen är av stor vikt. Trots faktorer som stress, personalbrist och hög arbetsbelastning kände personalen att de ville vara noggrann i sitt arbete och göra det bästa för patienten, även genomföra en bra förberedelse innan operation. Den största orsaken till att de frångick de skrivna rutinerna var att patienterna hade ont, samt vid akuta situationer då det var svårt att planera sitt arbete. Diskussion: Trots att personalen visste om förberedelsens betydelse för frekvensen av SSI och att de tyckte att riktlinjerna inte förändrats på många år, valde de medvetet att vissa gånger frångå de rutiner som finns och de tog inget eget ansvar för att hålla sig uppdaterad kring ny forskning. / Abstract Background: Long has one been aware about the importance of good hygiene and its effect on infection control. The most effective way to decrease surgical site infections (SSI) is to work preventive and to have a good hygiene. The frequency of SSI increases and as a part of the preventive care the hygienic preoperative preparation is included. To not have knowledge and aids to carrying out such a measure correct is a big deficiency and can lead to patients being hit of SSI and with that increased postoperative suffering Aim: The study's aim was to describe the care personnel's view on the importance of hygiene preoperative preparation at orthopaedic patients. Method: The study was implemented on a county hospital in the north central part of Sweden during the spring of 2008, where all orthopaedic departments on the hospital participated. A qualitative interview method was used with a manifest content analysis of the material. Results: All personnel as been included in the study were unanimous that hygienic preoperative preparation was of big importance. Despite factors like stress, lack of personnel and high workload, they wanted to be accurate in their work and do what’s best for the patient. That also implemented a good preparation before operation. The major reason to not follow the guidelines where that the patients was in acute pain, and in emergency situations when it were impossible to plan its work. Discussion: Despite the knowledge about the importance of preparation for the frequency of SSI and they thought that the guideline not been changed on many years, they sometimes deliberately chose not to follow the guideline. The nurses took no responsibility in order to keep updated around new research.

Postoperativ sårinfektion är en komplikation som var tionde patient drabbas av efter ett kirurgiskt ingrepp. Det medför inte bara lidande och förlängd vårdtid för patienten utan kan även vara direkt livshotande. Den förlängda vårdtiden medför dessutom kostnader för samhället, och resurser skulle kunna användas till annan vård. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sådana omvårdnadsåtgärder som sjuksköterskan kan vidta för att förebygga postoperativa sårinfektioner. Evidensbaserade omvårdnadsåtgärder som, var för sig minskar risken för att patienten ska drabbas av en postoperativ sårinfektion, och tillsammans utgör grunden för en säker vård. Databassökning av vetenskapligt material inom området ligger till grund för resultatet. Genom aktuell forskning presenteras och lyfts olika omvårdnadsåtgärder som reducerar risken för patienten att drabbas av en postoperativ sårinfektion. Viktiga omvårdnadsåtgärder är: korrekt hårborttagning, bibehållen normotermi, dusch med desinfektion, glukoskontroll, administrering av antibiotikaprofylax och postoperativ sårvård. Ny forskning inom området efterfrågas för att kunna följa utvecklingen, eftersom den befintliga är publicerad för många år sedan. För att patienten ska kunna erbjudas en säker vård behövs kontinuerlig utbildning under sjuksköterskeutbildningen men även i den kliniska verksamheten. Regelbunden uppföljning och utvärdering bör också ske i den kliniska verksamheten för att omvårdnadsåtgärderna ska vara effektiva. / Postoperative surgical wound infection is a complication that every tenth patient suffering after a surgical procedure. The consequences are the suffering and prolonged length of stay for the patient and can also be directly fatal. The prolonged duration of treatment is a high cost in society and resources could be used for other care. The purpose of literature review was to describe nurse’s interventions, which can be taken to prevent postoperative surgical wound infections. Evidence-based care interventions which reduce the risk of the patients suffering a postoperative surgical wound infection and together they represent a safe care. The result is based on search in databases for scientific materials in the subject area. Through current research highlights interventions which reduce the risk of the patient suffering a postoperative wound infection. Essential nursing interventions which are identified as: Hair removal, warming, shower with disinfectant, glucose monitoring, administration of antibiotic prophylaxis and wound care. New research in this area is requested to follow the developments since the current research is getting old. If the care should be safe for patient there must be education in nursing training as well as in the clinical work. Continuous follow-up should also occur in the clinical work in order to get feedback if the nursing interventions are effective.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.