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Background: Robot-assisted laparoscopy (RAL) is an important surgical method that is expanding quickly. Despite its swift development, the research situation varies and from several perspectives there is a general lack of scientific evidence for RAL as a method. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the perioperative nursing care of the patient undergoing RAL, with focus on the intraoperative climate and nursing measures. Method: Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with perioperative registered nurses (RN). The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis (TA) to identify and present patterns and themes. Results: The patients intraoperative care is affected by RAL in several ways. For the perioperative RN, there is a lot to keep track of and think about in order to maintain asepsis and to ensure the patient's physical safety during these procedures. The positioning of the patient is important in order to avoid pressure ulcers and press-related pain injuries, as well as over-stretching and nerve damage. It is a larger sterile area in a narrow environment where it can be difficult to get an overview and maintain the asepsis. Discussion: The study's results have contributed to new meaningful knowledge to the perioperative care in RAL. The difficulties with preparations and positioning were risk factors for the patient, in contrast with the advantages of the surgery for the same, which could however be improved and developed with the help of guidelines and follow-up. / Bakgrund: Robotassisterad laparoskopi (RAL) är en viktig kirurgisk metod som växer och utvecklas snabbt. Trots den snabba utvecklingen varierar forskningsläget och från flera perspektiv finns det en allmän brist på vetenskapliga bevis för RAL som en metod. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka den perioperativa omvårdnaden av patienten vid RAL, med fokus på den intraoperativa miljön och omvårdnadsåtgärderna. Metod: Data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med operationssjuksköterskor. Intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys (TA) för att identifiera och presentera mönster och teman. Resultat: Patientens intraoperativa vård påverkas av RAL på flera sätt. För operationssjuksköterskor finns det mycket att hålla reda på och tänka på för att upprätthålla aseptiken och för att säkerställa patientens fysiska säkerhet under dessa ingrepp. Placeringen av patienten är viktig för att undvika trycksår ​​och tryckrelaterade skador, liksom översträckning och nervskador. Det är ett större sterilt område i en trång miljö där det kan vara svårt att få en överblick och upprätthålla aseptiken. Diskussion: Studiens resultat har bidragit till ny meningsfull kunskap om den perioperativa vården inom RAL. Svårigheterna med hjälpmedel och positionering var riskfaktorer för patienten, i motsats till fördelarna med operationen för detsamma, vilket dock kunde förbättras och utvecklas med hjälp av riktlinjer och uppföljning.

Intraoperative Blutungskomplikationen sind bei der Versorgung von Patienten mit primärer rhegmatogener Netzhautablösung relativ selten. Bei den aufgetretenen Komplikationen handelte es sich fast ausschließlich um leichtere Blutungen, die intraoperativ gut zu beherrschen waren. Die Wahl der Antikoagulation hatte dabei keinen Einfluss auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Auftretens intraoperativer Blutungskomplikationen. Dies gilt sowohl für die Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer Acetylsalicylsäure und Clopidogrel als auch für die gerinnungshemmenden Substanzen Heparin und Phenprocoumon. Interessanterweise zeigte sich bei den mit Phenprocoumon behandelten Patienten keine Korrelation zwischen einem erniedrigten Quick-Wert und einer erhöhten intraoperativen Blutungsneigung. Bei den wenigen Patienten, bei denen es unter der Therapie mit Phenprocoumon zu einer Blutung während der Operation kam, lagen die Quick-Werte sogar eher im oberen Bereich. Wenn man nun bedenkt, dass es sich bei der rissbedingten Netzhautablösung um einen Notfall handelt und beim Zuwarten mit einer Progredienz der Ablösung zu rechnen ist, kann eine klare Empfehlung für die sofortige Operation trotz wirksamer Antikoagulation ausgesprochen werden. Untermauert wird dies noch durch die erhöhte Gefahr thromboembolischer Ereignisse, wenn eine indizierte Gerinnungshemmung perioperativ abgesetzt oder auf andere Substanzen umgestellt wird. Schließlich werden nur Patienten antikoaguliert, bei denen dies aufgrund von gravierenden Erkrankungen in der Vorgeschichte indiziert ist. Dazu gehören zum Beispiel abgelaufene tiefe Beinvenenthrombosen oder Embolien, Vorhofflimmern oder auch der Herzklappenersatz. Im Gegensatz zu den Ergebnissen für die Antikoagulation ergab sich eine Abhängigkeit der intraoperativen Blutungswahrscheinlichkeit von der Wahl des operativen Verfahrens. Die wenigsten Blutungen traten bei den rein eindellenden Operationen (Plomben und Cerclagen) auf. Bei den kombinierten Operationen (Plombe oder Cerclage in Kombination mit Pars plana Vitrektomie) lag die Komplikationsrate schon deutlich höher. Die höchste Rate intraoperativer Blutungskomplikationen zeigte sich bei den nicht-eindellenden Operationen (Pars plana Vitrektomien). Dabei war die Komplikationsrate bei den nicht-eindellenden Verfahren gegenüber den rein eindellenden Verfahren signifikant erhöht (p<0,001). Es kann also festgehalten werden, dass intraoperative Blutungen bei der Akutversorgung von Patienten mit rissbedingter Netzhautablösung selten sind und nicht im Zusammenhang mit der Einnahme von Gerinnungshemmern zu stehen scheinen. Die Wahl des Operationsverfahrens hingegen beeinflusst die Rate intraoperativer Blutungskomplikationen.

Orientador: Keila Miriam Monteiro de Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T15:10:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_FelipedoCarmo_M.pdf: 1885635 bytes, checksum: 587e00582d2fc8592a6675ab20a7e71c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Introdução: O tratamento cirúrgico das doenças retinianas sofreu grandes mudanças nas últimas décadas. Na vitrectomia posterior via pars plana (VVPP) realizada com o sistema 20 gauge são utilizados instrumentos com 0.9 mm de diâmetro. Em 2002 foi proposto um novo sistema de vitrectomia posterior composto por instrumentos de 0.5 mm de diâmetro denominado sistema 25 gauge. Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo é comparar os aspectos per e pós-operatórios das VVPP realizadas com os sistemas 20 e 25 gauge. Metodologia: Foram selecionados prospectivamente pacientes com indicação de vitrectomia apresentando as seguintes doenças retinianas: Buraco Macular idiopático (26 casos), Membrana Epiretiniana Idiopática (28 casos) e Hemorragia Vítrea secundária à Retinopatia Diabética (26 casos), totalizando 80 olhos de 79 pacientes. Após o exame pré-operatório inicial, os pacientes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente e igualitariamente em 2 grupos de acordo com a doença retiniana. O primeiro grupo foi submetido a VVPP com o sistema 20 gauge, enquanto o segundo grupo foi submetido a VVPP com o sistema 25 gauge . Os parâmetros analisados nos dois grupos foram: pressão intra-ocular, tempo cirúrgico, queixa do paciente no pós-operatório através de questionário objetivo sobre dor ocular, desconforto ocular, lacrimejamento, fotofobia e hiperemia ocular, e complicações per e pós-operatórias. O seguimento dos pacientes foi de 6 meses. Resultados: Em relação à presença de queixas pós-operatórias houve diferença entre as seguintes variáveis: dor (p= 0,008), hiperemia ocular (p = 0,014) e lacrimejamento (p= 0,034), com maior queixa para os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia com o sistema 20 gauge. A cirurgia com o sistema 20 gauge ocorreu em um tempo médio de procedimento igual a 39,3 (± 5,4) min enquanto a cirurgia com o sistema 25 gauge ocorreu em um tempo médio de procedimento igual a 23,7 (±7,9) min (p<0,001). Não houve diferença significativa da média da PIO em relação ao tipo de cirurgia realizada e o período de observação. Foram observados 3 casos de formação de bolha conjuntival no per operatório e um caso de endoftalmite no pós-operatório em pacientes submetidos ao sistema 25 gauge. Conclusão: Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre as médias da PIO e o índice de complicações per e pós-operatório sendo o procedimento com o sistema 25 gauge realizado em menor tempo cirúrgico e oferecido maior conforto aos pacientes no pós-operatório / Abstract: Introduction: In the last decades, great improvement has been achieved on the surgical treatment of retinal disease using smaller diameter instruments. Nowadays, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is usually executed using the 20 gauge system, in which the instrument's diameter is 0,9mm. In 2002, a new posterior victrectomy system was proposed, using 25 gauge (0,5mm) diameter instruments. Purpose: To compare intra and post operative parameters of the PPV technique with 20 and 25 gauge. Methods: Patients presenting retinal disease, including idiopathic macular hole (26 cases), idiopathic epiretinal membrane (28 cases), and vitreous hemorrhage due to diabetic retinopathy (26 cases) with PPV indication were selected, with a total of 80 patients. After the initial evaluation, patients were randomly assigned to one of the two groups, according to the retinal disease. The first group was submitted to the 20 gauge system surgery and the second group, to the 25 gauge technique. Parameters observed were: intraocular pressure (IOP), surgery time, patients¿ complains on post surgical days through an objective questionnaire about ocular pain, ocular discomfort, tearing, photophobia, ocular redness and intra and post-operative complications. The follow-up of these patients was 6 months. Results: On post operative complains, difference was observed on the following parameters: ocular pain (p= 0,008), ocular redness (p= 0,014) and tearing (p= 0,034), with greatest complains between patients of the 20 gauge group. Median surgery time of the 20 gauge surgery was 39,3 (± 5,4) min; the 25 gauge system was executed in about 23,7 (± 7,9) min (p < 0,001). No significant differences were observed on median post-operative IOP measurements. Bubble conjuntival formation was observed in 3 cases in 25 gauge system. Endophthalmitis was observed in one case in the the group of 25 gauge system. Conclusion: The surgical procedures are equivalent when comparing the median intraocular pressure and the intra and post operative complications, but the 25 gauge system has the advantage of being less time consuming and offering the patient more comfort during the post operative period / Mestrado / Oftalmologia / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Background: Unplanned readmission has gained increasing interest as a quality marker for inpatient care, as it is associated with patient mortality and higher economic costs. Spinal neurosurgery is characterized by a lack of epidemiologic readmission data. The aim of this study was to identify causes and predictors for unplanned readmissions related to index diagnoses and surgical procedures. Methods: In this study, from 2015 to 2017, spinal neurosurgical procedures were recorded for surgical and non-surgical treated patients. The main reasons for an unplanned readmission within 30 days following discharge were identified. Multivariate logarithmic regression revealed predictors of unplanned readmission. Results: A total of 1172 patient records were examined, of which 4.27% disclosed unplanned readmissions. Among the surgical patients, the readmission rate was 4.06%, mainly attributable to surgical site infections, while it was 5.06% for the non-surgical patients, attributable to uncontrolled pain. A night-time surgery presented as the independent predictive factor. Conclusion: In the heterogeneous group of spinal neurosurgical patients, stratification into diagnostic groups is necessary for statistical analysis. Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis and spinal abscesses are mainly affected by unplanned readmission. The surgical procedure dorsal root ganglion stimulation is an independent predictor of unplanned re-hospitalizations, as is the timing of surgery.

The healthcare system has been placed under an enormous burden by the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. In addition to the challenge of providing sufficient care for COVID-19 patients, there is also a need to ensure adequate care for non-COVID-19 patients. We investigated neurosurgical care in a university hospital during the pandemic. We examined the second wave of the pandemic from 1 October 2020 to 15 March 2021 in this retrospective single-center study and compared it to a pre-pandemic period from 1 October 2019 to 15 March 2020. Any neurosurgical intervention, along with patient- and treatment-dependent factors, were recorded. We also examined perioperative complications and unplanned readmissions. A statistical comparison of the study groups was performed. We treated 535 patients with a total of 602 neurosurgical surgeries during the pandemic. This compares to 602 patients with 717 surgeries during the pre-pandemic period. There were 67 fewer patients (reduction to 88.87%) admitted and 115 fewer surgeries (reduction to 83.96%) performed, which were essentially highly elective procedures, such as cervical spinal stenosis, intracranial neurinomas, and peripheral nerve lesions. Regarding complication rates and unplanned readmissions, there was no significant difference between the COVID-19 pandemic and the non-pandemic patient group. Operative capacities were slightly reduced to 88% due to the pandemic. Nevertheless, comprehensive emergency and elective care was guaranteed in our university hospital. This speaks for the sufficient resources and high-quality processes that existed even before the pandemic.

Surgical face masks have been designed to protect health care professionals from the splashes of the patients’ blood or body fluids and also to minimise the transmission of oro- and nasopharyngeal bacteria from the surgical team to the patient’s wounds, thereby decreasing the likelihood of postoperative surgical site infections during a surgical procedure. However, there are several ways in which surgical face masks could potentially contribute to contamination of the wound during a surgical procedure in the operating room. The objectives of this study were to explore and describe the effectiveness of surgical face masks as a protective barrier during a surgical procedure in the operating room in the public hospitals in the North West Province, South Africa and to formulate recommendations regarding surgical face masks worn by health care professionals during a surgical procedure in the operating rooms. A systematic review was conducted, followed by a quantitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual approach. The motivation for a systematic review was to search evidence on surgical face mask efficiency. A search strategy was conducted in February and March 2012 and the total initial search was 9,933 research articles. Screening of articles on effectiveness of surgical face masks during a surgical procedure was done. After six months the search was updated and the final sample of six relevant articles (n=6) was obtained. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were critically appraised based on the scores using standardised critical appraisal tools. The findings of this research project were synthesised and evaluated in order to come to conclusions. Conclusions were integrated and synthesised as the basis of developing a clear overview of the best quality empirical evidence about effectiveness of surgical face masks during a surgical procedure in the operating room. Recommendations were formulated for the nursing practice, education and research focussing on wearing a surgical face mask during a surgical procedure in the operating room. Reviewer’s conclusion: From the limited results it is unclear whether wearing surgical face masks during a surgical procedure in the operating room serve as a protective device for both surgical team and the patient. There is a need for further research. / Thesis (MCur)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Surgical face masks have been designed to protect health care professionals from the splashes of the patients’ blood or body fluids and also to minimise the transmission of oro- and nasopharyngeal bacteria from the surgical team to the patient’s wounds, thereby decreasing the likelihood of postoperative surgical site infections during a surgical procedure. However, there are several ways in which surgical face masks could potentially contribute to contamination of the wound during a surgical procedure in the operating room. The objectives of this study were to explore and describe the effectiveness of surgical face masks as a protective barrier during a surgical procedure in the operating room in the public hospitals in the North West Province, South Africa and to formulate recommendations regarding surgical face masks worn by health care professionals during a surgical procedure in the operating rooms. A systematic review was conducted, followed by a quantitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual approach. The motivation for a systematic review was to search evidence on surgical face mask efficiency. A search strategy was conducted in February and March 2012 and the total initial search was 9,933 research articles. Screening of articles on effectiveness of surgical face masks during a surgical procedure was done. After six months the search was updated and the final sample of six relevant articles (n=6) was obtained. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were critically appraised based on the scores using standardised critical appraisal tools. The findings of this research project were synthesised and evaluated in order to come to conclusions. Conclusions were integrated and synthesised as the basis of developing a clear overview of the best quality empirical evidence about effectiveness of surgical face masks during a surgical procedure in the operating room. Recommendations were formulated for the nursing practice, education and research focussing on wearing a surgical face mask during a surgical procedure in the operating room. Reviewer’s conclusion: From the limited results it is unclear whether wearing surgical face masks during a surgical procedure in the operating room serve as a protective device for both surgical team and the patient. There is a need for further research. / Thesis (MCur)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Introdução / Objetivos: O prognóstico do adenocarcinoma ampular pode ser influenciado por fatores como estadiamento e variáveis histopatológicas, como o padrão intestinal ou pancreatobiliar. O diagnóstico do padrão histopatológico pode ser auxiliado pela expressão de citoqueratinas, CK, 7 e 20 e do gene homeobox CDX2. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar associações entre características histopatológicas e sobrevida, e entre padrão histopatológico e expressão de CK7, CK20 e CDX2. Método: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo desenvolvido no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre entre 2000 e 2011. Foram avaliados dados histopatológicos, estadiamento pTNM, padrão histopatológico e expressão imunoistoquímica e sobrevida. Resultados: A amostra constou de 65 carcinomas ampulares (n = 65). Foi observado padrão intestinal em 46, pancreatobiliar em 16 e outros em três. Sobrevida em cinco anos após duodenopancreatectomia (n = 47) foi de 27%. Associaram-se à menor sobrevida na análise univariada: dois ou mais linfonodos metastáticos, razão de linfonodos, RL, maior ou igual a 20%; estágio IIB em relação a inferiores; tumor de alto grau; invasão linfovascular. Na análise multivariada, metástase linfonodal e RL ≥ 20% influenciaram sobrevida. Conclusões: O pior prognóstico foi associado à metástase linfonodal. Não foi observada associação entre padrão histopatológico e expressão imunoistoquímica. / Background / Objectives: The prognosis of patients with ampullary adenocarcinomas can be influenced by such factors as pTNM stage and histopathological variables, such as intestinal or pancreatobiliary patterns. The characterization of these patterns can be facilitated by the expression of cytokeratins 7 (CK7) and 20 (CK20) and caudal-related homeobox gene 2 (CDX2). The aim of the present study was to analyze the association between the histopathological characteristics and the survival of patients with ampullary adenocarcinomas, as well as the association between the histopathological patterns and CK7, CK20 and CDX2 expression. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed at the Clinics Hospital of Porto Alegre between 2000 and 2011 and examined the histopathological data, pTNM stage, histopathological patterns, immunohistochemical expression patterns and survival of patients with ampullary adenocarcinomas. Results: The sample patient population consisted of 65 ampullary carcinomas. Of these carcinoma samples, an intestinal pattern was observed for 46, a pancreatobiliary pattern was observed for 16 and other patterns were observed 3 of the samples. The 5-year survival rate for patients following pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 47) was 27%. From the univariate analysis, the following variables were associated with shorter survival times: the presence of 2 or more metastatic lymph nodes; positive lymph node ratio (LR) ≥ 20%; stage IIB or greater; high-grade tumors; and lymphovascular invasion. From the multivariate analysis, lymph node metastases and a LR ≥ 20% were shown to influence survival significantly. Conclusions: Lymph node metastases were associated with poor patient prognoses, although no association was found between the histopathological pattern and immunohistochemical expression.

Introdução: Complicações respiratórias são comuns no pós-operatório de cirurgias abdominais. Identificar os fatores de risco para tal possibilita à equipe de saúde adotar medidas protetivas, a fim de reduzir a chance de complicações e suas implicações. Objetivo: Identificar fatores de risco para complicações respiratórias no pós-operatório de cirurgias abdominais. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo realizado por busca em prontuário eletrônico de indivíduos adultos submetidos à cirurgia abdominal no período de Janeiro a Julho de 2016. Os dados foram analisados através do software estatístico SPSS 20.0. Para teste de normalidade foi utilizado Shapiro-Wilk, para comparação entre grupos teste de X² e t-test, para cálculo de razão de chance foi utilizada regressão logística multivariada. Considerou-se significativo p<0,05. Resultados: No período estudado foram realizadas 1586 cirurgias, sendo os pacientes 55,7% do sexo feminino com idade média de 52,12±16,56 anos. Após a cirurgia, 17,7% dos pacientes apresentaram alguma complicação respiratória; sendo a mais prevalente atelectasia. Identificou-se como fator de risco independente para o surgimento de complicações respiratórias a realização de cirurgia aberta, cirurgia de emergência, presença de pneumopatia crônica, ASA≥3, incisão supraumbilical, IMC≤21kg/m², tabagismo, idade e tempo de cirurgia. Os indivíduos que apresentaram complicações respiratórias permaneceram mais tempo hospitalizados e apresentaram maior mortalidade. Conclusão: Cirurgias abdominais realizadas por laparoscopia estão relacionadas a um menor risco de complicações respiratórias, enquanto que a presença de pneumopatia crônica é o principal fator de risco entre comorbidades. Complicações respiratórias elevam o tempo de internação e a mortalidade. / Introduction: Postoperative respiratory complications are common after abdominal surgeries. Identify risk factors helps the health team to adopt protective measures in order to reduce the chance of complications and its implications. Objective: Identify risk factors for postoperative respiratory complications after abdominal surgeries. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was carried out by searching electronic medical records of adult subjects submitted to abdominal surgery from January to July 2016. Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 20.0. For the normality test, Shapiro-Wilk was used to compare groups of categorical variables. X² test was used and for continuous variables, t test for independent variables and multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios. Significant p<0.05 was considered. Results: During the study period, 1586 surgeries were performed, 55.7% female patients with a mean age of 52.12±16.56 years. After surgery, 17.7% of the patients presented one or more respiratory complications; the most common was atelectasis. Independent risk factors identified were open surgery, emergency surgery, chronic lung disease, ASA≥3, supraumbilical incision, BMI≤21kg/m², smoking, age and surgery time. Subjects with respiratory complications presented higher length of stay and mortality. Conclusion: Abdominal surgeries performed by laparoscopy are related to a lower risk of respiratory complications, while the presence of chronic lung disease is the main risk factor among comorbidities. Respiratory complications increase length of hospital stay and mortality.