With technological advances digital video and imaging are becoming more and more relevant. Medical, remote-learning, surveillance, conferencing and home monitoring are just a few applications of these technologies. Along with compression, there is now a need for analysis and extraction of data. During the days of film and early digital cameras the processing and manipulation of data from such cameras was transparent to the end user. This transparency has been decreasing and the industry is moving towards `smart users' - people who will be enabled to program and manipulate their video and imaging systems. Smart cameras can currently zoom, refocus and adjust lighting by sourcing out current from the camera itself to the headlight. Such cameras are used in the industry for inspection, quality control and even counting objects in jewelry stores and museums, but could eventually allow user defined programmability. However, all this will not happen without interactive software as well as capabilities in the hardware to allow programmability. In this research, compression, expansion and detail extraction from videos in the surveillance arena are addressed. Here, a video codec is defined that can embed contextual details of a video stream depending on user defined requirements creating a video summary. This codec also carries out motion based segmentation that helps in object detection. Once an object is segmented it is matched against a database using its shape and color information. If the object is not a good match, the user can either add it to the database or consider it an anomaly. RGB vector angle information is used to generate object descriptors to match objects to a database. This descriptor implicitly incorporates the shape and color information while keeping the size of the database manageable. Color images of objects that are considered `safe' are taken from various angles and distances (with the same background as that covered by the camera is question) and their RGB vector angle based descriptors constitute the information contained in the database. This research is a first step towards building a compression and detection system for specific surveillance applications. While the user has to build and maintain a database, there are no restrictions on the size of the images, zoom and angle requirements, thus, reducing the burden on the end user in creating such a database. This also allows use of different types of cameras and doesn't need a lot of up-front planning on camera location, etc.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Title from title screen (viewed on Jan. 10, 2006) "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Management." Includes bibliographical references.

Ce travail est une contribution aux travaux en cours de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé pour la mise en place et la diffusion d’outils standards dans les pays africains, visant à une intégration efficiente des indicateurs de santé bucco-dentaire dans la base mondiale des statistiques sanitaires. Ces indicateurs dits "essentiels" axés sur les déterminants sociaux sont en phase avec les objectifs du millénaire et dépassent l'idée selon laquelle "les problèmes sociaux et de développement urgents dans les pays en développement peuvent être résolus de manière isolée, par des approches cloisonnées dans des secteurs spécifiques". L'Afrique ne saurait être en reste de ce nouvel enjeu du millénaire qui impose que des efforts soient réalisés dans tous les secteurs de développement. Les vingt-deux indicateurs recommandés par l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé pour la région africaine ouvrent le champ d'une redynamisation de l'activité bucco-dentaire au plan national et font le lit d'une approche communautaire opérationnelle et intégrée pour la surveillance et la lutte contre les maladies buccodentaires. Leur validation sur le terrain d'exercice, la recommandation de méthodologies de collecte associée en Côte d'Ivoire, via le développement d’un projet pilote, est l’objectif prioritaire de ce travail de recherche. Deux questionnaires ont été développés puis évalués et servent respectivement à la surveillance de la santé buccodentaire des enfants et des adolescents. Les analyses donnent des propriétés psychométriques relativement satisfaisantes et impliquent la prise en compte d'un certain nombre de recommandations pour accroître leur validité et leur faisabilité dans le contexte Ivoirien. Leur généralisation dans la région africaine exige des recherches complémentaires en vue de leur optimisation dans une démarche communautaire opérationnelle intégrée qui reclasse le district sanitaire au coeur du système de surveillance / This work is a contribution to the activities of the World Health Organization relative to the implementation and the distribution of standard tools in the African countries to reach an efficient integration of the essential oral health indicators in surveillance in African countries. These essentials indicators fit into the objectives of the new millennium and exceed the idea according to which " the social problems have to be developed in an isolated way. To be in phase with this new paradigm, African countries have to face these new approaches which require that efforts be realized in all development sectors. Twenty two indicators recommended by the World Health Organization for the African region give opportunities to improve oral health activities on the national level and develop an integrated community approach which is the more operational for surveillance and prevention of oral diseases. The collect of the indicators in Ivory Coast motivates this study, which results are recorded in this document. The findings are the result of many years of research and practice related to the implementation and development of oral health activities in Côte d'Ivoire. Two questionnaires were evaluated and measure respectively oral health indicators for general population, and for children and teenagers. Analyses conclude in relatively good psychometrics properties, but imply the taking account of many recommendations which aim to increase the validity and the feasibility of these questionnaires in the context of the Côte d'Ivoire. Their generalization in the African region requires future researches in a way of their optimization in an integrated operational community based-approach, and a redefinition of the role of local actors in sanitary district

Le monde actuel connaît de profondes mutations démographiques étroitement liées au développement du domaine de la santé publique. L’accroissement de l’espérance de vie s’accompagne d’une augmentation du nombre des personnes âgées, en particulier celles atteintes de maladies chroniques. Plusieurs projets de recherche existants ont comme objectif d’assurer le maintien à domicile des personnes âgées, par un meilleur suivi en utilisant les nouvelles technologies. Parmi eux, nous trouvons le projet CANet qui propose l’utilisation de la canne comme un outil de surveillance non intrusif par l’intégration d’une multitude de capteurs. La canne utilise un système de communication sans fil qui lui permet d’échanger avec un centre de collecte ou de surveillance. Cette solution technologique permet le respect de la vie privée des personnes âgées, sans limiter leur liberté. Notre sujet de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de ce projet CANet. Les travaux de thèse sont principalement organisés autour de la conception d’une architecture topologique protocolaire, et des méthodes d’accès aux réseaux sans fil qui permettent la surveillance des personnes âgées à travers un réseau de capteurs embarqués dans une canne. L’objectif principal de la thèse est l’étude des architectures et des protocoles mis en œuvre au niveau communication sans fil pour offrir une infrastructure réseau fiable pour divers services de surveillance, de mesures, d'acheminement de données vers un centre de contrôle distant (cabinet médical, membres de la famille, etc.). Ces propositions ont fait l’objet d’une étude théorique et d’analyses de performances par simulation. / The world is undergoing profound demographic changes closely linked with the development of the field of public health. The increase in life expectancy is accompanied by an increase in the number of elderly people, in particular those with chronic diseases. Several existing research projects have as objective to ensure the maintenance to homes of the elderly, by a better follow-up by using new technologies. Among them, we find the proposed CANet who proposed the use of sugar cane as a tool for monitoring non-intrusive by the integration of a multitude of sensors. The cane used a wireless communication system, which allows him to exchange with a collection center or surveillance. This technological solution allows the respect of the private life of older persons, without limiting their freedom. Our thesis subject is inscribed in the framework of this project CANet. The work of this thesis is organized primarily around the design of an architecture protocol topology, and access methods for wireless networks, which allow monitoring of older persons through a network of sensors embedded in a cane. The main objective of the thesis is the study of architectures and protocols implemented at the level wireless communication to provide a reliable network infrastructure for various services for monitoring, measures, routing of data to a control center remote (medical office, members of the family, etc.). These proposals have been the subject of a theoretical study and analysis of performance by simulation.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-31T21:25:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Clarissa Ayumi Onishi.pdf: 2397746 bytes, checksum: 3fc0ef702028157086ad6c5c303665d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-09-01T14:13:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Clarissa Ayumi Onishi.pdf: 2397746 bytes, checksum: 3fc0ef702028157086ad6c5c303665d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T14:13:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Clarissa Ayumi Onishi.pdf: 2397746 bytes, checksum: 3fc0ef702028157086ad6c5c303665d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-19 / Trata-se de um estudo de problematização contextualizado sobre o agronegócio na agricultura que expõe a população em diferentes graus aos efeitos dos agrotóxicos e da regulação governamental. A investigação procurou apreender pela ótica das organizações formais através de entrevistas com representantes de associações, sindicatos de produtores, empresariado rural, sindicato de trabalhadores e do governo municipal no setor saúde e ambiente, a opinião/posição sobre a exposição ambiental aos agrotóxicos e consequências à saúde humana. O pressuposto da pesquisa foi que parte da exposição populacional (intencional – ligada ao modo de produção agrícola) tem como determinante principal o crescimento econômico e como problematização a produção agrícola no município de Campo Verde – MT, com uso de agrotóxicos, provocando contaminação ambiental e efeitos na saúde humana. Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental em relação às normas federal, estadual e municipal sobre a Vigilância em Saúde, Saúde do Trabalhador e Vigilância em Saúde da População Exposta aos Agrotóxicos, acrescida de legislação estadual de proteção ambiental. Foram selecionados quinze representantes de organizações formais para a entrevista, sendo quatro do segmento dos produtores rurais; três da sociedade local (associação de moradores, sindicato dos trabalhadores), oito representantes do governo local (cinco da secretaria municipal de saúde, dois da secretaria de desenvolvimento agrícola e meio ambiente, e um do INDEA). Buscou-se apreender como os representantes percebem os impactos relacionados à produção agrícola no município, quais são as ações de vigilância em saúde e vigilância ambiental; sugestões e medidas estratégicas; dificuldades na implementação desta vigilância específica. Produtores rurais não acreditam que a agricultura local possa prejudicar a saúde, culpabilizam o trabalhador caso se intoxique e acham desnecessária a implantação desta vigilância; trabalhadores reconhecem riscos da exposição aos agrotóxicos, se omitem frente à dependência econômica e financeira proporcionada pelo agronegócio, e o governo local, apesar de achar importante este tipo de vigilância, se acomoda diante dos interesses do agronegócio como dificuldade de implantação desta vigilância. / This is a study of contextualized questioning about agribusiness agriculture that exposes the population to varying degrees to the effects of pesticides and governmental regulation. The research sought to grasp the perspective of formal organizations through interviews with representatives of associations, unions of producers, rural entrepreneurs, workers union and the city government on health and environment sector, opinion / position on environmental exposure to pesticides and the consequences human health. The premise of the research was that part of the population exposure (intentional - linked to the agricultural mode of production) is the main determinant of economic growth and agricultural production as problematic in Campo Verde - MT, using agrochemicals, causing environmental contamination and effects on human health. Documentary research was carried out in relation to federal, state and local regulations on Health Surveillance, Health Surveillance and Worker Population Exposed to Pesticides, plus state environmental protection laws Health. Fifteen representatives of formal organizations were selected for interview, four segment of farmers; three of the local community (residents association, workers union), eight local government representatives (five in the municipal health department, two of the secretary of agriculture development and the environment, and the INDEA). We sought to learn how the representatives perceive related to agricultural production in the county impacts, which are the actions of health surveillance and environmental monitoring; suggestions and strategic measures; difficulties in implementing this specific surveillance. Farmers do not believe that local agriculture can harm the health, blaming the worker if intoxicate and find unnecessary deployment of surveillance; workers recognize the risks of pesticide exposure, omit ahead to the economic and financial dependence provided by agribusiness, and local government, although important to find this kind of surveillance, accommodates itself to the interests of agribusiness as difficulty deployment of surveillance.

Les maladies diarrhéiques demeurent une cause majeure de mortalité infantile dans les pays en développement (PED). Du fait de l'insuffisance des plateaux techniques, les diagnostics étiologiques sont rarement réalisés et les traitements sont alors probabilistes. A Madagascar les données sur les diarrhées sont souvent parcellaires et anciennes. Le Réseau de surveillance sentinelle développé par l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar à partir de 2007 nous a permis d'étudier la distribution spatio-temporelle des consultations pour diarrhée. Mais cette surveillance syndromique n'est pas couplée systématiquement à une surveillance biologique. Pour étudier les agents étiologiques des diarrhées, nous avons réalisé une enquête cas-témoins menée en 2008-2009 en milieu communautaire, chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans dans 14 districts. Nous avons pu identifier au moins un pathogène chez plus de la moitié des enfants (55%), avec une prédominance des étiologies parasitaires (37,2% des diarrhées), suivies par les bactéries (15%) puis les virus (6,7% de rotavirus). Les parasites ont été les seules étiologies pour lesquelles une pathogénicité a pu être mise en évidence. Parmi les étiologies bactériennes, l'infection à Campylobacter a été la plus fréquente (9,5%). Pour analyser le rôle de Campylobacter et les effets des facteurs environnementaux dans la survenue des diarrhées infantiles, nous avons initié et coordonné depuis 2010 une étude de cohorte dynamique d'enfants inclus avant l'âge de 24 mois et suivis jusqu'à l'âge de 36 mois à Moramanga, site où la prévalence de Campylobacter a été la plus élevée au cours de l'étude de 2008 (20,6%). Une surveillance des diarrhées a été menée 2 fois par semaine et les portages asymptomatiques évalués à l'inclusion et tous les 2 mois. Une étude de portage familial a été mise en œuvre ainsi qu'un suivi coprologique bi-annuel de la population avicole, des points d'eaux collectifs et de l'eau de boisson des familles. La recherche de Campylobacter chez les volailles portait sur les écouvillonnages rectaux. De janvier 2010 à mai 2012, 508 enfants correspondant à 256 346 enfant-jour ont participé à l'étude. La prévalence globale d'isolement de Campylobacter a été de 9,3%. Plus de 2/5 des enfants (43,3%) ont eu au moins un épisode d'infection à Campylobacter au cours de leur suivi. Les taux d'incidence annuelle des diarrhées ainsi que des infections symptomatiques ont été faibles, respectivement de 0,7 épisode /enfant et de 5,8 épisodes/100 enfant pouvant s'expliquer par le faible niveau d'exposition environnementale des enfants. Nous avons pu étudier l'importance des facteurs liés à l'hôte comme l'âge. Le pic d'infection à Campylobacter se situe entre 18 à 29 mois, celui des diarrhées entre 6 à 11 mois puis diminue ensuite. La 1ère infection à Campylobacter a été toujours pathogène chez les plus jeunes. Elle se situe vers le 8ème mois de la vie pour 10% d'entre eux. Les réinfections se font à des distances différentes de l'événement initial en fonction de l'âge. Ce profil d'infection pourrait traduire une compétence immunitaire différente selon l'âge et/ou une immunité acquise au cours du temps suite aux expositions répétées des enfants. L'environnement pourrait avoir un effet indirect dans l'entretien d'une immunité protectrice s'exprimant par un taux élevé d'infection asymptomatique. Il apparaît nécessaire de poursuivre des études de cohorte dans des zones à plus fort risque de transmission avec des données immunologiques car la compréhension actuelle des interactions entre l'hôte, le Campylobacter et l'environnement ne permet pas d'expliquer la variabilité de l'expression clinique de l'infection. / Diarrheal diseases remain a major cause of infant mortality in developing countries (DCs). Due to the lack of technical platforms, the etiologic diagnoses are rarely made and treatments are then probabilistic. In Madagascar data on diarrhea are often fragmented and old. The sentinel surveillance network developed by the Institut Pasteur of Madagascar from 2007 allowed us to study the spatial and temporal distribution of consultations for diarrhea. But this syndromic surveillance cannot be coupled to biological monitoring for many diseases. In this context, we have no information on the causative agents of diarrhea. To achieve the coupling of syndromic and etiologic data, we performed a case-control study conducted in 2008-2009 in children less than 5 years in 14 districts. We have identified at least one pathogen in more than half of the children (55%), with a predominance of parasitic etiologies (37.2% diarrhea), followed by bacteria (15%) and viruses (6.7% rotavirus). Parasites were the only etiologies for which pathogenicity has been demonstrated. Among the bacterial etiologies, Campylobacter infection was the most common (9.5%). To better understand the role of Campylobacter in the occurrence of diarrhea in children and analyze the effect of environmental factors, we initiated and coordinated a dynamical cohort study including of children before the age of 24 months and followed up till the age of 36 months in Moramanga site, where the prevalence of Campylobacter was highest during the 2008 study (20.6%). Diarrhea surveillance was conducted two times per week and asymptomatic carriers assessed at baseline and every 2 months. A family study has been implemented and bi-annual stool follow-up in poultry population, water points and community drinking water for families. Campylobacter monitoring in poultry focused on rectal swabs. From January 2010 to May 2012, 508 children - corresponding to 256,346 child days -participated in the study. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter isolation was 9.3%. More than two fifths of children (43.3%) had at least one episode of Campylobacter during follow-up. The annual incidence of diarrhea and symptomatic infections were low, respectively 0.7 episodes / child and 5.8 episodes /100 children, can be explained by the low level of environmental exposure of children. We have studied the role of host factors such as age. The peak of Campylobacter infection is between 18 to 29 months, the diarrhea between 6 to 11 months then decreases. The first Campylobacter infection was always pathogen in the youngest children. It happens to the eighth month of life for 10% of them. Reinfections are at different distances from the initial event according to the age. This pattern of infection may reflect a variation of the immune competence according the age and / or acquired immunity over time after repeated exposure of the children. The local environment may have an indirect impact on maintaining protective immunity expressed by a high rate of asymptomatic infection. However, it is necessary to continue cohort study with immunologic data in a high risk transmission area as the current understanding of the interactions between the host, the environment and Campylobacter does not explain the variability of the clinical expression of infection.

Certains médicaments agissant sur le système nerveux central ont comme particularité d'entraîner parfois des troubles de l'abus et de la dépendance. Ces effets indésirables sont étudiés avant la mise sur le marché du médicament, lors des essais cliniques et non cliniques. Cependant, l'abus est un phénomène plurifactoriel, influencé par des facteurs liés à la substance, individuels et environnementaux. Ces déterminants ne peuvent pas être pris en compte avant la mise sur le marché du médicament et rendent essentielle la surveillance de l'abus de médicaments après la mise sur le marché, par l'intermédiaire notamment d'études pharmacoépidémiologiques. Une surveillance efficace de l'abus de médicament implique de comprendre les déterminants de l'abus et ses mécanismes sous-jacents. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est donc d'analyser des déterminants de l'abus en utilisant des approches pharmacoépidémiologiques. Le premier travail a été d'établir un état des lieux des systèmes de surveillance de l'abus de médicaments en France et à l'étranger (publication n°1). Nous avons par la suite utilisé une enquête en population auprès des patients fréquentant des centres de soins spécialisés pour les usagers de drogues, afin d'étudier l'impact de la mise sur le marché de génériques de la Buprénorphine Haut Dosage (BHD) sur l'abus de BHD (publication n°2). Cette étude nous a permis d'analyser l'influence de la formulation sur l'abus de médicaments. L'exploration de la localisation géographique comme déterminant de l'abus n'a jamais été réalisée en France. / Some central nervous system medications sometimes lead to abuse or dependence. These adverse effects are assessed using premarketing studies such as clinical trials and non clinical studies. However, abuse is influenced by many factors, substance-related, individual and environmental. These factors could not be taken into account in premarketing studies. Thus, postmarketing surveillance of prescription drug abuse, using in particular pharmacoepidemiologic studies is essential. An efficient postmarketing surveillance requires the comprehension of abuse-related factors and underlying mechanisms. The purpose of this work was to analyse prescription drug abuse factors using pharmacoepidemiological approaches. The first part of this work was an overview of postmarketing surveillance systems dedicated to prescription drug abuse in France and in foreign countries (publication n°1). Then, we used a survey in population of patients seen in care centres dedicated to drug users in order to assess the impact of buprenorphine maintenance generic introduction on buprenorphine maintenance abuse (publication n°2). This study allows to observe the influence of the formulation on prescription drug abuse. The factors related to geographic area have never been explored in France, at our knowledge. Therefore, we studied geographic variations of prescription opioid abuse in three regions of southern France, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur-Corse, Rhône-Alpes and Midi-Pyrénées using a pharmacoepidemiologic approach based on prescription drug reimbursement database, the doctor shopping method (publication n°3).

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença diarréica aguda é ainda importante causa de morbidade no mundo. Sua elevada incidência e a aceitação de sua ocorrência como fato "normal" impõem desafios para seu registro e implantação de seus sistemas de vigilância. OBJETIVOS: Conhecer as características epidemiológicas da diarréia aguda e avaliar a capacidade de detecção de surtos pelo Programa de Monitorização da Doença Diarréica Aguda, no município de Avaré. MÉTODOS: De 27 de fevereiro a 16 de julho 2005, realizou-se estudo prospectivo da diarréia em unidade sentinela do programa. Os surtos identificados foram investigados por estudos descritivos e analíticos. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas para os casos envolvidos nos surtos. A avaliação dos propósitos do programa embasou-se em indicadores de utilidade, sensibilidade e oportunidade. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 408 casos (Coeficiente de Incidência = 4,7/1000 habitantes); idade mediana de 7 anos (variação de 1 mês a 89 anos) e 54% do sexo masculino. Dos quatro surtos de diarréia confirmados, dois ocorreram em uma creche e em um orfanato, devido à Giárdia lamblia e Cryptosporidum spp.; um intradomiciliar de origem alimentar, sem identificação do agente, e uma epidemia na comunidade associada ao rotavírus. Dos casos atendidos, 63 (15,5%) pertenciam a surtos, identificando-se mais 56 casos, em um total de 119 casos (Coeficiente de Incidência de Surtos=1,4/1000 habitantes). CONCLUSÕES: O estudo mostrou que o programa responde ao seu principal propósito, respeitando-se as condições de regularidade na informação, análises dos padrões da diarréia e investigação criteriosa. Intensificar treinamentos para aumentar a habilidade das equipes locais nas avaliações e investigações é uma das principais recomendações deste estudo. / BACKGROUND: Acute diarrheal illness remains an important cause of morbidity worldwide. Its high incidence and the acceptance of its occurrence as “normal” fact impose challenges for its report and implantation of its surveillance systems. OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiologic characteristics of the acute diarrhea and to evaluate the capacity of the Monitoring Program of the Acute Diarrheal Illness for early detection of outbreaks, in the city of Avaré, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: From February 16 to July 28, 2005, was a prospective study of the diarrhea in a sentinel health service of the program. Descriptive and analytical studies were developed to investigate the potential outbreaks identified in this period. Stool samples were collected from the involved cases in the outbreaks. The evaluation of purpose of the program was based on indicators of usefulness, sensitivity and timeliness. RESULTS: A total of 408 cases were identified (incidence rate=4.7/1000 inhabitants). The median age was 7 years (range 1-89 years) and 54% were male. Among four confirmed diarrhea outbreaks, two occurred in a day nursery and orphanage, due to Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidum spp., respectively; one was caused by food in dwelling-house, without identification of the agent, and one caused by rotavirus spread citywide. Of all monitored cases, 63 (15.5%) were involved in outbreaks, linked to more 56 cases, in a total of 119 cases (outbreaks incidence rate=1.4/1000 inhabitants). CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that the program enables prompt detection and investigation of outbreaks, respected the conditions of reliability of the information, evaluation of the acute diarrhea trends and careful inquiry. To intensify training to increase the ability of local professionals to recognize patterns of possible outbreaks and for suitable investigations is one of the major recommendations of this study.

A hemovigilância é considerada uma importante ferramenta para a segurança transfusional. Os primeiros sistemas nacionais de hemovigilância, no mundo, foram implantados na década de 1990. No Brasil, o Sistema Nacional de Hemovigilância (SNH), que é coordenado pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), iniciou sua implantação, em 2002, com foco nas reações transfusionais (RT), em uma rede restrita de hospitais. No final de 2006, a possibilidade de notificar RT foi estendida aos demais serviços de saúde e os gestores de saúde da esfera estadual também foram inseridos nesse processo. O estado de São Paulo (SP), onde funciona um subsistema do SNH (SNH-SP), colaborou com 41% do total de RT notificadas, no período de 2002 a 2014, segundo a Anvisa. Contudo, apesar de decorridos cerca de 10 anos, o SNH-SP nunca foi avaliado. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a implantação do SNH-SP, a fim de obter subsídios para sua melhoria. Trata-se de um estudo avaliativo, utilizando-se metodologia de avaliação baseada no Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Systems do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Foram utilizadas duas bases de dados secundários: das transfusões e das notificações das RT. Foram também utilizados três questionários concebidos para identificar fatores que contribuem ou não com a adesão e com a implantação do SHN-SP, pelos hospitais, serviços de hemoterapia (SH) e pela vigilância sanitária (Visa). Eles foram respondidos por 81 hospitais, 61 SH e 22 das 28 regionais de Visa. Verificou-se que o SNH-SP tem adesão crescente dos hospitais, especialmente os de maior porte, embora a aceitabilidade destes seja baixa, quando comparada com a dos SH. Foram realizadas 12.182.981 transfusões em 947 serviços de saúde, entre 2008 a 2015, mais de 55% delas, de concentrado de hemácias. O número de notificações de RT aumenta a cada ano, mas há subnotificação geral e de alguns tipos específicos de RT. Foram notificadas 23.942 RT, por 353 serviços de saúde. As 23.734 RT ocorridas nesse período se caracterizaram, predominantemente, como imediatas (97,96%), dos tipos febril não hemolítica (51,81%) e alérgica (38,20%). Apresentaram gravidade leve (87,62%), contudo, houve 35 (0,15%) óbitos. Concentraram-se nos maiores de 50 anos (51,49%). A incidência de RT nesse período variou entre 3,44 e 4,55/1.000, sendo mais elevada nas transfusões de concentrados de granulócitos, chegando a 53,06 RT/1.000. O SNH-SP tem gestão centralizada e tanto ele quanto o sistema de informação utilizado para notificação ainda são desconhecidos de parte dos hospitais. Há déficit de pessoal para trabalhar na área, tanto nos hospitais quanto nas Visa. Há falta de integração com outros sistemas de saúde afins, sugerindo a subnotificação de doenças transmitidas pelo sangue no SNH-SP, como as hepatites B e C. A estruturação do SNH apresenta simplicidade, porém, seu funcionamento atual, em SP, prejudica a avaliação desse atributo. Ao se analisar as RT definidas como eventos sentinela, a oportunidade e a qualidade dos dados foram consideradas insatisfatórias. O SNH-SP foi considerado útil, mas ajustes são recomendados para seu efetivo funcionamento. / Haemovigilance is considered an important tool for transfusion safety. The first national hemovigilance systems in the world were implemented in the 1990s. The Brazilian Hemovigilance System (BHS), which is managed by Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), began in 2002, focusing on the transfusion reactions (TR) in a limited hospital network. At the end of 2006, the possibility of reporting TR was extended to all health services and state health managers were also included in this process. The state of São Paulo (SP), where a BHS subsystem (BHS-SP) operates, contributed with 41% of the total reported RTs, from 2002 to 2014, according to Anvisa. However, after about 10 years, the BHS-SP has never been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the BHS-SP, in order to obtain inputs for its improvement. This is an evaluative study, using an evaluation methodology based on the Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Systems of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Two secondary databases were used: transfusions and reported TR. Three questionnaires designed to identify factors that whether or not contribute to the adherence and to the implementation of the SHN-SP, by hospitals, blood banks (BB) and by health surveillance (Visa) were also used. 81 hospitals, 61 BB and 22 out of 28 regional Visa answered them. It was verified that the BHS-SP has an increasing adherence of the hospitals, especially of the larger ones, although the acceptability of these is low, when compared with the BB. 12,182,981 transfusions were performed in 947 health services, from 2008 to 2015, more than 55% of them, of red blood cells. The number of reported TR increases each year, but there is underreporting, in general and in some specific types of RT. 23,942 TRs were reported from 353 health services. The 23,734 TR occurred in this period were characterized as immediate (97.96%), non-haemolytic (51.81%) and allergic (38.20%). They were classified as non-severe (87.62%), however, there were 35 (0.15%) fatalities. They concentrated on those over 50 years old (51.49%). The incidence of TR in this period varied between 3.44 and 4.55/1,000, higher in granulocyte concentrates transfusions, reaching 53.06 TR/1,000. The BHS-SP has centralized management. Both, the BHS-SP and the information system used for reporting TR are still unknown by the hospitals. There is a shortage of staff to work in the area, in hospitals and in Visa. There is a lack of integration with other related health systems, suggesting the underreporting of bloodborne diseases in BHS-SP, such as hepatitis B and C. The organizational structure of the BHS demonstrates simplicity, but its current functioning in SP impairs the evaluation of this attribute. When RTs defined as sentinel events were analyzed, the timeliness and the quality of the data were considered unsatisfactory. The BHS-SP was considered useful, but adjustments are recommended for its effective functioning.

IP-surveillance systems are surveillance systems designed to send video and audio over IP-networks, to be able to function a typical system consist of IP-cameras to record footage, a client to view footage and recordings, network hardware to send the data, protocols to administer storage and viewing operations and last but not least a location to store the captured data. One of the options for storing surveillance video is to use a Network Attached Storage. Axis has received customer cases reporting lost footage and cameras losing their connection when using NAS-devices as storage in IP-surveillance systems. This thesis aims to investigate what a NAS is and how it interacts with cameras in an IP-surveillance environment by analyzing the protocols and components being used and by performing experiments to locate the system bottleneck causing these problems. After concluding that the hard disk drive was the bottleneck because of the overload imposed on the other components by the incoming data traffic and how data is moved and temporarily stored in a system. Recommendations of possible ways to remedy these problems were suggested with the proposed problem of solving the bottleneck problem was to add more disks to improve performance, this was the second aim of the thesis, which sadly was not possible because of the 2-bay NAS systems being used in the tests. The third and final aim was to establish and develop method guidelines for testing NAS-systems. This was done by using previous research in the area and using data encountered when trying to locate the bottleneck.