Lynx is a concept under study for prioritization in the 2020 Astrophysics Decadal Survey. Providing orders of magnitude increase in sensitivity over Chandra, Lynx will examine the first black holes and their galaxies, map the large-scale structure and galactic halos, and shed new light on the environments of young stars and their planetary systems. In order to meet the Lynx science goals, the telescope consists of a high-angular resolution optical assembly complemented by an instrument suite that may include a High Definition X-ray Imager, X-ray Microcalorimeter and an X-ray Grating Spectrometer. The telescope is integrated onto the spacecraft to form a comprehensive observatory concept. Progress on the formulation of the Lynx telescope and observatory configuration is reported in this paper.

Collision of the Yakutat Terrane with North America in southern Alaska has driven growth of the Chugach-St. Elias orogen. Glaciation of the St. Elias Range has periodically increased since the Miocene, but began dominating erosion and spurred enhanced exhumation since the mid-Pleistocene transition at ~1 Ma. Ice associated with this glacial intensification carved cross-shelf sea valleys that connect the St. Elias Range to the deep-sea Surveyor Fan. A newly increased terrigenous sediment flux into the fan triggered the formation and growth of the Surveyor Channel. The change in geomorphology observed throughout Fan sequences allows us to characterize the influence that a glaciated orogen can have in shaping margin processes and the sediment pathways from source to sink. Seismic data also reveal an isolated, large, short runout, mass-transport deposit (MTD) buried in the Surveyor Fan. The MTD geometry, size and location on a convergent margin lend support to recent studies suggesting seismic strengthening and infrequent sediment failure on active margins. This study provides insight into the magnitude and scope of events required to cause submarine mega-slides and overcome higher than normal sediment shear strength, including the influence of climate and sea level change. Beneath the Surveyor Fan, integrated geophysical data reveals massive intraplate shearing, and a lack of oceanic crust magnetic lineaments in regions of Pacific Plate crust. We argue that stress from the Yakutat-North America collision transferred outboard to the Pacific Plate is the major driver for the deformation causing these features. This stress would have resulted in significant strain in the NE corner of the Pacific Plate, creating pathways for sill formation in the crust and Surveyor Fan. The collision further intensified as the thickest Yakutat portion began to subduct during the Pleistocene, possibly providing the impetus for the creation of the Gulf of Alaska Shear Zone, a >200 km zone of shear extending out into the Pacific Plate. This study highlights the importance of farfield stress from complex tectonic regimes in consideration of large-scale oceanic intraplate deformation. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-06-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borges_als_me_sjc.pdf: 930416 bytes, checksum: 633f72e6bd06c491501fafc4e1e20ee9 (MD5) / O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver um aparelho intra-oral (ParalAB) e verificar sua efetividade como um método de transferência de planos de guia, comparando-o com o delineador de bancada. Foram empregados trinta modelos de gesso, divididos em dois grupos (n=15): no grupo 1 foram preparados planos de guia com delineador de bancada e no grupo 2, com o aparelho intra-oral. Em cada modelo, confeccionou-se planos de guia na face distal dos dentes 13 e 23 e nas faces proximais do dente 17. Cada superfície preparada (A, B, C e D) formou um ângulo em relação ao plano oclusal (a, b, d, q) que foram medidos com uma máquina de medidas de coordenadas tridimensionais. Os valores médios obtidos para o grupo 1 foram a= 91,19 ± 0,48o, b= 90,47 ± 0,66o, d= 90,21 ± 0,76o e q= 90,50 ± 0,73o e para o grupo 2, a= 92,18 ± 0,87o, b= 90,90 ± 0,85o, d= 90,07 ± 0,92o e q= 90,65 ± 0,73o. A aplicação do teste estatístico ANOVA two-way (5%), revelou que os efeitos tipo de aparelho, ângulos e interação apresentaram diferença significante. Ao se aplicar o teste de Tuckey (5%), verificamos que a superfície C, preparada pelo ParalAB foi mais paralela à trajetória de inserção (d= 90,07 ± 0,92o), seguida pela superfície C produzida pelo delineador de bancada (d= 90,21 ± 0,76o), e a mais concorrente foi a superfície A produzida pelo ParalAB (a= 92,18 ± 0,87o), seguida pela superfície A preparada pelo delineador de bancada (a= 91,19 ± 0,48o). As demais superfícies produzidas por ambos os aparelhos ocuparam uma posição intermediária de mesmo comportamento. Ao se aplicar o teste de Levène de comparação de variância, ambos os grupos não apresentaram diferença significante para as inclinações das superfícies por eles produzidas. Podemos concluir que o aparelho ParalAB foi capaz de preparar superfícies paralelas... / The aim of this study was to introduce a new intraoral paralleling device (ParalAB) and to verify its efficiency as a transference method of guide planes. Thirty casting models were divided into 2 groups (n=15): in the group 1, guide planes were prepared with a surveyor device and in the group 2, with the ParalAB device. In each model, guide planes were prepared at the distal face of teeth 13 and 23 and at the proximal faces of teeth 17. Each prepared surface (A, B, C and D) formed an angle related to the occlusal plane (a, b, d, q) that were measured with a tridimentional coordinate machine. The mean value for the group 1 were a= 91,19 l 0,48O, b= 90,47 l 0,66O, d= 90,21 l 0,76O and q= 90,50 l 0,73O and for the group 2 were a= 92,18 l 0,87O, b= 90,90 l 0,85O, d= 90,07 l 0,92O and q= 90,65 l 0,73O. The application of ANOVA two-way test (5%) revealed that there were significant difference in all effects: device, angle and interaction. The Tuckey test (5%) revealed that the C surface prepared with ParalAB was more parallel to the path of insertion (d= 90,07 l 0,92O), followed by C surface prepared with the surveyor device (d= 90,21 l 0,76O), and the less parallel was the A surface prepared with ParalAB (a= 92,18 l 0,87o), followed by the A surface prepared with the surveyor device (a= 91,19 l 0,48o). The other surfaces occupied the same intermediary position. The Levene test of variance comparison revealed that the surfaces prepared by devices presented no significant difference. Conclusion: ParalAB was able to prepare parallel surfaces and, although there were significant difference between the two groups, the ParalAB presented a small deviation of the absolute parallelism and can be considered a valid method to transfer the guide plans.

Orientador: José Eduardo Junho de Araujo / Banca: José Eduardo Junho de Araujo / Banca: Cláudio kliemann / Banca: Eduardo Shigueyuki Uemura / Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver um aparelho intra-oral (ParalAB) e verificar sua efetividade como um método de transferência de planos de guia, comparando-o com o delineador de bancada. Foram empregados trinta modelos de gesso, divididos em dois grupos (n=15): no grupo 1 foram preparados planos de guia com delineador de bancada e no grupo 2, com o aparelho intra-oral. Em cada modelo, confeccionou-se planos de guia na face distal dos dentes 13 e 23 e nas faces proximais do dente 17. Cada superfície preparada (A, B, C e D) formou um ângulo em relação ao plano oclusal (a, b, d, q) que foram medidos com uma máquina de medidas de coordenadas tridimensionais. Os valores médios obtidos para o grupo 1 foram a= 91,19 ± 0,48o, b= 90,47 ± 0,66o, d= 90,21 ± 0,76o e q= 90,50 ± 0,73o e para o grupo 2, a= 92,18 ± 0,87o, b= 90,90 ± 0,85o, d= 90,07 ± 0,92o e q= 90,65 ± 0,73o. A aplicação do teste estatístico ANOVA two-way (5%), revelou que os efeitos tipo de aparelho, ângulos e interação apresentaram diferença significante. Ao se aplicar o teste de Tuckey (5%), verificamos que a superfície C, preparada pelo ParalAB foi mais paralela à trajetória de inserção (d= 90,07 ± 0,92o), seguida pela superfície C produzida pelo delineador de bancada (d= 90,21 ± 0,76o), e a mais concorrente foi a superfície A produzida pelo ParalAB (a= 92,18 ± 0,87o), seguida pela superfície A preparada pelo delineador de bancada (a= 91,19 ± 0,48o). As demais superfícies produzidas por ambos os aparelhos ocuparam uma posição intermediária de mesmo comportamento. Ao se aplicar o teste de Levène de comparação de variância, ambos os grupos não apresentaram diferença significante para as inclinações das superfícies por eles produzidas. Podemos concluir que o aparelho ParalAB foi capaz de preparar superfícies paralelas...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to introduce a new intraoral paralleling device (ParalAB) and to verify its efficiency as a transference method of guide planes. Thirty casting models were divided into 2 groups (n=15): in the group 1, guide planes were prepared with a surveyor device and in the group 2, with the ParalAB device. In each model, guide planes were prepared at the distal face of teeth 13 and 23 and at the proximal faces of teeth 17. Each prepared surface (A, B, C and D) formed an angle related to the occlusal plane (a, b, d, q) that were measured with a tridimentional coordinate machine. The mean value for the group 1 were a= 91,19 l 0,48O, b= 90,47 l 0,66O, d= 90,21 l 0,76O and q= 90,50 l 0,73O and for the group 2 were a= 92,18 l 0,87O, b= 90,90 l 0,85O, d= 90,07 l 0,92O and q= 90,65 l 0,73O. The application of ANOVA two-way test (5%) revealed that there were significant difference in all effects: device, angle and interaction. The Tuckey test (5%) revealed that the C surface prepared with ParalAB was more parallel to the path of insertion (d= 90,07 l 0,92O), followed by C surface prepared with the surveyor device (d= 90,21 l 0,76O), and the less parallel was the A surface prepared with ParalAB (a= 92,18 l 0,87o), followed by the A surface prepared with the surveyor device (a= 91,19 l 0,48o). The other surfaces occupied the same intermediary position. The Levene test of variance comparison revealed that the surfaces prepared by devices presented no significant difference. Conclusion: ParalAB was able to prepare parallel surfaces and, although there were significant difference between the two groups, the ParalAB presented a small deviation of the absolute parallelism and can be considered a valid method to transfer the guide plans. / Mestre

The master’s thesis is focused on the main differences related with evaluation by Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyor´s standard (RICS) and with evaluation methods currently used in Czech Republic. First chapters are all about historical development of evaluations methods - RICS and Czech evaluation methods, general definitions and ideas connected with this scope. Next chapters explain differences of essential characters of both methods. In the field of this study there is simple illustration how to obtain market value by evaluation of both these methods and comparison of results. Conclusion of this master’s thesis includes consideration of the results.

The main objective with this study was to investigate so called odd purposes acceptable when registrating property along with how social development affects these purposes, furthermore to investigate how the cadastral surveyors estimates a foreseeable time. Tradition and praxis is used for several obvious purposes such as housing, farming, forests, offices and industry. Praxis is yet to be defined regarding more unique purposes. There is no mention in the law about which purposes are found acceptable to assure the demands on suitability are met. Cadastral authorities are responsible for making sure the division into property units is uniform and rule of law-accordingly. This study illustrates the issue of how the cadastral operation applies the rules to support a uniform application of the rule. A legal method, a survey analysis, an interview analysis and a case study were methods used in the study to answer the purpose and research questions. The legal method was used to learn more about the legal position. The survey was performed in order to gather data and information about which purposes previously have been regarded as odd by the cadastral surveyors. To obtain an understanding about and background to the selected odd purposes, an interview study was conducted with the cadastral surveyors. The intent of the case study was to form a base and insight in how the odd purposes are valued. The result of the legal method showed proof of how to interpret the prerequisite in the law. The survey provided information about which odd purposes are used in dividing of property. The interview study was based on the results from the survey and the information gathered from it. Answers regarding the background to the cadastral procedures were given, as well as the concept purpose, its origin and the evaluation of the time concept foreseeable time. The case study provided a background to the decision making and history about the debate as well as how purpose has been a question when making assessments. The most important conclusion made was that the prerequisite, intended function, current circumstances and requirements determine an acceptable purpose. The same factors determine the assessment of foreseeable time and as a result the concept varies from case to case. Social development causes the conditions for dividing into property units to be interchangeable, as a result the possible purposes changes with them. A more uniform application of the rule, considering the prerequisites, intended function, current circumstances and requirements should so be applied. / Huvudsyftet med studien var att undersöka vilka ”udda” ändamål som kan godtas vid fastighetsbildning med delsyften om hur samhällsutvecklingen påverkar ändamålen och att undersöka hur förrättningslantmätarna bedömer ”överskådlig tid”. Tradition och praxis finns för ett flertal ändamål som kan anses vara självklara, till exempel bostad, jordbruk, skog, kontor och industri. För mer udda ändamål är praxis oklar. Lagen talar inte om vilka ändamål som kan anses vara godtagbara för att kraven om lämplighet ska anses uppfyllda. Lantmäterimyndigheterna har till uppgift att ansvara för en enhetlig och rättssäker fastighetsindelning. Studien belyser frågan om hur lantmäteriverksamheten tillämpar reglerna idag för att ge stöd åt en enhetlig rättstillämpning. Metoder som använts i studien för att besvara syfte och forskningsfrågor var en juridisk metod, en enkätstudie, en intervjustudie och en rättsfallsstudie. Den juridiska metoden användes för att få kunskap om rättsläget. Enkätstudien genomfördes för att samla data och information om ändamål som förrättningslantmätarna ansett vara ”udda”. För att få förståelse och en bakgrund till förrättningarna av de utvalda ”udda” ändamålen genomfördes en intervjustudie med förrättningslantmätarna. Rättsfallsstudien syftade till att få en grund och inblick i hur ”udda” ändamål bedömts. Resultatet av den juridiska metoden visade på hur rekvisiten i lagen ska tolkas. Enkätstudien gav information för vilka ”udda” ändamål det fastighetsbildats. Intervjustudien grundade sig på enkätstudiens resultat och den information som lämnats. Den gav svar på förrättningarnas bakgrund, begreppet ändamålet och dess tillkomst och bedömningen av tidsbegreppet ”överskådlig tid”. Rättsfallsstudien gav en bakgrund till besluten och om hur diskussionerna förts samt huruvida ändamålet varit föremål för bedömning. Den viktigaste slutsatsen var att det är rekvisiten, den tilltänkta funktion, den rådande situation och behoven som avgör vilket ändamål som är godtagbart. Samma faktorer avgör bedömningen av överskådlig tid som i och med det varierar från fall till fall. Samhällsutvecklingen medför att förutsättningarna för fastighetsbildning är föränderliga och därmed förändras också möjliga ändamål. En enhetlig rättstillämpning bör därmed ske utifrån rekvisiten, den tilltänkta funktion, den rådande situation och behoven.

L’évaluation de l’état écologique des rivières est régie par l’application de protocoles sur le terrain et au laboratoire. Ceux-ci induisent de nombreuses incertitudes tant naturelles qu’humaines. L’objectif de cette thèse est (1) d’étudier l’impact de certaines incertitudes sur les indices biologiques basés sur les macroinvertébrés et les macrophytes en rivière, (2) de les estimer et (3) d’observer leur propagation jusqu’à l’évaluation de la qualité écologique des rivières. Pour les macroinvertébrés, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’impact de la variation intra-substrat et à l’effet des variabilités liées aux compétences de l’opérateur dans les indices IBGN, IBG DCE et I2M2. Pour les macrophytes, nous nous sommes focalisés sur l’effet opérateur dans l’IBMR. Des variations des indices ont été observées jusqu’à conduire à une évaluation globale erronée. Des solutions correctives peuvent être proposées afin de réduire les effets des sources de variabilités étudiées. / Ecological status assessment in waterbodies depends on standards application in the field and in the laboratory. They induce many uncertainties associated to natural or human variabilities. The aim is (1) to study the effect of some uncertainties on french indices based on macroinverterbrates and macrophytes, (2) to estimate them, and (3) to observe their propagation on final ecologica lstatus. Concerning macroinvertebrates, we are interested in the intrasubstrate variability and the surveyor effect in IBGN, IBG DCE and I2M2. Concerning the macrophytes, we focus on surveyor impact in IBMR. Indices variation appears and could lead to ecological status changes. Control quality approach could be proposed to reduce uncertainties effects.

Malea Planum is a volcanic plain on the southern rim of Hellas Planitia, the largest impact basin on Mars. Four large circular structures on Malea Planum have traditionally been identified as paterae, or low relief, central vent volcanoes (Plescia and Saunders, 1979). A geologic map was constructed and new crater counts made to explore the ages and origins of the paterae. Amphitrites and Peneus Paterae have radial patterns of wrinkle ridges on their flanks and distinct summit calderas (95 km and 130 km across) with arcuate bounding scarps. In contrast, Malea and Pityusa Paterae are broad depressions with diameters greater than 400 km. In some ways Pityusa and Malea Paterae resemble old, filled impact craters (Plescia, 2003) but they also have characteristics of volcanic subsidence features (Roche et al., 2000). A very strong positive gravity anomaly is centered over Amphitrites and smaller positive anomalies are associated with Peneus and Malea Paterae. A slight annular positive anomaly is associated with Pityusa. The geology of the Malea Planum Region has been influenced by impact cratering, volcanic, tectonic, fluvial, and most recently, eolian processes. The Noachian was dominated by impact cratering, the formation of Hellas Basin, and the eruption of flood lavas. Malea Planum formed during the mid- to late-Noachian, likely the result of sills liquefying the volatile-rich crust. Malea and Pityusa Paterae formed during the late Noachian. The Hesperian was marked by the formation of Peneus and Amphitrites and complex valley networks. During the mid-Hesperian, southern Malea Planum may have been covered by a very thick polar mantle deposit that melted and sublimated during the late Hesperian. Smaller episodes of polar mantle deposition continued through the Amazonian to the present. The Amazonian is also characterized by eolian activity creating dune fields, etched surfaces, and dust devil tracks. Based on the topographic and geophysical evidence, Amphitrites and Peneus are typical highland paterae. We conclude that a mid-crustal sill complex similar to that thought to exist beneath the eastern Snake River Plain in Idaho may be the best explanation for the formation of Malea and Pityusa Paterae. A lack of associated flow features on the surface suggests that the loads are the result of an accumulation of dense intrusions. A surficial load (e.g., lava flows) is insufficient to cause the amount of subsidence observed. A mid-crustal mafic or ultra-mafic sill or a dense network of sills and dikes may have contributed to the subsidence.

This essay is about the hamlets´ older boundaries, i.e. boundary lines (“rågångar”) and boundary markers in the form of rocks, and an own survey of two hamlet boundaries in southeast Sweden. Many of the boundary rocks were subjected to unintentional damage or destruction that arose during forestry activities, the excavation of ditches, or road construction. Boundaries between hamlets sparsely populated areas were not clearly defined from the beginning, but were established initially in the form of boundary zones, that often consisted of wetlands, watercourses, or mountain heights. These areas were utilized collectively by neighbouring hamlets. The first boundary markers in the survey area appeared in the beginning of the Middle Ages, and were composed of natural rock formations, which were characterized by placing three loose stones on a large ground anchored stone. Unequivocally hamlet boundaries were first created by land surveyors during the 1800th century up until the early 1900th century. Following written instructions, land surveyors built specialized stone formations to serve as boundaries and placed them along a line at regular intervals, five stones in a row. The land surveyor recorded all of the boundary lines and drew an accompanying map of the area. My inventory showed that almost two thirds of all the boundary markers recorded by land surveyors were missing or damaged. The markers that remained were easily located with the help of GPS, because the distances between the boundary markers were consistent with the recorded values. / Uppsatsen handlar om byarnas äldre gränser (”rågångar”) och gränsmarkeringar i form av stenar samt en egen inventering av två bygränser i sydöstra Sverige. Många av gränsstenarna blir utsatta för omedveten skada eller förstörelse, som uppstår vid skogsavverkning, dikesgrävning eller vägbygge. Gränser mellan byar i de glest befolkade områdena var inte klar definierade från början, utan bildades först i form av gränszoner, som ofta bestod av våtmarker , vattendrag eller bergshöjder. Dessa områden nyttjades gemensamt av de angränsande byarna. De första gränsmarkeringarna i undersökningsområdet kom till i början av medeltiden och bestod av naturliga stenformationer, som kännetecknades genom att lägga tre lösa stenar på en stor jordfast sten. Entydiga bygränser skapades först av lantmätare på 1700-talet eller tidigt 1800-tal. De byggde efter föreskrivna instruktioner speciella stenformationer och satte längs den raka gränsen och med jämna mellanrum fem stenar i rad. Lantmätaren protokollerade alla gränsdragningar och ritade en tillhörande karta över området.  Min inventering visade att nästan två tredjedelar av alla i lantmätarens protokoll angivna gränsmärken var försvunna eller skadade. De som fanns kvar var utan svårighet att lokalisera med hjälp av GPS, eftersom avståndet stämde väl överens med protokollets värden. / Der Aufsatz behandelt alte Dorfgrenzen ("rågångar") und Grenzmarkierungen i Form von Steinen und desweiteren eine eigene Betandsaufnahme von zwei Dorfgrenzen im südöstlichen Schweden (Småland). Viele Grenzsteine sind unabsichtlich Schädigung und Zerstörung ausgesetzt infolge Waldrohdung, Ziehung von Gräben oder Straßen- und Wegebau. Dorfgrenzen in dünn besiedelten Gebieten waren nicht von vornherein klar definiert, sondern Bildeten sich erst i Form von Grenzzonen, die oft aus Feuchtgebieten, Wasserläufen oder Berghöhen bestanden. Diese Gebiete wurden von den angrenzenden Dörfern gemeinsam genutzt. Die ersten Grenzmarkierungen im Untersuchungsgebiet entstanden zu Beginn des Mittelalters und bestanden aus natürlichen Steinformationen, die dadurch gekennzeichnet waren, dass drei Steine auf einen großen erdgebundenen Stein gelegt wurden. Eindeutige Dorfgrenzen wurden erst durch Landvermesser im 18. und frühen 19.Jahrhundert geschaffen. Sie legten fest vorgeschriebene Steinformationen an und setzten entlang gerader Grenzlinien und mit gleichmäßigem Abstand jeweils fünf Steine in einer Linie. Der Landesvermesser protokollierte alle Grenzziehungen und zeichnete eine zugehörige Karte über das Gebiet. Meine Bestandsaufnahme zeigte, dass fast zwei Drittel aller vom Landesvermesser im Protokoll angegebenen Grenzmarkierungen verschwunden oder beschädigt waren. Die verbliebenen Steine waren ohne Schwierigkeit mit einem GPS zu lokalisieren, da deren Abstände gut mit den Werten des Protokolls übereinstimmten.

In 1887, following the completion of the CPR to the Pacific, William Stewart Drewry took part in the Topographical Survey of Canada's first experiment with photographic surveying, which he applied to the Rocky Mountain Railway Belt. He then surveyed the rich mining districts of BC during the Kootenay hardrock mining boom (1893-1909). In 1909, he became BC's first and only Chief Water Commissioner and, in 1911, he returned to surveying as BC's Inspector of Surveys. From 1913 until his retirement in 1929, he surveyed for government and in private practice. Throughout his career, Drewry operated between two land systems: first, a system based on customary rights and local obligations; and, second, a system based on private property and market exchange. Drewry implemented the latter capitalist system, attempting to empower the settlement society, which had the effect of ensuring corporate dominance and, to Drewry's dismay, monopolization of the BC landscape.